Design and Construction of a Didactic 3-DOF Parallel Links Robot Station with a 1-DOF Gripper | Journal of Applied Research and Technology. JART

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Ascencio, R.G. González-Ramírez, L.A. Bearzotti, N.R. Smith, J.F. Camacho-Vallejo" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.M." "apellidos" => "Ascencio" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.G." "apellidos" => "González-Ramírez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.A." "apellidos" => "Bearzotti" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N.R." "apellidos" => "Smith" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.F." 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Maherzi, M. Besbes, S. Zemmel, A. Mami" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Maherzi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Besbes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Zemmel" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Mami" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665642314716232?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16656423/0000001200000003/v2_201505081651/S1665642314716232/v2_201505081651/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Design and Construction of a Didactic 3-DOF Parallel Links Robot Station with a 1-DOF Gripper" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "435" "paginaFinal" => "443" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Gómez-Espinosa, P.D. Lafuente-Ramón, C. Rebollar-Huerta, M.A. Hernández-Maldonado, E.H. Olguín-Callejas, H. Jiménez-Hernández, E.A. Rivas-Araiza, J. Rodríguez-Reséndiz" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Gómez-Espinosa" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "agomez@cidesi.mx" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P.D." "apellidos" => "Lafuente-Ramón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Rebollar-Huerta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "3" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "Hernández-Maldonado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "4" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E.H." "apellidos" => "Olguín-Callejas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "5" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Hernández" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "6" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E.A." "apellidos" => "Rivas-Araiza" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "7" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Reséndiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "8" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado. Av. Playa Pie de la Cuesta No. 702. Desarrollo San Pablo, C.P. 76130 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México." "etiqueta" => "1,6" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Departamento de Mecatrónica, Campus Querétaro. Av. Epigmenio González No. 500. Fracc. San Pablo, C.P. 76130 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México." "etiqueta" => "2,3,4,5" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería. Cerro de las Campanas s/n, C.P. 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México." "etiqueta" => "7,8" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 688 "Ancho" => 960 "Tamanyo" => 98828 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Example of two robot prototypes." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "1<a name="p436"></a>IntroductionFor students to gain experience integrating different mechatronic fields of knowledge, the methodology presented in some papers can be used for mechanical design [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>] [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>], electronic design [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a>] [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a>], or power electronic for motion control [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a>] [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a>], or control algorithm implementation [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a>] [<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a>]; unfortunately we didn’t found suitable projects, for a complete Mechatronic system that can be developed in a one semester course, for the last semesters undergrad or graduated students.In order to design and manufacture a functional robotic system, a student should be capable of understanding, analyzing and synthesizing different concepts that deal with basic sciences, mechanics, electronics, control theory and programming, that is a long way to go for any undergrad or graduated student. If one is meant to implement a self-built working design the first option is to take several months or even years of study to acquire all this knowledge. A second option would be to buy a market available robotic kit, usually being the main disadvantages of this option the limited possibilities for experimenting with robotic architectures and the high price one has to pay for the materials’ supply chain plus the intellectual property, marketing and engineering hours of the company that puts the pieces together.A third option is to be presented here, however this is not effortless at all. The student should have to get all the needed materials and apply some knowledge as well, but at the end it will be cheaper and more flexible than buying a robotic kit and easier than designing everything from scratch, so it can be considered as an intermediate alternative to make a working self-built mechatronic system.The remaining sections of this paper present the development of a robot station according to the following methodology:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">-Project objectives are stated by specifying the target requirement to be achieved by the manipulator. These objectives are defined following the Project Management Institute (PMI) recommendations, and should be considered for all the design and manufacturing processes, taking them into account for consideration if any change is made and verified during final acceptant test phase.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">-A set of selected materials are presented and additional materials such as screws and round head pins may be incorporated by the students.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">-Functionality for each subsystem is revised and some implementation techniques are discussed. For an industrial approach it is required that the prototype can be disassembled to allow joints (bearing and motors) to be serviced or repaired when it is needed.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">-The students select a CAD software to be used for the mechanical design; by using it the dimensions of the different links are defined and modified in order to meet the prototype specifications. The mechanical design starts with the arms of the robot, focusing on the dimensions of its links. Once the arms are designed the base should be planned to provide stability and support.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">-After pieces are designed and verified in the 3D environment, 2D engineering descriptive drawings are created. The pieces can be hand cut or machined depending on the selected production-processes and available facilities.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">-Several assembly processes are used to put the pieces together, including creating holes where screws are required and attaching some components by pressure or epoxy gluing.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">-The electrical design is performed to specify the power supply, PCB and required wiring, and then the electrical system is implemented.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040">-.The control board (Arduino platform) is programed to control the prototype robot, and the programing can be further developed for more challenging applications in accordance to the specific objectives of the course.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045">-The final acceptant tests of the robot station are accomplished to verify its performance.<a name="p437"></a></li></ul>2System specification2.1System Target RequirementsAs an example of some target requirements to be achieved by the manipulator, it should be able to:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050">-Reach any object at least 40 cm from the servomotor axis.