Effect of empagliflozin in peripheral diabetic neuropathy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

array:22 ["pii" => "S0025775324001659" "issn" => "00257753" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2024.01.027" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-26" "aid" => "6603" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Clin. 2024;163:53-61" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0025775324001878" "issn" => "00257753" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2024.01.041" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-26" "aid" => "6618" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Clin. 2024;163:62-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Estudio del índice de gravedad del síndrome metabólico como factor predictivo de un episodio cardiovascular mayor en mujeres premenopáusicas con lupus eritematoso sistémico" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "62" "paginaFinal" => "69" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Study of the metabolic syndrome severity index as a predictive factor of a major cardiovascular event in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3627 "Ancho" => 2175 "Tamanyo" => 343672 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "Curva de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier de los cuartiles de las probabilidades de supervivencia de los modelos de Cox que usan el índice MetSx-IMC (a) y MetSx-CC (b), respectivamente." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Elsy Aidé García-Villegas, Cruz Vargas-de-León, Antonio Rafael Villa-Romero, Itzelly Ibarra Valdovinos, Horacio Márquez-González" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elsy Aidé" "apellidos" => "García-Villegas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cruz" "apellidos" => "Vargas-de-León" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio Rafael" "apellidos" => "Villa-Romero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Itzelly" "apellidos" => "Ibarra Valdovinos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Horacio" "apellidos" => "Márquez-González" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S238702062400281X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcle.2024.01.026" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S238702062400281X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775324001878?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00257753/0000016300000002/v1_202407151339/S0025775324001878/v1_202407151339/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Effect of empagliflozin in peripheral diabetic neuropathy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "53" "paginaFinal" => "61" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar, Yasser Mostafa Hafez, Amira Mohamed El Sharkawy, Maha Khalifa" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sahar Mohamed" "apellidos" => "El-Haggar" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Yasser Mostafa" "apellidos" => "Hafez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Amira Mohamed" "apellidos" => "El Sharkawy" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Maha" "apellidos" => "Khalifa" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "maha142282@pharm.tanta.edu.eg" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Rheumatology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clinical Pharmacy Department, Tanta Universal Teaching Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efecto de la empagliflozina en la neuropatía diabética periférica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2319 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 193072 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Flow chart of patients enrolled in the study." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is considered one of the most dominant causes of neuropathy all over the world. It consists of a group of heterogeneous disorders due to the destruction of the peripheral nerves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">1</a> The specific pathogenic mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is still unknown. Prolonged hyperglycemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and dyslipidemia in T2DM cases may be the most suggested pathogenesis and disease progression factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">2</a> It is essential for DM management to prevent or delay the progression of DPN. Precise glucose control is still the most effective approach for primary prevention and delaying the worsening of such complications. However, current antidiabetic treatment cannot achieve the required control of blood glucose levels, and occasional hyperglycemic episodes are encountered. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were introduced to mitigate these hyperglycemic episodes occurring with the current therapies in diabetes mellitus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">3</a>Empagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, acts via blocking glucose reabsorption through the kidney, promoting its excretion and reducing blood glucose concentrations. Empagliflozin is indicated for controlling the glycemic state in T2DM adults and reducing the risk of complications induced by hyperglycemic episodes, such as cardiovascular death in T2DM cases suffering from cardiovascular disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">4</a> Reportedly, empagliflozin also prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the transcription of factors involved in inflammatory mediators.