Predictors of dropout in a controlled clinical trial of psychotherapy for moderate depression | International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology

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Lopes, Miguel M. Gonçalves, Dana Sinai, Paulo P.P. Machado" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo T." "apellidos" => "Lopes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Miguel M." "apellidos" => "Gonçalves" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mgoncalves@psi.uminho.pt" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dana" "apellidos" => "Sinai" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Paulo P.P." "apellidos" => "Machado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Minho, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Predictores de abandono en un ensayo clínico controlado de psicoterapia para depresión moderada" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "A high number of psychotherapy clients remain untreated and dropout is one of the main reasons, since rates are high (approx. 20%, up to 74%; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Swift & Greenberg, 2012</a>). Few predictors of dropout have emerged recurrently in research, such as low socio-economic status (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Reis & Brown, 1999</a>), being married or living with a partner, previous experience with psychotherapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Werner-Wilson & Winter, 2010</a>), low education (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Swift & Greenberg, 2012</a>), older age (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Pomp, Fleig, Schwarzer, & Lippke, 2013</a>), being African-American (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Lester, Artz, Resick, & Young-Xu, 2010</a>), being female (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Shamir, Szor, & Melamed, 2010</a>), suffering from low levels of anxiety and/or depression (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Baekeland & Lundwall, 1975</a>), less clinical experience of therapists (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">Roos & Werbart, 2013; Swift & Greenberg, 2012</a>) and weaker alliance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Sharf, Primavera, & Diener, 2010</a>). Still, most researchers who have investigated psychotherapy dropout agree that there is no clear evidence for a pattern of dropout predictors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Baekeland & Lundwall, 1975; Casares-López et al., 2011; Swift & Greenberg, 2012</a>). The aim of this study is to explore the attrition data of a psychotherapy clinical trial by assessing potential pre-treatment predictors for dropping out of treatment.MethodParticipants, therapists, procedures and treatment conditions are described in more details in the original report of the study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Lopes et al., 2014</a>).ParticipantsSixty-three clients diagnosed with moderate Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) according to the DSM-IV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">American Psychiatric Association, 2000</a>) were assigned to either narrative therapy (NT, n=34) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT, n=29). No significant treatment group differences were found [i.e., 81% female, mean age of 35.44 years old (SD=11.51), 79.4% had comorbid anxiety and 60.3% entered treatment taking psychiatric medication]. Ten therapists, all psychologists, with an average of 1.9 years of clinical experience (SD=2.13) met clients individually.Dropout rate was 36.50% [NT=41%, CBT=31%; χ2(1)=0.32, p=.568]. Dropout was defined as the unilateral termination by the client without the therapist's approval or knowledge (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Jung, Serralta, Nunes, & Eizirik, 2013</a>).Treatment conditionsThe CBT (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979</a>) and NT (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">White, 2007</a>) treatment manuals consisted of 20 sessions and made similar requirements on the clients (e.g., completion of forms, in- and out-of-session assignments).Measures<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">First, Spitzer, Gibbons, & Williams, 2002</a>) was used to gather clients’ demographic (i.e., age, gender, relationship status, professional status and education) and clinical information (i.e., global assessment of functioning [GAF], presence of anxious co-morbidity, medication at intake, previous hospitalizations, previous suicide attempts and previous psychotherapy).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">-Graffar Index (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Graffar, 1956</a>) was used to measure socio-economic status (SES).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">-Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996</a>) was used to measure baseline severity of depressive symptoms.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">-Outcome Questionnaire (OQ45.2; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Lambert et al., 1996</a>) and its subscales were used to measure general psychological distress, interpersonal problems and social role.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">-Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-C; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Horvath & Greenberg, 1989</a>) was used at session four to assess the quality of working alliance from the perspective of 40 completers and 15 dropout clients.</li></ul>ResultsAttrition along treatmentOf the 23 clients who eventually dropped out, 48% did so by the end of the fourth session, and 91% left treatment before the 11th session. Mean length of stay in treatment for the dropout group was 6.4 (SD=4.4).Prediction of dropoutAs shown on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, t tests and chi-square tests were used to compare dropouts and completers on general characteristics (age, gender, years of education, socioeconomic status, marital status, and employment status), clinical characteristics at intake (GAF, anxious comorbidity, being medicated, previous hospitalization, previous suicide attempt, previous psychotherapy and pre-treatment scores on the BDI-II, OQ-45.2 and its subscales), process related variables (treatment assignment and WAI-C score) and a therapist variable (clinical experience). Those at least marginally significant entered a logistic regression model predicting dropout. Only consumption of medication [χ2(1)=6.79, p=.009] and anxious comorbidity at intake [χ2(1)=3.15, p=.076] met that criterion. When entered in the logistic regression model, these variables showed independent effects on the odds of dropping out of treatment. Medicated clients were 80% less likely to drop out, compared to non-medicated clients [OR=0.2 (95% CI=0.063-0.639), p=.007]. Clients presenting anxious comorbidity were 82% less likely to drop out compared to those not presenting anxious comorbidity [OR=0.182 (95% CI=0.033-1.016), p=.0520].