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055">-Achieve a precision of ±0.5 cm for repetitive movements.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060">-Be able to lift at least 10% of its own weight, not considering power supplies.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065">-Maximum time of 3 seconds to get from any position A(x,y,z) to any position B(x,y,z).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070">-Variable speed control for the movements.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075">-3DOF plus a 1 DOF gripper to lift the specified weight.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080">-Manipulator should be designed to allow for servomotors and bearings to be disassembled for service or replacement.</li></ul>These requirements are considered in all the design and manufacture process, taking them into account for negotiation if any change is to be made and verified during final acceptant test phase.2.2MaterialsThe main selected materials for the proposed platform are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>2.3General description and sub-assembliesThe robot is integrated by the following main sub-assemblies shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>; dimensions are only shown as an example and they should be determined by the student during the mechanical design phase:<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>BaseThe function of the base is to give support and stability to the robot station; it also holds the servo motor to spin the robot in the Z axis. It should be designed to maximize the contact area with the floor and minimizing its weight.Rotating Bearing tableThe rotating bearing table is intended to allow the free rotation of the main body of the robot by minimizing the friction and supporting the weight of the motor base, motors, links and gripper, resembling the rotating mechanisms in industrial robots.<a name="p438"></a>Motors baseThis subassembly is very important and will usually take the longest time to design and improve. The motors are supported here, requiring design and manufacture precision for the alignment of the motor shafts and the distance between the motors. It is attached to the rotating bearing table.Robot arm (links)The links should be designed in order to accomplish the proposed range; their width is also an important characteristic to be considered. As a rule of thumb, links must conserve proportionality to increase the stability and performance of the robot.GripperIt is the essential part to assure a good grabbing of the pieces to be manipulated by the robot. In the design a micro servo motor is proposed, which weighs less than 5 grams and has a relatively good torque of 0.8kg-cm. To select this servo motor there has to be a tradeoff between these two characteristics. It is also recommended to cover the gripper contact area with a high friction material such as foamy to increase the grabbing force.3Mechanical design3.1Design software and methodologyThe main recommended tool to be used for the mechanical design is CAD software; by using it the dimensions of the different links can be easily tested and modified in order to meet the prototype specifications.It is essential to have an iterative process between the 2D engineering drawings and the 3D model used to simulate the mechanic limits, advantages and disadvantages of the proposed prototype.It is recommended to start the mechanical design with the arm of the robot, focusing on the dimensions of its links. Once the arm is designed the base should be planned to provide stability and support. There are some critical assemblies that must be taken care of during the design:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085">•The axis of the 2 arm servomotors that will power the parallel links must be properly centered.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090">•The bearings, couplings and joints of the arm and their relative tolerance.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095">•The attrition of the parts or joints during movements.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100">•Weight vs. stiffness in the arm links.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105">•Stability vs. weight in the base.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110">•Gripper design based on the desired application.</li></ul>One of the most critical sections is the arm servomotors’ position and adjustment, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a> the space between these two motors must be minimized and the axis must be centered in order to achieve a soft and precise movement of the arm. This will also help to reduce vibration while moving the arm or lifting weight.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>It is suggested to design a base to add stability to the arm while keeping its own weight at minimum; a design example is presented in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>, as shown the lateral faces of the polygon have been prolonged to give the base more supporting area while reducing its volume.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>It is essential that the prototype can be disassembled or repaired in case it is needed; mechanical design plays an important factor in this matter to resemble industrial criteria. A “plug – socket” configuration is one possibility for the union of different mechanic parts in the prototype, such as the motor base with the rotating bearing table or<a name="p439"></a> the lateral sections of the base with the top section, this will give an easy and precise assembly while allowing other parts to be disassembled and assembled any time it is needed.3.2Manufacturing processOnce the pieces were designed and tested in the 3D environment, 2D engineering descriptive drawings are created. The pieces can be hand cut, or machined depending on the facilities available and production processes selected, as an example here a laser cutting machine was used, so the procedure is therefore described. After the pieces are completed in AutoCAD it is necessary to change its format to a .dxf and save them in AutoCAD 2004 version, this format is later used by another software called RHINOCEROS; this program is used to define the final specifications to the laser cutting machine such as the size of the material to be cut, the colors of some lines to define the sequence of cutting area in the material and finally the coordinate origin in the material.The cutting machine shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a> has a positioning tolerance better than +/− 0.1mm, this let us create geometries with high precision and detail, CAD modeling allows to make the necessary changes to the geometry, thus obtaining a refined model.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>All the parts were manufactured by this laser cutting machine and the material used was foamed PVC, which is a light material (0.3 gr/cm2) and also rigid enough to meet the design specifications.To manufacture the L shaped pieces, the sheets were hot bended by placing them half-minute into the bending machine, then these had to be molded according to the required geometry.3.3Assembly procedureSeveral assembly processes can be used to put the pieces together like making holes to fix pieces were screws are required for the support components, as an example some motor base-rotating bearing tables are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>To assemble the base, its components are attached by epoxy glue that allows having a good rigidity. In general, manufacturing processes are not very complex, this is accomplished if most of the efforts are focused in the design phase on doing a sound CAD design and prototyping work; the purpose is avoiding future problems in the assembly of the robot, thus saving time and money.