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">5,6</a> Several studies on animal diabetic models have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors prevent worsening DM complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">7,8</a> Lee et al. reported that in diabetic rats, empagliflozin can significantly prevent hypersensitivity and the loss of skin intra-epidermal nerve fibers and mesangial matrix expansion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">9</a> Therefore, empagliflozin reportedly decreases remodeling associated with reducing mortality and cardiovascular risks in people with diabetes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">10</a> Also empagliflozin also reportedly to mitigate ischemia reperfusion injury, decrease MI size and microvascular obstruction, improve myocardial salvage in animals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">11</a> Empagliflozin showed improvement in QOL in all patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">12,13</a> SGLT2 inhibitors may regulate autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">14</a> This clinical study aimed to assess the effect of empagliflozin in cases suffering from T2DM with DPN and not on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. This study is the 1st prospective clinical study to evaluate the role of empagliflozin in DPN.Patients and methodsPatientsFifty eligible patients were enrolled in the study as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. Group I (n=25) (control group) consisted of twenty-five patients who had received placebo tablets once daily for three months. Group II (n=25) (empagliflozin group) consisted of twenty-five patients who had received empagliflozin 25mg once daily for three months. The diagnosis was based on the initial clinical examination, especially of the lower extremities, the positivity of the diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score, and the impairment of the electrophysiological studies of the lower limbs either sensory or motor abnormalities. The most common types of abnormalities in motor conduction studies include: Increased motor distal latency, slow motor nerve conduction velocity, relative slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity by comparing segment, decreased amplitude. The most common types of abnormalities seen in sensory nerve conduction study include: Increased sensory latency, slowed conduction velocity of sensory nerves, low amplitude sensory nerve action potential, absent sensory response.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Inclusion criteriaAge: ranged from 18 to 65 y. T2DM cases (HbA1c 7–9%). Patients receiving vildagliptin, metformin±basal insulin. Patients with PN and not on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment.Exclusion criteriaAge: <18 and >65 years old, breastfeeding, pregnant female, e-GFR<45mL/min/1.73m2, T1DM cases, DKA cases, patients with UTI, dehydrated patients until normalized, lower limb amputation patients, SGLT2 inhibitor hypersensitivity, severe hepatic patients, patients on neuroprotective or neuropathic pain drugs.Study designThis study was established as a single blind, randomized, parallel, and controlled study conducted on T2DM patients. Sample size was calculated using Openepi with Confidence level 95%, Power of study 80%, Ratio of exposed (empagliflozin group) to unexposed (control group) 1:1, Percent of exposed with outcome 33%, Percent of unexposed with outcome 3%, So sample size was twenty five for each group.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">15</a> From January 2022 to May 2022, 110 patients with DM type 2 from Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, were enrolled to be screened for eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifty-three patients didn’t meet the criteria, and two didn’t accept to participate. According to the criteria, fifty-five eligible patients (n=55) were selected for the study. They were classified into two groups by randomization. The patients were randomly assigned into two comparable groups using computer-generated random numbers with sequentially numbered closed opaque envelope containing either the empagliflozin group or the control group 27 patients in group I and 28 patients in group II. Two patients in group I had not completed the study due to medication changes. Additionally, three patients in group II had not completed the study, two patients due to changing medications, and one had a UTI. Only 50 patients completed the study (n=25/group). Group I (n=25) (control group) consisted of 25 patients. Group II (n=25) (empagliflozin group) consisted of 25 patients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).Clinical assessment of peripheral diabetic neuropathyThe clinical assessment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy was confirmed by electrophysiological assessment studies of the lower limbs, which were performed using the Nihon Kohden Neuropack, a six-channel apparatus (Nihon Kohden, Japan) with surface electrodes. Routine nerve conduction studies, including motor conduction studies of the common peroneal and posterior tibial nerves, were performed on both sides, according to Preston and Shapiro 2020.