<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionVariables that are usually found to predict dropping out in the literature (e.g., low SES, low education, being female and therapeutic alliance) were not corroborated by our results. Assignment to treatment not predicting dropout is in line with findings in the literature (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Swift & Greenberg, 2012</a>), although it conflicts with the findings showing higher dropout rates in CBT therapies when compared to other therapies (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Peñate Castro et al., 2014</a>). These negative findings should be read with caution due to the small variance, restricting its generalization.Consumption of medication at intake reduced the odds of dropping out from psychotherapy. Although clinicians and researchers agree that “the alleviation of symptoms with medication would reduce the motivation for gaining the understanding or making lifestyle changes needed to bring about a sustainable ‘cure”’ (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Thase & Jindal, 2004</a>, p. 743), they also recognize that pharmacotherapy is “a way to hasten recovery and to help patients make better use of psychotherapy” (p. 744). It appears that the alleviation of acute negative symptoms promoted by medication may have helped the clients adhering to psychotherapy and completing treatment. Also, the fact that medicated clients were assisted simultaneously by a psychiatrist and a psychologist may have decreased the odds of dropout.The other prominent predictor for treatment dropout was not having a comorbid anxiety disorder or symptoms at intake. It can be suggested that anxiety symptoms would increase activity level and enhance motivation to complete the intervention. Since negative symptoms such as lack of activity and anhedonia characterize MDD, it is possible that depressed clients with no comorbid anxiety would have less motivation for completing treatment.Results suggest that clinicians should pay extra attention to the clients not taking medication or with no comorbid anxiety, especially on the early stages of psychotherapy, when dropout is most likely to occur." 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Still, the literature around this subject is incoherent. The present study explores potential pre-treatment predictors of dropout in a sample of clients who took part in a clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of narrative therapy for major depressive disorder compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Logistic regression analysis showed that: (1) treatment assignment did not predict dropout, (2) clients taking psychiatric medication at intake were 80% less likely to drop out from therapy, compared to clients who were not taking medication, and (3) clients presenting anxious comorbidity at intake were 82% less likely to dropout compared to those clients not presenting anxious comorbidity. Results suggest that clinicians should pay attention to depressed clients who are not taking psychiatric medication or have no comorbid anxiety. More research is needed in order to understand this relationship." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Un número significativo de clientes de psicoterapia no recibe tratamiento adecuado y el abandono del mismo es una de las principales razones. La literatura existente al respecto es contradictoria. Este estudio explora potenciales predictores del abandono en una muestra de clientes que participaron de un ensayo clínico diseñado para demostrar la eficacia de la terapia narrativa en el trastorno depresivo mayor en comparación con la terapia cognitivo-conductual. Los resultados muestran que (1) la asignación del tratamiento no predecía el abandono, (2) los clientes que al comenzar el tratamiento estaban medicados tuvieron un 80% menos de probabilidad de abandonar la psicoterapia, comparado con los clientes no medicados y (3) los clientes que padecían de comorbilidad ansiosa tuvieron un 82% menos de probabilidad de abandonar la psicoterapia comparado con los clientes sin comorbilidad. Los clínicos deberían prestar especial atención a los clientes sin medicación o que no padezcan de comorbilidad ansiosa. Se requiere más investigación para comprender esta relación." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "Available online 28 November 2014" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "1 Graffar is an international classification for socioeconomic status (SES; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Graffar, 1956</a>). The higher is the score, the lower the SES. This sample means indicate high SES.Note. M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; GAF=Global Assessment of Functioning of the DSM-IV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">First et al., 2002</a>); BDI-II=Beck Depression Inventory II; OQ-45.2=Outcome Questionnaire 45.2; OQ-45.2 IR=Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 Interpersonal subscale; WAI-C=Working Alliance Inventory–client version." "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Completers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Dropouts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">t(61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Age of Client \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.2 (11.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.1 (11.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.497 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Education of client (in years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.1 (5.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.7 (3.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.632 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Social Economic Status (Graffar1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.7 (3.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.7 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.273 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">GAF at the time of the intake \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.1 (11.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.1 (8.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.478 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Total Score BDI-II Session 01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.5 (10.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.0 (11.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.867 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Total Score OQ-45 Session 01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.9 (20.