<a name="p440"></a>4Electronic design4.1Power supplyThe utilized power supply was a D.C. 7.5 volts 2 Amp voltage source. The designed PCB includes a 5 Volts regulator to keep the power to the required level, providing a rectified signal that is essential to guarantee the correct operation of the motors and avoid unwanted misbehaviors.The control circuit is fed by an independent source; in this case the digital voltage is obtained directly from the master control computer. It is basic to have a reliable power supply in order to guarantee the correct operation of the circuits.4.2Printed Circuit BoardThe designed printed circuit board is necessary to hold the power supply lines; it also provides mechanical support for all the other electronic components: the control circuit, capacitors and the pin connectors for every motor. The PCB design was made in Livewire, this is specialized but light software for the development of printed circuit boards, and it contains the necessary libraries to use all the components for the designed circuit. The first step is to create a schematic circuit of the components with connections; the electric circuit is shown in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia>The schematic circuit is later imported to another program called PCB Wizard, where circuit tracks were created.Additionally the program creates other schematics that show the final distribution of some components as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 8</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia>4.3WiringThe wiring is used to transport the power from the source to the motors, which are in the motor base and the gripper of the robot. Wiring should be rigid enough to accompany the movement of joints and avoid interference to the movement of the links. Wire-wrap was used for the wiring; this is a 30 AWG cable. Wires were attached using epoxy glue, which provides a good support to the cables and reduction for vibrations.The motors’ female pin connectors and the Arduino are fixed to the PCB with header pin connectors that are welded to the PCB.The cable attachment allows free movement of the joints of the robot, the location of these cables is important to avoid some failure caused by the movement of the robot. All the movement routines were tested successfully, with no interference of the cables.5Programming5.1ArchitectureTwo programs were developed to control the system, an Arduino code and a Central Control code. The Arduino code, is intended to generate the basic signals to control the servomotors position, while Central Control code could perform more complex task that involves heavy processing in case of requiring a difficult to compute trajectory that might consume considerable processor resources. Any microcontroller might be used for the position control; the microcontroller program receives the position of the different motors through commands from the Central Control program. This Central Control program also works as a User Interface (UI). This kind of distributed processing was tested for the following reasons:<a name="p441"></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115">-To increase modularity of the software architecture.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120">-Reduce microcontroller processing requirements</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125">-Allow for better User Interface possibilities.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130">-:If any microcontroller (besides Arduino) is selected, it avoids the repetitive use of specialized hardware (programmers) in case reprogramming of the robot behavior is needed given that microcontroller is just programmed once. Microcontroller plus robot can be seen as one big block, having to deal with the programming just in the host PC, thus decreasing development time.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135">-Possibility of further application development: allowing easier peripheral implementation such as with video cameras or voice recognition that require more powerful processing, and that also have protocols and libraries totally documented for traditional operative systems.</li></ul>5.2Communication to Central Control programThe communication between the robot “brain” and the servomotor controller was implemented on the well-known RS-232 protocol. An open source library called LnxCOMM, which is authorized under GNU license by Fernando Pujaico, compiled and executed on Windows. The serial communication is configured to 115 kbps, 8 bits, one stop bit, and no flow control.The command is sent with the following structure: P,PM01,PM02,PM03,PM04,As an example, this is a position command for the servomotors: P,0750,1230,0100,0050,The motor positions are send on an [0,1500] interval, position that is read and interpreted by the motor controller positioning the robot as the master control orders.The maximum refresh frequency of the motors is 25Hz because of the limitations of the control system that standard servomotors have implemented inside. Every character send is a representation in ASCII code.5.3Code ImplementationThe code for the control master was developed in C to increase the portability; the only additional library besides the standard ones is the already mentioned LnxCOMM.The Arduino code for the motor controller has only one function, to modulate the PWM signal to change its duty cycle, thus moving the servo motors to the desired angle.The positions are commanded by a central control, sent via RS-232. This function is achieved by using a timer in the microcontroller.In the central controller several functions and routines were implemented, the main are described below:Send command function: It will read the motors’ positions from an array or a pointer and will convert them into ASCII to send the command, by using LnxCOMM library it sends the complete command in the specified format (using delimiters between each motor position) via RS-232. If the microcontroller is programmed to send any message back to confirm the data reception, the data should be read from the port buffer, otherwise an overflow and execution time error might occur. This routine is the base to build other functions, such as:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140">1.-Go home: Send fix coordinates to the robot; it goes to a basic known position that is usually called “home</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145">2.-Joint coordinate motion: By pressing keys, such as ‘Q’ and ‘W’, the user is able to move each joint of the robot an assigned step size. It is easily accomplished by changing the motors’ position in the array or pointer assigned.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150">3.-Send servos position: It allows the user to send a value to each joint of the motor, it is especially useful if a previous sequence’s point wants to be proved in a new sequence.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155">4.-Set speed: Changes the step size of joint coordinate motor, and the speed of execution of a sequence.<a name="p442"></a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160">5.-Save points: It is based on joint coordinate motion function. By moving the motors to the desired position, the robot interacts with its environment, and then a sequence of points is saved to be played later. It works very similarly to an industrial robot teach pendant.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165">6.-Play sequence: It plays the saved points sequence from command 5 at a given speed in command 4.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170">7.-Play sample sequence: A fixed routine can be directly written to the main program as a macro. It is especially useful if you need to demonstrate your robot’s skills in a predetermined way.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175">8.-Print points: Useful for debugging purposes</li></ul>5.4Physical motor settingThis section is very important for an accurate positioning of the robot. On the datasheets of standard servomotors, the digital PWM controls are specified. Its maximum frequency is 25 Hz, and the duty cycle is modulated linearly according to the set point position. Just to say an example a duty cycle of 0% will take the motor to an angular position of 0° and a duty cycle of 100% will take the motor to a 180°. This is the theory, however, because of the diversity of methods and manufacturers, the variability of the real results of the control have a significant variance, for example to get the limit positions or refresh frequencies. This implies that for a better precision real life testing should be done, registering the real positions according to the PWM control signal as accurately as possible to test the real range, its effective resolution, and its maximum and minimum refresh frequency. This procedure was followed to ensure the real life accuracy of the motors once they are mounted on the robot.6ResultsThe proposed didactic mechatronic platform has been tested for last semester undergrad Mechatronic courses, allowing for completing the project during one semester period of time and providing enough flexibility to test different robot architectures and manufacturing processes. As an example, two robot prototypes are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 9</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia>7ConclusionsThe proposed didactic platform and methodology can be used to introduce the student to the industrial design procedures, allowing for different manufacturing processes and robot architectures to be incorporated for the specific scope of the course and the available tools and facilities. It is possible to incorporate topics such as kinematics and dynamics and further application development for easier peripheral implementation such as with video cameras or voice recognition.Two programs were developed to control the system, an Arduino code and a Central Control." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres498860" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec520358" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres498861" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "System specification" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "System Target Requirements" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Materials" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "General description and sub-assemblies" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Base" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Rotating Bearing table" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Motors base" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Robot arm (links)" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Gripper" ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Mechanical design" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Design software and methodology" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Manufacturing process" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Assembly procedure" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Electronic design" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Power supply" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Printed Circuit Board" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Wiring" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Programming" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Architecture" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Communication to Central Control program" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Code Implementation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Physical motor setting" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack161159" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec520358" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Didactic station" 1 => "prototype" 2 => "robot" 3 => "parallel links" 4 => "mechatronic system" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The main objective of the construction of a robot station presented in this article is to allow the students to design and produce a feasible-to-build mechatronic device using robust, low-cost components. It is a tool for students to gain experience integrating different mechatronic fields of knowledge, as well as practicing the procedures needed to successfully accomplish their own design. The project starts by describing the target requirements to be achieved by the prototype robot, these requirements will serve as the guideline for the design and further manufacture and testing of the system. The sub-assemblies of the mechanism are analyzed, main technical areas and their processes are discussed individually emphasizing the methods and materials used, then results are presented along with some practical recommendations to extend the scope of the project and improve the performance of the prototype robot. It has been especially important to maintain the didactical approach and design the platform with affordable components that can be easily obtained; this is also true for the tools and software used. The article is also intended to introduce the student to industrial design methodology, allowing for different manufacturing processes and robot architectures to be incorporated for the specific scope of the project and the available tools and facilities." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "El objetivo principal de la estación robótica presentada en este artículo es servir como una plataforma Mecatrónica didáctica, robusta, relativamente económica y factible de construir, para que los estudiantes obtengan experiencia integrando diferentes áreas de la Mecatrónica y practiquen los distintos procedimientos requeridos para lograr exitosamente un diseño propio. El proyecto empieza con la especificación de los objetivos funcionales que la plataforma debe ser capaz de lograr, que a su vez servirán como una directriz para el diseño, posterior manufactura y prueba del sistema. Los sub ensambles principales del sistema son analizados, las áreas técnicas principales y sus procedimientos son discutidos individualmente haciendo hincapié en los métodos y materiales utilizados, luego los resultados son presentados en conjunto con algunas recomendaciones prácticas para extender el alcance del proyecto y mejorar el desempeño general del robot. Ha sido especialmente importante mantener el enfoque didáctico, así como diseñar la plataforma con componentes que pueden ser fácilmente obtenidos; se tuvo el mismo cuidado con las herramientas y los lenguajes de programación utilizados. El artículo está orientado a que el alumno se familiarice con la metodología de diseño utilizada en la industria, permitiendo la incorporación de diversos procesos de manufactura y arquitecturas de robots, así como adaptar el proyecto a los objetivos específicos del curso y a las herramientas e instalaciones disponibles." ] ] "multimedia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 592 "Ancho" => 784 "Tamanyo" => 58625 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Main materials for the robotic station (A)Servomotors HD-3001HB, (B)Servomotor HD-1440A, (C)Bearings, (D)Turntable, (E)ARDUINO, (F)Foamed PVC." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => 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"figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 288 "Ancho" => 896 "Tamanyo" => 51556 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Resulting printed circuit board." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 688 "Ancho" => 960 "Tamanyo" => 98828 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Example of two robot prototypes." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Quantity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">“Supplier” / PN \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Servomotor 3.5 kg*cm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">‘Tower HD” HD-3001HB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Servomotor 0.8 kg*cm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">“Power HD” HD-1440A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Bearing 1/2” × 3/16” \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">“DMF” R3ZZ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Acrylic turn table 4 1/4 “ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">“ATP” 0200-0020-1150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">AKDUTNOUNO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">“Smart Projects” U00001879 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Foamed PVC 12” × 12” × 1/4 “ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">“SINTRA” “TROVICEL” \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796384.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "List of materials for the robotic station." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "[1]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => 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Design and Construction of a Didactic 3-DOF Parallel Links Robot Station with a 1-DOF Gripper

A. Gómez-Espinosa1, P.D. Lafuente-Ramón2, C. Rebollar-Huerta3, M.A. Hernández-Maldonado4, E.H. Olguín-Callejas5, H. Jiménez-Hernández6, E.A. Rivas-Araiza7, J. Rodríguez-Reséndiz8

1,6 Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado. Av. Playa Pie de la Cuesta No. 702. Desarrollo San Pablo, C.P. 76130 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México.