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">16</a> The diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score was used as a diagnostic tool and was evaluated at the study baseline and following three months of treatment. The DNS score is a four-item approved score with a high prognostic value in diabetic polyneuropathy (PNP) screening in diabetics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">17,18</a> A score of ≥1 was defined as positive for PNP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">19</a>The brief pain inventory short-form (BPI-SF) scoring was evaluated at the study baseline and after three months to assess the degree of pain. The BPI-SF scale defines pain as follows: Worst Pain Score: 1–4=mild pain, Worst Pain Score: 5–6=moderate pain, and Worst Pain Score: 7–10=severe pain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">20</a>The risk score for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) was evaluated at the study baseline and after three months. It calculates the 10-year risk of CVS problems, categorized as low risk (less than 5 percent), borderline risk (5–7.4 percent), intermediate risk (7.5–19.9 percent), and high risk (20 percent or more).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">21</a>Study endpointsThe primary endpoints were the electrophysiological assessment, and HbA1c levels.The secondary endpoints were NSE, MDA, Calpro, lipid profile, and RBG levels. In addition, the BPI-SF score, the DNS score, and the ASCVD score.Statistical analysisThe data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 26.0 (April 2019), IBM corporation software group, USA. The data were normally distributed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test. Quantitative data were presented as the mean, SD, range, and median (IQR) and were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test (2 independent variables) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (2 dependent groups pre & post-intervention). Qualitative data were displayed as numbers and percentages and evaluated by Fischer's exact test. Statistically significant result was considered when the p-value was below 0.05.ResultsDemographic characteristicsParticipants’ demographic data, including age, revealed a non-significant differences between the 2 groups (53.4±6.16 versus 52.9±6.29, 95%, p=0.763) in both the control and the empagliflozin groups, respectively.Clinical assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathyAt the study baseline, Electrophysiological assessment, BPI-SF score, and ASCVD risk score weren’t significantly different between both arms.Electrophysiological assessmentComparison of results before and after three months of treatment. Group I had a significant decrease in the amplitude of the sural nerve was determined [(3.70±1.86 versus 2.90±1.93, 95%, p<0.001) (3.60±1.87 versus 2.50±1.93, 95%, p<0.001)]. While a significant increase in the F-wave latency [(45.60±12.01 versus 46.30±12.17, 95%, p<0.001) (47.60±11.64 versus 48.20±11.75, 95%, p<0.001)], and the H-reflex latency [(24.80±16.88 versus 25.50±17.23, 95%, p<0.001) and (24.70±16.60 versus 24.90±16.73, 95%, p=0.032)] in both the right and left extremities, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The motor conduction studies also revealed a significant reduction in the common peroneal nerve amplitude [(2.50±1.33 versus 1.90±1.36, 95%, p<0.001) (2.70±1.22 versus 2.10±1.32, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerve [(5.70±2.02 versus 5.10±2.39, 95%, p<0.001) (5.20±2.07 versus 4.50±2.17, 95%, p<0.001)]. While a significant increase in the latency of the common peroneal nerve [(5.30±1.49 versus 5.40±1.47, 95%, p=0.010) (5.30±1.52 versus 5.40±1.52, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerves [(4.90±1.82 versus 5.10±1.84, 95%, p<0.001) (4.90±1.67 versus 5.20±1.73, 95%, p<0.001)] in both the right and left extremities, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Also a significant reduction in the NCV of both the common peroneal [(40.80±7.65 versus 40.30±7.78, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerves [(42.30±8.43 versus 42.10±8.57, 95%, p=0.017)] only of the right lower leg. Group II had a significant increase in the amplitude of the sural nerve [(3.70±1.90 versus 4.90±1.62, 95%, p<0.001) and (3.50±1.80 versus 4.8±1.66, 95%, p<0.001)], while there was a significant increase in the F-wave latency [(45.60±11.97 versus 47.20±7.29, 95%, p=0.006) (47.50±11.66 versus 49.10±6.15, 95%, p=0.018)] on both the right and left extremities, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The motor conduction studies also revealed a significant elevation in the amplitude of the common peroneal nerve [(2.50±1.38 versus 2.90±1.39, 95%, p<0.001) (2.70±1.18 versus 2.90±1.21, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerve [(5.70±2.06 versus 6.30±1.73, 95%, p<0.001) (5.20±2.05 versus 5.7±2.08, 95%, p<0.001)]. A significant decrease in the latency of the common peroneal nerve [(5.30±1.41 versus 5.10±1.39, 95%, p<0.001) (5.30±1.52 versus 5.10±1.46, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerve [(4.80±1.87 versus 4.60±1.85, 95%, p=0.001) (4.90±1.67 versus 4.70±1.63, 95%, p<0.001)] of both the right and left extremities, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The results of the two groups following three months of treatments were compared. The sensory conduction studies showed a significant increase amplitude of the sural nerve conduction [(4.90±1.62 versus 2.90±1.93, 95%, p=0.001) and (4.80±1.66 versus 2.50±1.93, 95%, p<0.001)] on both the right and left lower extremities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The motor nerve conduction represented by the common peroneal nerve conduction [(2.90±1.39 versus 1.90±1.36, 95%, p=0.001) and (2.90±1.21 versus 2.10±1.32, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerve conduction [(6.30±1.73 versus 5.10±2.39, 95%, p=0.030) and (5.70±2.08 versus 4.50±2.17, 95%, p=0.028)] measurements showed a significant improvement in the amplitude on both the right and left lower extremities in favor of the empagliflozin arm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Nerve conduction velocities and latency revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Regarding to delta change between the 2 groups (after three months of treatment - at the baseline of the study) there were also a significant improvement in favor of group II in the amplitude of the sural nerve [(−0.7±0.55 versus 1.3±0.61, 95%, p<0.001) (−1.1±0.57 versus 1.2±0.67, 95%, p<0.001)] and the H-reflex latency [(0.7±0.60 versus −0.1±1.23, 95%, p=0.007) (0.2±0.47 versus −0.3±0.98, 95%, p=0.046)] of both the right and the left lower extremities. Also improvement of the NCV of the left lower extremity [(−0.1±0.38 versus 2.4±8.08, 95%, p=0.019). However, a significant increase in the F-wave latency [(0.7±0.33 versus 1.6±11.79, 95%, p<0.001) (0.6±0.38 versus 1.7±11.56, 95%, p<0.001)] of both the right and the left lower extremities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Also increase in the amplitude of the common peroneal nerve [(−0.6±0.43 versus 0.4±0.13, 95%, p<0.001) (−0.6±0.29 versus 0.3±0.15, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerve [(−0.7±0.55 versus 0.5±0.50, 95%, p<0.001) (−0.7±0.25 versus 0.5±0.32, 95%, p<0.001). A significant decrease in the latency of the common peroneal nerve [(0.1±0.19versus −0.2±0.14, 95%, p<0.001) (0.2±0.15 versus −0.1±0.28, 95%, p<0.001)] and the posterior tibial nerve [(0.2±0.10 versus −0.2±0.21, 95%, p<0.001) (0.3±0.17 versus −0.3±0.31, 95%, p<0.001)]. In addition to increasing the NCV of the common peroneal nerve [(−0.4±0.38 versus 0.02±1.09, 95%, p=0.003) (0.004±0.55 versus 0.3±0.82, 95%, p=0.035)] of both the right and the left extremities, respectively. Also the posterior tibial nerve showed a significant increase in the NCV of the left extremity [(−0.1±0.35 versus 0.2±0.62, 95%, p=0.014)] represented an improvement in motor nerve conduction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). An example of the improvement in the sensory and motor nerve conduction parameters of a participant in the Empagliflozin group is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Brief pain involuntary short form score (BPI-SF)Comparison of results before and after three months. Group I showed a non-significant differences. While group II showed a significant decrease (7.20±1.72 versus 4.60±2.25, 95%, p value of less than 0.001. Comparison of the results of the two study groups following three months. There was a significant decrease in favor of the empagliflozin arm (4.60±2.25 versus 6.60±1.50, 95%, p=0.002). Regarding to delta change between the two studied groups, there were also a significant decrease (0.2±0.71versus −2.5±1.01, 95%, p value of less than 0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) scoreComparing the results before and after three months of the study. Both group I and group II showed a non-significant difference, also by comparing the results of the two study groups after three months of the study, and regarding to delta change between the two studied groups, there was a non-significant difference in the DNS score.The ASCVD risk scoreComparison of the results of before and after three months of the study. Group I showed a significant increase (10.80±13.13 versus 12.30±14.15, 95%, p=0.044). While group II showed a significant decrease (11.50±10.07 versus 9.70±11.16, 95%, p=0.041). The results of the two study were compared after three months, there was a non-significant difference in the ASCVD score between the two groups. Regarding to delta change between the two studied groups, there were also a significant decrease in the ASCVD score (1.5±3.21versus −1.7±4.52, 95%, p=0.003) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Biological markersAt the study baseline, human HbA1c%, NSE, MDA, and Calpro serum levels, lipid profile, and RBG level weren’t significantly different between both arms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).HbA1c levelComparing the results before and after three months. Group I showed a non-significant difference. While group II showed a significant decreased HbA1c level (8.10±0.67 versus 7.20±0.65, 95%, p<0.001). The results of the HbA1c of the two study groups after three months were compared. HbA1c exhibited a non-significant difference. However, regarding to delta change between the two studied groups, there were also a significant decrease in the HbA1c (−0.3±0.85versus −0.9±0.87, 95%, p=0.003) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Random blood glucose (RBG) levelsComparing the results before and after three months. Group I showed a significant decrease (243.80±89.35 versus 214.6±81.43, 95%, p=0.001). Group II showed a significant decrease (250.0±87.65 versus 223.70±84.29, 95%, p=0.002). Comparing the results of the RBG levels of the two study groups after three months and regarding to delta change between the two studied groups there was a non-significant difference (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serum levelComparing the results before and after three months. Group I revealed a significant increase in NSE levels (5.10±1.73 versus 6.40±2.43, 95%, p=0.002). Group II revealed a significant decrease in NSE levels (4.90±1.81 versus 3.30±1.52, 95%, p<0.001). The NSE levels of the two study groups were compared after three months. The mean