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.9 (17.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Score OQ-45.2 Distress Subscale Session 01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.8 (12.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.6 (11.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.325 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Score OQ-45.2 Social Role Subscale Session 01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.7 (4.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.9 (3.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.885 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Score OQ-45.2 Interpersonal problems Session 01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.4 (5.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.4 (5.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.535 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Score WAI-C at session 04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.9 (5.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.0 (5.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.944 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab863226.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χ2(1,3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Treatment assignment</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Narrative Therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (41.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (50%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.404 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cognitive Behavioural Therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (31%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (50%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Level of therapist experience</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Novice \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 (30.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (17.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.520 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apprentice \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (2.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (4.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Graduate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 (67.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (78.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Gender of the client</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33 (82.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (78.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.680 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (17.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (21.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Relationship status</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Married \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 (37.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (26.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.333 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Single \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 (42.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (43.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Divorced \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (15.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (30.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Widowed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (5.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 (0.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Professional status</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Employed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (45.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (60.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.268 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Unemployed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 (30.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (8.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Student \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (22.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (26.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Retired \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (2.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (4.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Previous psychotherapy</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 (87.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (87.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (12.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (13.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Previous suicide attempts</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 (87.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (78.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.334 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (12.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (21.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Previous hospitalizations</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 (90.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (87.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">χ2(1)= .14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.711 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (10.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (13.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Psychiatric medication at intake</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (27.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (60.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">χ2(1)=6.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29 (72.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (39.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Anxious comorbidity at intake</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29 (72.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 (91.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">χ2(1)= 3.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.076 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (27.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (8.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab863227.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of completers and dropouts according to continuous and discrete pre-treatment variables." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "American Psychiatric Association, 2000" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ American Psychiatric Association \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "edicion" => "4th Revised." 