2,3,4,5 Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Departamento de Mecatrónica, Campus Querétaro. Av. Epigmenio González No. 500. Fracc. San Pablo, C.P. 76130 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México.

7,8 Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería. Cerro de las Campanas s/n, C.P. 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México.

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motors&#44; links and gripper&#44; resembling the rotating mechanisms in industrial robots&#46;<a name="p438"></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Motors base</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This subassembly is very important and will usually take the longest time to design and improve&#46; The motors are supported here&#44; requiring design and manufacture precision for the alignment of the motor shafts and the distance between the motors&#46; It is attached to the rotating bearing table&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Robot arm &#40;links&#41;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The links should be designed in order to accomplish the proposed range&#59; their width is also an important characteristic to be considered&#46; As a rule of thumb&#44; links must conserve proportionality to increase the stability and performance of the robot&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Gripper</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is the essential part to assure a good grabbing of the pieces to be manipulated by the robot&#46; In the design a micro servo motor is proposed&#44; which weighs less than 5 grams and has a relatively good torque of 0&#46;8kg-cm&#46; To select this servo motor there has to be a tradeoff between these two characteristics&#46; It is also recommended to cover the gripper contact area with a high friction material such as foamy to increase the grabbing force&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Mechanical design</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Design software and methodology</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main recommended tool to be used for the mechanical design is CAD software&#59; by using it the dimensions of the different links can be easily tested and modified in order to meet the prototype specifications&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential to have an iterative process between the 2D engineering drawings and the 3D model used to simulate the mechanic limits&#44; advantages and disadvantages of the proposed prototype&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is recommended to start the mechanical design with the arm of the robot&#44; focusing on the dimensions of its links&#46; Once the arm is designed the base should be planned to provide stability and support&#46; There are some critical assemblies that must be taken care of during the design&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The axis of the 2 arm servomotors that will power the parallel links must be properly centered&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bearings&#44; couplings and joints of the arm and their relative tolerance&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The attrition of the parts or joints during movements&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Weight vs&#46; stiffness in the arm links&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stability vs&#46; weight in the base&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gripper design based on the desired application&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the most critical sections is the arm servomotors&#8217; position and adjustment&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a> the space between these two motors must be minimized and the axis must be centered in order to achieve a soft and precise movement of the arm&#46; This will also help to reduce vibration while moving the arm or lifting weight&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is suggested to design a base to add stability to the arm while keeping its own weight at minimum&#59; a design example is presented in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#44; as shown the lateral faces of the polygon have been prolonged to give the base more supporting area while reducing its volume&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential that the prototype can be disassembled or repaired in case it is needed&#59; mechanical design plays an important factor in this matter to resemble industrial criteria&#46; A &#8220;plug &#8211; socket&#8221; configuration is one possibility for the union of different mechanic parts in the prototype&#44; such as the motor base with the rotating bearing table or<a name="p439"></a> the lateral sections of the base with the top section&#44; this will give an easy and precise assembly while allowing other parts to be disassembled and assembled any time it is needed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Manufacturing process</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the pieces were designed and tested in the 3D environment&#44; 2D engineering descriptive drawings are created&#46; The pieces can be hand cut&#44; or machined depending on the facilities available and production processes selected&#44; as an example here a laser cutting machine was used&#44; so the procedure is therefore described&#46; After the pieces are completed in AutoCAD it is necessary to change its format to a &#46;dxf and save them in AutoCAD 2004 version&#44; this format is later used by another software called RHINOCEROS&#59; this program is used to define the final specifications to the laser cutting machine such as the size of the material to be cut&#44; the colors of some lines to define the sequence of cutting area in the material and finally the coordinate origin in the material&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cutting machine shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a> has a positioning tolerance better than &#43;&#47;&#8722; 0&#46;1mm&#44; this let us create geometries with high precision and detail&#44; CAD modeling allows to make the necessary changes to the geometry&#44; thus obtaining a refined model&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the parts were manufactured by this laser cutting machine and the material used was foamed PVC&#44; which is a light material &#40;0&#46;3 gr&#47;cm2&#41; and also rigid enough to meet the design specifications&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To