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Inicio Medicina Clínica Risk stratification for CNS infection: A potential tool to avoid unwarranted lum...
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Original article
Available online 27 August 2024
Risk stratification for CNS infection: A potential tool to avoid unwarranted lumbar punctures – An observational study
Estratificación de riesgo de infección del sistema nervioso central: una potencial herramienta para evitar punciones lumbares innecesarias. Estudio observacional
Cristina Kirkegaard-Bioscaa,b,c, Carmen Moreno-Blasd, Marta Lluch-Álvarezd, Anna Falcó-Rogeta,b, Paula Salmeróne, Clara Ramírez-Serraf, Júlia Sellarès-Nadala,b,c,
Corresponding author
julia.sellares@vallhebron.cat

Corresponding author.
, Joaquín Burgosa,b,c, Núria Fernández-Hidalgoa,c,g
a Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
b Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
c Malalties Infeccioses Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
d Emergency Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
e Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
f Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
g CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the 489 patients based on final diagnosis.
Table 2. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with no-CNS infection.
Table 3. Final diagnosis and aetiology of patients with a confirmed central nervous system (CNS) infection.
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Abstract
Objective

Central nervous system (CNS) infection poses a diagnostic challenge especially in elderly patients who frequently exhibit atypical symptoms. Our study aimed to identify patients with a low risk of CNS infection, in whom lumbar puncture (LP) could be avoided.

Methods

Observational study of consecutive adult patients who underwent a LP in the emergency room (ER) of Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron between January 2017 and December 2021. We performed a univariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with non-CNS infection. These factors were used to create a combined variable, and its diagnostic positive predictive value and specificity to detect patients without CNS infections were calculated.

Results

We included 489 patients of which 77 (15.7%) were diagnosed with CNS infection. Median age was 62 years (IQR 41–78) and 240 (49.1%) were male. In the multivariate analysis, variables associated with non-CNS infection were female sex (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.12–3.20), age older than 80 years (OR 3.14; 95% CI 1.20–8.19), previous cognitive impairment (OR 3.91; 95% CI 1.18–13.01), and clinical presentation without meningitis triad (fever, headache and neck stiffness) (OR 4.12; 95% CI 1.72–9.85). A composite variable encompassing age older than 80, cognitive impairment, and the absence of the meningitis triad was used as a diagnostic tool to identify patients with non-CNS infection, exhibiting a 98% positive predictive value and 99% specificity.

Conclusions

This study identifies factors associated with a low risk of CNS infection. Thus, a more precise clinical approach could help clinicians to detect patients who would not benefit from a LP.

Keywords:
Emergency room
Central nervous system infection
Lumbar puncture
Elderly
Resumen
Objetivo

La infección del sistema nervioso central (SNC) representa un desafío diagnóstico, especialmente en pacientes ancianos que frecuentemente presentan síntomas atípicos. Nuestro objetivo es identificar pacientes con bajo riesgo de infección del SNC, en quienes se podría evitar la punción lumbar (PL).

Métodos

Estudio observacional de pacientes adultos sometidos a PL en urgencias del Hospital Vall d’Hebron entre enero de 2017 y diciembre de 2021. Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado para identificar los factores asociados con la no infección del SNC. Estos se utilizaron para crear una variable combinada, y se calcularon su valor predictivo positivo y especificidad diagnóstica para detectar pacientes sin infecciones del SNC.

Resultados

Incluimos 489 pacientes, de los cuales 77 (15,7%) tenían infección del SNC. La edad media fue 62 años (IQR: 41-78) y 240 (49,1%) eran varones. En el análisis multivariado, las variables asociadas con la no infección del SNC fueron sexo femenino (OR: 1,89; IC 95%: 1,12-3,20), edad mayor de 80 años (OR: 3,14; IC 95%: 1,20-8,19), deterioro cognitivo (OR: 3,91; IC 95%: 1,18-13,01) y presentación clínica sin la tríada de meningitis (OR 4.12; IC 95% 1.72-9.85). La variable compuesta entre edad mayor de 80 años, deterioro cognitivo y ausencia de la tríada de meningitis mostró un valor predictivo positivo del 98% y una especificidad del 99% para identificar los pacientes sin infección del SNC.

Conclusiones

Este estudio identifica los factores asociados con un bajo riesgo de infección del SNC, lo que podría ayudar a detectar pacientes que no se beneficiarían de una PL.

Palabras clave:
Urgencias
Infección del sistema nervioso central
Punción lumbar
Ancianos

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