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Young-Xu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/a0019551" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "78" "paginaInicial" => "480" "paginaFinal" => "489" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658805" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Lopes et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Narrative Therapy vs. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for moderate depression: Empirical evidence from a controlled clinical trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ R.T. Lopes \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ M.M. Gonçalves \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ P.P.P. Machado \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ D. Sinai \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ T. 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Brown \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/h0087822" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "123" "paginaFinal" => "136" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Roos and Werbart, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Therapist and relationship factors influencing dropout from individual psychotherapy: A literature review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ J. Roos \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ A. 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Melamed \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychiatria Danubina" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "46" "paginaFinal" => "50" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305590" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0090825808010548" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00908258" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Sharf et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dropout and therapeutic alliance: A meta-analysis of adult individual psychotherapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => """ J. Sharf \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ L.H. Primavera \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ M.J. Diener \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/a0021175" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "47" "paginaInicial" => "637" "paginaFinal" => "645" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Swift and Greenberg, 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-Analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ J.K. Swift \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ R.P. Greenberg \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/a0028226" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "80" "paginaInicial" => "547" "paginaFinal" => "559" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506792" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Thase and Jindal, 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Combining psychotherapy and psychopharmacology for treatment of mental Ddsorders" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ M.E. Thase \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ R.D. Jindal \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ "titulo" => "Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change" "paginaInicial" => "743" "paginaFinal" => "766" "edicion" => "5th ed." "serieFecha" => "2004" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Werner-Wilson and Winter, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "What factors influence therapy drop out?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ R.J. Werner-Wilson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ A. Winter \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10591-010-9131-5" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Contemporary Family Therapy" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "375" "paginaFinal" => "382" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "White, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Maps of narrative practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ M. White \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2007" "editorial" => "WW Norton & Company" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York, NY" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack182111" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) supported this paper through the Research Project “Ambivalence and Unsuccessful Psychotherapy” [PTDC/PSI-PCL/121525/2010], coordinated by M. Gonçalves, and a doctoral grant to R. Lopes [SFRH/BD/47343/2008]. The authors would like to thank the clients, therapists and staff at the Psychological Service at University of Minho, who have participated at the study in its diverse segments; Cátia Von Doellinger, who helped with data collection and with the statistical analysis; Dulce Pinto, who have reviewed the manuscript; Pablo Fernandez-Navarro for translating to Spanish; Maria Camera-Serrano and Paula Balbi for reviewing the Spanish version. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 42nd international meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, held in Bern, Switzerland, in June 2011." 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Predictors of dropout in a controlled clinical trial of psychotherapy for moderate depression

Predictores de abandono en un ensayo clínico controlado de psicoterapia para depresión moderada

Rodrigo T. Lopesa, Miguel M. Gonçalvesa,

Corresponding author

mgoncalves@psi.uminho.pt

Corresponding author at: School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal

, Dana Sinaib, Paulo P.P. Machadoa

a University of Minho, Portugal

b Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A high number of psychotherapy clients remain untreated and dropout is one of the main reasons&#44; since rates are high &#40;approx&#46; 20&#37;&#44; up to 74&#37;&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Swift &#38; Greenberg&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Few predictors of dropout have emerged recurrently in research&#44; such as low socio-economic status &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Reis &#38; Brown&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#44; being married or living with a partner&#44; previous experience with psychotherapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Werner-Wilson &#38; Winter&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; low education &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Swift &#38; Greenberg&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; older age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Pomp&#44; Fleig&#44; Schwarzer&#44; &#38; Lippke&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#44; being African-American &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Lester&#44; Artz&#44; Resick&#44; &#38; Young-Xu&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; being female &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Shamir&#44; Szor&#44; &#38; Melamed&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; suffering from low levels of anxiety and&#47;or depression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Baekeland &#38; Lundwall&#44; 1975</a>&#41;&#44; less clinical experience of therapists &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">Roos &#38; Werbart&#44; 2013&#59; Swift &#38; Greenberg&#44; 2012</a>&#41; and weaker alliance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Sharf&#44; Primavera&#44; &#38; Diener&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Still&#44; most researchers who have investigated psychotherapy dropout agree that there is no clear evidence for a pattern of dropout predictors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Baekeland &#38; Lundwall&#44; 1975&#59; Casares-L&#243;pez et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Swift &#38; Greenberg&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; The aim of this study is to explore the attrition data of a psychotherapy clinical trial by assessing potential pre-treatment predictors for dropping out of treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Method</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants&#44; therapists&#44; procedures and treatment conditions are described in more details in the original report of the study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Lopes et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Participants</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixty-three clients diagnosed with moderate Major Depressive Disorder &#40;MDD&#41; according to the DSM-IV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">American Psychiatric Association&#44; 2000</a>&#41; were assigned to either narrative therapy &#40;NT&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34&#41; or cognitive-behavioral therapy &#40;CBT&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29&#41;&#46; No significant treatment group differences were found &#91;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 81&#37; female&#44; mean age of 35&#46;44 years old &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;51&#41;&#44; 79&#46;4&#37; had comorbid anxiety and 60&#46;3&#37; entered treatment taking psychiatric medication&#93;&#46; Ten therapists&#44; all psychologists&#44; with an average of 1&#46;9 years of clinical experience &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;13&#41; met clients individually&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dropout rate was 36&#46;50&#37; &#91;NT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#37;&#44; CBT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#37;&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&#44; p&#61;&#46;568&#93;&#46; Dropout was defined as the unilateral termination by the client without the therapist&#39;s approval or knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Jung&#44; Serralta&#44; Nunes&#44; &#38; Eizirik&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Treatment conditions</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CBT &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Beck&#44; Rush&#44; Shaw&#44; &#38; Emery&#44; 1979</a>&#41; and NT &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">White&#44; 2007</a>&#41; treatment manuals consisted of 20 sessions and made similar requirements on the clients &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; completion of forms&#44; in- and out-of-session assignments&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Measures</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">First&#44; Spitzer&#44; Gibbons&#44; &#38; Williams&#44; 2002</a>&#41; was used to gather clients&#8217; demographic &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; age&#44; gender&#44; relationship status&#44; professional status and education&#41; and clinical information &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; global assessment of functioning &#91;GAF&#93;&#44; presence of anxious co-morbidity&#44; medication at intake&#44; previous hospitalizations&#44; previous suicide attempts and previous psychotherapy&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Graffar Index &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Graffar&#44; 1956</a>&#41; was used to measure socio-economic status &#40;SES&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Beck Depression Inventory-II &#40;BDI-II&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Beck&#44; Steer&#44; &#38; Brown&#44; 1996</a>&#41; was used to measure baseline severity of depressive symptoms&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outcome Questionnaire &#40;OQ45&#46;2&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Lambert et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#41; and its subscales were used to measure general psychological distress&#44; interpersonal problems and social role&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Working Alliance Inventory &#40;WAI-C&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Horvath &#38; Greenberg&#44; 1989</a>&#41; was used at session four to assess the quality of working alliance from the perspective of 40 completers and 15 dropout clients&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Attrition along treatment</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 23 clients who eventually dropped out&#44; 48&#37; did so by the end of the fourth session&#44; and 91&#37; left treatment before the 11th session&#46; Mean length of stay in treatment for the dropout group was 6&#46;4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Prediction of dropout</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> tests and chi-square tests were used to compare dropouts and completers on general characteristics &#40;age&#44; gender&#44; years of education&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; marital status&#44; and employment status&#41;&#44; clinical characteristics at intake &#40;GAF&#44; anxious comorbidity&#44; being medicated&#44; previous hospitalization&#44; previous suicide attempt&#44; previous psychotherapy and pre-treatment scores on the BDI-II&#44; OQ-45&#46;2 and its subscales&#41;&#44; process related variables &#40;treatment assignment and WAI-C score&#41; and a therapist variable &#40;clinical experience&#41;&#46; Those at least marginally significant entered a logistic regression model predicting dropout&#46; Only consumption of medication &#91;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;79&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;&#46;009&#93; and anxious comorbidity at intake &#91;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;15&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;&#46;076&#93; met that criterion&#46; When entered in the logistic regression model&#44; these variables showed independent effects on the odds of dropping out of treatment&#46; Medicated clients were 80&#37; less likely to drop out&#44; compared to non-medicated clients &#91;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2 &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;063-0&#46;639&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;&#46;007&#93;&#46; Clients presenting anxious comorbidity were 82&#37; less likely to drop out compared to those not presenting anxious comorbidity &#91;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;182 &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;033-1&#46;016&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;&#46;0520&#93;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variables that are usually found to predict dropping out in the literature &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; low SES&#44; low education&#44; being female and therapeutic alliance&#41; were not corroborated by our results&#46; Assignment to treatment not predicting dropout is in line with findings in the literature &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Swift &#38; Greenberg&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; although it conflicts with the findings showing higher dropout rates in CBT therapies when compared to other therapies &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Pe&#241;ate Castro et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; These negative findings should be read with caution due to the small variance&#44; restricting its generalization&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consumption of medication at intake reduced the odds of dropping out from psychotherapy&#46; Although clinicians and researchers agree that &#8220;the alleviation of symptoms with medication would reduce the motivation for gaining the understanding or making lifestyle changes needed to bring about a sustainable &#8216;cure&#8221;&#8217; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Thase &#38; Jindal&#44; 2004</a>&#44; p&#46; 743&#41;&#44; they also recognize that pharmacotherapy is &#8220;a way to hasten recovery and to help patients make better use of psychotherapy&#8221; &#40;p&#46; 744&#41;&#46; It appears that the alleviation of acute negative symptoms promoted by medication may have helped the clients adhering to psychotherapy and completing treatment&#46; Also&#44; the fact that medicated clients were assisted simultaneously by a psychiatrist and a psychologist may have decreased the odds of dropout&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The other prominent predictor for treatment dropout was not having a comorbid anxiety disorder or symptoms at intake&#46; It can be suggested that anxiety symptoms would increase activity level and enhance motivation to complete the intervention&#46; Since negative symptoms such as lack of activity and anhedonia characterize MDD&#44; it is possible that depressed clients with no comorbid anxiety would have less motivation for completing treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results suggest that clinicians should pay extra attention to the clients not taking medication or with no comorbid anxiety&#44; especially on the early stages of psychotherapy&#44; when dropout is most likely to occur&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec557158"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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          "titulo" => "PALABRAS CLAVE"
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        4 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Method"
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          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Participants"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Treatment conditions"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Measures"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Attrition along treatment"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Prediction of dropout"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack182111"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-11-03"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec557158"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Dropout"
            1 => "Psychological treatment of depression"
            2 => "Narrative therapy"
            3 => "Cognitive-behavioral therapy"
            4 => "Quasi-experimental study"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "PALABRAS CLAVE"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec557157"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Abandono"
            1 => "tratamiento psicol&#243;gico de la depresion"
            2 => "terapia narrativa"
            3 => "terapia cognitivo-conductual"
            4 => "estudio cuasi-experimental"
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A significant number of psychotherapy clients remain untreated&#44; and dropping out is one of the main reasons&#46; Still&#44; the literature around this subject is incoherent&#46; The present study explores potential pre-treatment predictors of dropout in a sample of clients who took part in a clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of narrative therapy for major depressive disorder compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy&#46; Logistic regression analysis showed that&#58; &#40;1&#41; treatment assignment did not predict dropout&#44; &#40;2&#41; clients taking psychiatric medication at intake were 80&#37; less likely to drop out from therapy&#44; compared to clients who were not taking medication&#44; and &#40;3&#41; clients presenting anxious comorbidity at intake were 82&#37; less likely to dropout compared to those clients not presenting anxious comorbidity&#46; Results suggest that clinicians should pay attention to depressed clients who are not taking psychiatric medication or have no comorbid anxiety&#46; More research is needed in order to understand this relationship&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un n&#250;mero significativo de clientes de psicoterapia no recibe tratamiento adecuado y el abandono del mismo es una de las principales razones&#46; La literatura existente al respecto es contradictoria&#46; Este estudio explora potenciales predictores del abandono en una muestra de clientes que participaron de un ensayo cl&#237;nico dise&#241;ado para demostrar la eficacia de la terapia narrativa en el trastorno depresivo mayor en comparaci&#243;n con la terapia cognitivo-conductual&#46; Los resultados muestran que &#40;1&#41; la asignaci&#243;n del tratamiento no predec&#237;a el