manufacture the L shaped pieces&#44; the sheets were hot bended by placing them half-minute into the bending machine&#44; then these had to be molded according to the required geometry&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Assembly procedure</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several assembly processes can be used to put the pieces together like making holes to fix pieces were screws are required for the support components&#44; as an example some motor base-rotating bearing tables are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assemble the base&#44; its components are attached by epoxy glue that allows having a good rigidity&#46; In general&#44; manufacturing processes are not very complex&#44; this is accomplished if most of the efforts are focused in the design phase on doing a sound CAD design and prototyping work&#59; the purpose is avoiding future problems in the assembly of the robot&#44; thus saving time and money&#46;<a name="p440"></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Electronic design</span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Power supply</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The utilized power supply was a D&#46;C&#46; 7&#46;5 volts 2 Amp voltage source&#46; The designed PCB includes a 5 Volts regulator to keep the power to the required level&#44; providing a rectified signal that is essential to guarantee the correct operation of the motors and avoid unwanted misbehaviors&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The control circuit is fed by an independent source&#59; in this case the digital voltage is obtained directly from the master control computer&#46; It is basic to have a reliable power supply in order to guarantee the correct operation of the circuits&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Printed Circuit Board</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The designed printed circuit board is necessary to hold the power supply lines&#59; it also provides mechanical support for all the other electronic components&#58; the control circuit&#44; capacitors and the pin connectors for every motor&#46; The PCB design was made in Livewire&#44; this is specialized but light software for the development of printed circuit boards&#44; and it contains the necessary libraries to use all the components for the designed circuit&#46; The first step is to create a schematic circuit of the components with connections&#59; the electric circuit is shown in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The schematic circuit is later imported to another program called PCB Wizard&#44; where circuit tracks were created&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally the program creates other schematics that show the final distribution of some components as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 8</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Wiring</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The wiring is used to transport the power from the source to the motors&#44; which are in the motor base and the gripper of the robot&#46; Wiring should be rigid enough to accompany the movement of joints and avoid interference to the movement of the links&#46; Wire-wrap was used for the wiring&#59; this is a 30 AWG cable&#46; Wires were attached using epoxy glue&#44; which provides a good support to the cables and reduction for vibrations&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The motors&#8217; female pin connectors and the Arduino are fixed to the PCB with header pin connectors that are welded to the PCB&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cable attachment allows free movement of the joints of the robot&#44; the location of these cables is important to avoid some failure caused by the movement of the robot&#46; All the movement routines were tested successfully&#44; with no interference of the cables&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Programming</span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Architecture</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two programs were developed to control the system&#44; an Arduino code and a Central Control code&#46; The Arduino code&#44; is intended to generate the basic signals to control the servomotors position&#44; while Central Control code could perform more complex task that involves heavy processing in case of requiring a difficult to compute trajectory that might consume considerable processor resources&#46; Any microcontroller might be used for the position control&#59; the microcontroller program receives the position of the different motors through commands from the Central Control program&#46; This Central Control program also works as a User Interface &#40;UI&#41;&#46; This kind of distributed processing was tested for the following reasons&#58;<a name="p441"></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To increase modularity of the software architecture&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reduce microcontroller processing requirements</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Allow for better User Interface possibilities&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#58;If any microcontroller &#40;besides Arduino&#41; is selected&#44; it avoids the repetitive use of specialized hardware &#40;programmers&#41; in case reprogramming of the robot behavior is needed given that microcontroller is just programmed once&#46; Microcontroller plus robot can be seen as one big block&#44; having to deal with the programming just in the host PC&#44; thus decreasing development time&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Possibility of further application development&#58; allowing easier peripheral implementation such as with video cameras or voice recognition that require more powerful processing&#44; and that also have protocols and libraries totally documented for traditional operative systems&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Communication to Central Control program</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The communication between the robot &#8220;brain&#8221; and the servomotor controller was implemented on the well-known RS-232 protocol&#46; An open source library called LnxCOMM&#44; which is authorized under GNU license by Fernando Pujaico&#44; compiled and executed on Windows&#46; The serial communication is configured to 115 kbps&#44; 8 bits&#44; one stop bit&#44; and no flow control&#46;</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The command is sent with the following structure&#58; P&#44;PM01&#44;PM02&#44;PM03&#44;PM04&#44;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an example&#44; this is a position command for the servomotors&#58; P&#44;0750&#44;1230&#44;0100&#44;0050&#44;</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The motor positions are send on an &#91;0&#44;1500&#93; interval&#44; position that is read and interpreted by the motor controller positioning the robot as the master control orders&#46;</p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The maximum refresh frequency of the motors is 25Hz because of the limitations of the control system that standard servomotors have implemented inside&#46; Every character send is a representation in ASCII code&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Code Implementation</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The code for the control master was developed in C to increase the portability&#59; the only additional library besides the standard ones is the already mentioned LnxCOMM&#46;</p><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Arduino code for the motor controller has only one function&#44; to modulate the PWM signal to change its duty cycle&#44; thus moving the servo motors to the desired angle&#46;</p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The positions are commanded by a central control&#44; sent via RS-232&#46; This function is achieved by using a timer in the microcontroller&#46;</p><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the central controller several functions and routines were implemented&#44; the main are described below&#58;</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Send command function&#58; It will read the motors&#8217; positions from an array or a pointer and will convert them into ASCII to send the command&#44; by using LnxCOMM library it sends the complete command in the specified format &#40;using delimiters between each motor position&#41; via RS-232&#46; If the microcontroller is programmed to send any message back to confirm the data reception&#44; the data should be read from the port buffer&#44; otherwise an overflow and execution time error might occur&#46; This routine is the base to build other functions&#44; such as&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;-</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Go home</span>&#58; Send fix coordinates to the robot&#59; it goes to a basic known position that is usually called &#8220;home</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;-</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Joint coordinate motion</span>&#58; By pressing keys&#44; such as &#8216;Q&#8217; and &#8216;W&#8217;&#44; the user is able to move each joint of the robot an assigned step size&#46; It is easily accomplished by changing the motors&#8217; position in the array or pointer assigned&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;-</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Send servos position</span>&#58; It allows the user to send a value to each joint of the motor&#44; it is especially useful if a previous sequence&#8217;s point wants to be proved in a new sequence&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;-</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Set speed</span>&#58; Changes the step size of joint coordinate motor&#44; and the speed of execution of a sequence&#46;<a name="p442"></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;-</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Save points</span>&#58; It is based on joint coordinate motion function&#46; By moving the motors to the desired position&#44; the robot interacts with its environment&#44; and then a sequence of points is saved to be played later&#46; It works very similarly to an industrial robot teach pendant&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;-</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Play sequence</span>&#58; It plays the saved points sequence from command 5 at a given speed in command 4&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;-</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Play sample sequence</span>&#58; A fixed routine can be directly written to the main program as a macro&#46; It is especially useful if you need to demonstrate your robot&#8217;s skills in a predetermined way&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;-</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Print points</span>&#58; Useful for debugging purposes</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Physical motor setting</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This section is very important for an accurate positioning of the robot&#46; On the datasheets of standard servomotors&#44; the digital PWM controls are specified&#46; Its maximum frequency is 25 Hz&#44; and the duty cycle is modulated linearly according to the set point position&#46; Just to say an example a duty cycle of 0&#37; will take the motor to an angular position of 0&#176; and a duty cycle of 100&#37; will take the motor to a 180&#176;&#46; This is the theory&#44; however&#44; because of the diversity of methods and manufacturers&#44; the variability of the real results of the control have a significant variance&#44; for example to get the limit positions or refresh frequencies&#46; This implies that for a better precision real life testing should be done&#44; registering the real positions according to the PWM control signal as accurately as possible to test the real range&#44; its effective resolution&#44; and its maximum and minimum refresh frequency&#46; This procedure was followed to ensure the real life accuracy of the motors once they are mounted on the robot&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Results</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The proposed didactic mechatronic platform has been tested for last semester undergrad Mechatronic courses&#44; allowing for completing the project during one semester period of time and providing enough flexibility to test different robot architectures and manufacturing processes&#46; As an example&#44; two robot prototypes are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 9</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusions</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The proposed didactic platform and methodology can be used to introduce the student to the industrial design procedures&#44; allowing for different manufacturing processes and robot architectures to be incorporated for the specific scope of the