abandono&#44; &#40;2&#41; los clientes que al comenzar el tratamiento estaban medicados tuvieron un 80&#37; menos de probabilidad de abandonar la psicoterapia&#44; comparado con los clientes no medicados y &#40;3&#41; los clientes que padec&#237;an de comorbilidad ansiosa tuvieron un 82&#37; menos de probabilidad de abandonar la psicoterapia comparado con los clientes sin comorbilidad&#46; Los cl&#237;nicos deber&#237;an prestar especial atenci&#243;n a los clientes sin medicaci&#243;n o que no padezcan de comorbilidad ansiosa&#46; Se requiere m&#225;s investigaci&#243;n para comprender esta relaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Available online 28 November 2014</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> Graffar is an international classification for socioeconomic status &#40;SES&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Graffar&#44; 1956</a>&#41;&#46; The higher is the score&#44; the lower the SES&#46; This sample means indicate high SES&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; M<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean&#59; SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Standard Deviation&#59; GAF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global Assessment of Functioning of the DSM-IV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">First et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#59; BDI-II<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Beck Depression Inventory II&#59; OQ-45&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outcome Questionnaire 45&#46;2&#59; OQ-45&#46;2 IR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outcome Questionnaire 45&#46;2 Interpersonal subscale&#59; WAI-C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Working Alliance Inventory&#8211;client version&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Completers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Dropouts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;61&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Age of Client&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#46;2 &#40;11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;1 &#40;11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;497&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Education of client &#40;in years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;1 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;632&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Social Economic Status &#40;Graffar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;273&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">GAF at the time of the intake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;1 &#40;11&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;1 &#40;8&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;478&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total Score BDI-II Session 01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;5 &#40;10&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;0 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;867&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total Score OQ-45 Session 01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95&#46;9 &#40;20&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;9 &#40;17&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;430&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Score OQ-45&#46;2 Distress Subscale Session 01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;8 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;6 &#40;11&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;325&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Score OQ-45&#46;2 Social Role Subscale Session 01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;7 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;9 &#40;3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;885&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Score OQ-45&#46;2 Interpersonal problems Session 01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;4 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;4 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;535&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Score WAI-C at session 04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;9 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;944&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;3&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment assignment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Narrative Therapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;41&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cognitive Behavioural Therapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;31&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Level of therapist experience</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Novice&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;30&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;17&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;520&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Apprentice&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Graduate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;67&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;78&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender of the client</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33 &#40;82&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;78&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;680&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;21&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Relationship status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Married&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;26&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;333&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Single&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;42&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;43&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Divorced&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;15&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;30&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Widowed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Professional status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Employed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;45&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;60&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;268&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unemployed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;30&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;8&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Student&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;22&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;26&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Retired&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous psychotherapy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;87&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;87&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;13&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous suicide attempts</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;87&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;78&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;334&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;21&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous hospitalizations</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;90&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;87&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#41;</span>&#61; &#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;711&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;10&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                              A&#46;J&#46; Rush \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                              B&#46;F&#46; Shaw \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                              E&#46; Fonseca- Pedrero \n
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                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
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                              A&#46; Alterman \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
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                              J&#46; Bobes \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                              R&#46; Spitzer \n
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                              M&#46; Gibbons \n
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                              J&#46; Williams \n
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                              A&#46;O&#46; Horvath \n
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                              L&#46;S&#46; Greenberg \n
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                              F&#46;B&#46; Serralta \n
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                              M&#46;L&#46;T&#46; Nunes \n
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                              C&#46;L&#46; Eizirik \n
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                              M&#46;J&#46; Lambert \n
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                              V&#46; Umphress \n
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                              N&#46;B&#46; Hansen \n
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                              D&#46;A&#46; Vermeersch \n
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                              G&#46;C&#46; Clouse \n
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                              S&#46;C&#46; Yanchar \n
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology &#40;FCT&#41; supported this paper through the Research Project &#8220;Ambivalence and Unsuccessful Psychotherapy&#8221; &#91;PTDC&#47;PSI-PCL&#47;121525&#47;2010&#93;&#44; coordinated by M&#46; Gon&#231;alves&#44; and a doctoral grant to R&#46; Lopes &#91;SFRH&#47;BD&#47;47343&#47;2008&#93;&#46; The authors would like to thank the clients&#44; therapists and staff at the Psychological Service at University of Minho&#44; who have participated at the study in its diverse segments&#59; C&#225;tia Von Doellinger&#44; who helped with data collection and with the statistical analysis&#59; Dulce Pinto&#44; who have reviewed the manuscript&#59; Pablo Fernandez-Navarro for translating to Spanish&#59; Maria Camera-Serrano and Paula Balbi for reviewing the Spanish version&#46; An earlier version of this article was presented at the 42nd international meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research&#44; held in Bern&#44; Switzerland&#44; in June 2011&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 16972600
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.11.001

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	10	7	17
2024 September	30	6	36
2024 August	25	16	41
2024 July	22	10	32
2024 June	18	12	30
2024 May	15	11	26
2024 April	28	15	43
2024 March	27	16	43
2024 February	12	8	20
2024 January	15	15	30
2023 December	23	6	29
2023 November	9	6	15
2023 October	17	10	27
2023 September	14	7	21
2023 August	20	7	27
2023 July	16	17	33
2023 June	37	11	48
2023 May	35	24	59
2023 April	25	2	27
2023 March	18	3	21
2023 February	17	12	29
2023 January	19	10	29
2022 December	13	12	25
2022 November	19	16	35
2022 October	13	26	39
2022 September	15	16	31
2022 August	16	10	26
2022 July	14	10	24
2022 June	25	16	41
2022 May	34	11	45
2022 April	44	12	56
2022 March	84	12	96
2022 February	89	10	99
2022 January	72	15	87
2021 December	39	18	57
2021 November	44	15	59
2021 October	13	13	26
2021 September	21	16	37
2021 August	13	9	22
2021 July	12	14	26
2021 June	14	13	27
2021 May	14	8	22
2021 April	26	16	42
2021 March	14	12	26
2021 February	7	14	21
2021 January	12	13	25
2020 December	17	12	29
2020 November	11	11	22
2020 October	10	3	13
2020 September	12	18	30
2020 August	17	9	26
2020 July	11	20	31
2020 June	10	15	25
2020 May	15	16	31
2020 April	8	4	12
2020 March	23	4	27
2020 February	13	9	22
2020 January	9	7	16
2019 December	13	15	28
2019 November	4	4	8
2019 October	7	4	11
2019 September	7	13	20
2019 August	22	8	30
2019 July	20	12	32
2019 June	28	17	45
2019 May	58	39	97
2019 April	37	20	57
2019 March	12	14	26
2019 February	13	5	18
2019 January	8	8	16
2018 December	2	4	6
2018 November	12	4	16
2018 October	7	10	17
2018 September	21	6	27
2018 August	9	10	19
2018 July	16	6	22
2018 June	9	6	15
2018 May	9	15	24
2018 April	4	5	9
2018 March	7	2	9
2018 February	11	4	15
2018 January	18	4	22
2017 December	13	2	15
2017 November	9	7	16
2017 October	9	10	19
2017 September	16	14	30
2017 August	14	9	23
2017 July	12	6	18
2017 June	19	36	55
2017 May	25	24	49
2017 April	12	23	35
2017 March	9	64	73
2017 February	22	7	29
2017 January	20	9	29
2016 December	26	6	32
2016 November	29	11	40
2016 October	31	12	43
2016 September	27	11	38
2016 August	28	14	42
2016 July	13	3	16
2016 June	40	28	68
2016 May	25	34	59
2016 April	16	32	48
2016 March	21	28	49
2016 February	18	41	59
2016 January	38	48	86
2015 December	29	44	73
2015 November	24	37	61
2015 October	26	40	66
2015 September	15	21	36
2015 August	21	16	37
2015 July	25	18	43
2015 June	24	23	47
2015 May	30	39	69
2015 April	46	56	102
2015 March	43	37	80
2015 February	50	40	90
2015 January	121	53	174
2014 December	246	59	305

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