course and the available tools and facilities&#46; It is possible to incorporate topics such as kinematics and dynamics and further application development for easier peripheral implementation such as with video cameras or voice recognition&#46;</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two programs were developed to control the system&#44; an Arduino code and a Central Control&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of the construction of a robot station presented in this article is to allow the students to design and produce a feasible-to-build mechatronic device using robust&#44; low-cost components&#46; It is a tool for students to gain experience integrating different mechatronic fields of knowledge&#44; as well as practicing the procedures needed to successfully accomplish their own design&#46; The project starts by describing the target requirements to be achieved by the prototype robot&#44; these requirements will serve as the guideline for the design and further manufacture and testing of the system&#46; The sub-assemblies of the mechanism are analyzed&#44; main technical areas and their processes are discussed individually emphasizing the methods and materials used&#44; then results are presented along with some practical recommendations to extend the scope of the project and improve the performance of the prototype robot&#46; It has been especially important to maintain the didactical approach and design the platform with affordable components that can be easily obtained&#59; this is also true for the tools and software used&#46; The article is also intended to introduce the student to industrial design methodology&#44; allowing for different manufacturing processes and robot architectures to be incorporated for the specific scope of the project and the available tools and facilities&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo principal de la estaci&#243;n rob&#243;tica presentada en este art&#237;culo es servir como una plataforma Mecatr&#243;nica did&#225;ctica&#44; robusta&#44; relativamente econ&#243;mica y factible de construir&#44; para que los estudiantes obtengan experiencia integrando diferentes &#225;reas de la Mecatr&#243;nica y practiquen los distintos procedimientos requeridos para lograr exitosamente un dise&#241;o propio&#46; El proyecto empieza con la especificaci&#243;n de los objetivos funcionales que la plataforma debe ser capaz de lograr&#44; que a su vez servir&#225;n como una directriz para el dise&#241;o&#44; posterior manufactura y prueba del sistema&#46; Los sub ensambles principales del sistema son analizados&#44; las &#225;reas t&#233;cnicas principales y sus procedimientos son discutidos individualmente haciendo hincapi&#233; en los m&#233;todos y materiales utilizados&#44; luego los resultados son presentados en conjunto con algunas recomendaciones pr&#225;cticas para extender el alcance del proyecto y mejorar el desempe&#241;o general del robot&#46; Ha sido especialmente importante mantener el enfoque did&#225;ctico&#44; as&#237; como dise&#241;ar la plataforma con componentes que pueden ser f&#225;cilmente obtenidos&#59; se tuvo el mismo cuidado con las herramientas y los lenguajes de programaci&#243;n utilizados&#46; El art&#237;culo est&#225; orientado a que el alumno se familiarice con la metodolog&#237;a de dise&#241;o utilizada en la industria&#44; permitiendo la incorporaci&#243;n de diversos procesos de manufactura y arquitecturas de robots&#44; as&#237; como adaptar el proyecto a los objetivos espec&#237;ficos del curso y a las herramientas e instalaciones disponibles&#46;</p></span>"
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                            2 => "M&#46; Bandala-S&#225;nchez"
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                            6 => "G&#46; Herrera-Ru&#237;z"
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  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665642314716244?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 16656423
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/S1665-6423(14)71624-4

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	10	0	10
2024 October	89	9	98
2024 September	44	7	51
2024 August	49	2	51
2024 July	32	5	37
2024 June	57	2	59
2024 May	47	6	53
2024 April	40	4	44
2024 March	46	6	52
2024 February	62	7	69
2024 January	88	9	97
2023 December	154	20	174
2023 November	118	12	130
2023 October	143	11	154
2023 September	104	13	117
2023 August	77	11	88
2023 July	88	5	93
2023 June	96	3	99
2023 May	104	8	112
2023 April	96	2	98
2023 March	100	3	103
2023 February	78	3	81
2023 January	100	18	118
2022 December	99	8	107
2022 November	118	13	131
2022 October	87	12	99
2022 September	92	17	109
2022 August	115	18	133
2022 July	76	17	93
2022 June	155	11	166
2022 May	131	30	161
2022 April	129	23	152
2022 March	116	20	136
2022 February	113	7	120
2022 January	170	20	190
2021 December	110	15	125
2021 November	120	28	148
2021 October	122	23	145
2021 September	86	20	106
2021 August	88	29	117
2021 July	99	16	115
2021 June	124	17	141
2021 May	138	26	164
2021 April	268	55	323
2021 March	132	21	153
2021 February	88	19	107
2021 January	71	19	90
2020 December	129	33	162
2020 November	57	17	74
2020 October	45	13	58
2020 September	43	12	55
2020 August	61	7	68
2020 July	53	13	66
2020 June	64	15	79
2020 May	71	11	82
2020 April	59	14	73
2020 March	59	10	69
2020 February	40	12	52
2020 January	56	11	67
2019 December	33	7	40
2019 November	34	7	41
2019 October	42	2	44
2019 September	36	6	42
2019 August	30	8	38
2019 July	30	10	40
2019 June	64	12	76
2019 May	93	3	96
2019 April	86	5	91
2019 March	41	7	48
2019 February	32	16	48
2019 January	34	8	42
2018 December	26	4	30
2018 November	28	6	34
2018 October	44	4	48
2018 September	36	5	41
2018 August	30	4	34
2018 July	26	1	27
2018 June	15	1	16
2018 May	24	8	32
2018 April	60	11	71
2018 March	17	1	18
2018 February	7	3	10
2018 January	13	1	14
2017 December	10	0	10
2017 November	20	1	21
2017 October	18	3	21
2017 September	20	8	28
2017 August	12	6	18
2017 July	23	0	23
2017 June	23	16	39
2017 May	20	5	25
2017 April	20	2	22
2017 March	29	69	98
2017 February	22	5	27
2017 January	36	16	52
2016 December	23	6	29
2016 November	21	6	27
2016 October	28	5	33
2016 September	24	1	25
2016 August	35	4	39
2016 July	38	2	40
2016 June	23	11	34
2016 May	21	5	26
2016 April	30	6	36
2016 March	26	8	34
2016 February	38	8	46
2016 January	37	2	39
2015 December	38	5	43
2015 November	35	7	42
2015 October	37	5	42
2015 September	45	5	50
2015 August	55	1	56
2015 July	46	2	48
2015 June	12	2	14
2015 May	7	1	8
2015 April	3	1	4

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