serum levels of NSE were significantly decreased in the empagliflozin group in comparison with the control one (3.30±1.52 versus 6.40±2.43, 95%, p<0.001). In addition, regarding to delta change between the two studied groups, there were also a significant decrease in the NSE levels (1.3±1.69 versus −1.7±1.86, 95%, p value less than 0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Malondialdehyde (MDA) serum levelComparing the results before and after three months. Group I showed a significant elevation in MDA level (5.50±1.87 versus 7.30±2.17, 95%, p<0.001). Group II showed a significant decrease (5.60±1.96 versus 3.60±1.81, 95%, p<0.001). The MDA levels of the two study groups were compared after three months. The mean serum levels of MDA exhibited significant decrease (3.60±1.81 versus 7.30±2.17, 95%, p<0.001). In addition, regarding to delta change between the two studied groups, there were also a significant decrease in MDA (1.7±1.45versus −1.9±2.31, 95%, p value less than 0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Calpro serum levelThe results of calpro serum levels revealed non-significant difference at all (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol) levelsThe results of lipid profile revealed non- significant difference at all, except for comparing the results of group I before and after three months. HDL-c levels revealed a significant decrease (29.20±8.61 versus 25.20±8.45, 95%, p=0.014) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Correlation between measured parametersThe correlation between the measured biological markers and the BPI-SF score and the electrophysiological parameters as clinical parameters for neuropathy was performed after three months of the study. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the MDA level exhibited a significant negative correlation with the electrophysiological parameters of both the right and left sural nerve amplitudes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>a) and the amplitudes of both the right and left posterior tibial nerve (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>b). The NSE level showed a significant negative correlation with the electrophysiological parameters of the amplitude of the left sural nerve and the amplitude of the left common peroneal nerve (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>c). However, the BPI-SF score correlation with the electrophysiological parameters showed no significant difference.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThis study can be considered the 1st prospective clinical trial that investigated the effect of empagliflozin in T2DM patients with DPN who were not on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Preclinical studies have proven that SGLT2 inhibitors improve nerve conduction with amelioration of in neuropathic pain in DM rats, so this study showed agreement with this preclinical study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">9,22</a>In the present study, the efficiency of empagliflozin as a neuroprotective agent in patients with T2DM with DPN was evaluated using electrophysiological assessment studies as a primary endpoint. After three months of treatment, the electrophysiological studies showed a significant improvement in favor of the empagliflozin arm compared to the control arm in both the sensory and the motor conduction studies. The study was conducted in a short period, and prolonging the study may improve the results; however, this short period was due to financial reasons.The results of the BPI-SF score were used as a secondary endpoint of this study to evaluate the degree of improvement in the degree of pain, which also reflects QOL. After three months of treatment, a significant decrease in the BPI-SF score in favor of the empagliflozin arm in comparison with the control.Respecting the results of the ASCVD risk score as a secondary endpoint showed a non-significant difference at the beginning of the study between the 2 groups, nor after three months of therapy; however, when comparing the results of the empagliflozin arm at the study baseline and after three months of treatment, a significantly improved ASCVD risk score was detected, while it worsened in the control group. This effect showed agreement with Lui et al., a study of the mechanism of the protective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in CVS diseases and kidney dysfunction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">23</a>Until now, there has been no specific biomarker for neural damage, but in the Bönhof et al. study and LI et al., NSE might be considered one of the novel biomarkers for DPN.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">24,25</a> In our study, the mean serum level of NSE showed a significant improvement in favor of the empagliflozin arm, regardless of the HbA1c % or the RBG levels, which demonstrated a non-significant difference after three months between the control arm and empagliflozin arm. This may prove that the improvement in the electrophysiological studies was not a result of strict blood glucose levels.Malondialdehyde, was significantly lower in the empagliflozin arm in comparison with the control arm, which proves the antioxidant effect of empagliflozin and shows agreement with the preclinical study of Ahmed et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">22</a>Calpro serum level as a marker of anti-inflammatory effect wasn’t significantly different in both groups after three months of the study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">26</a>The study's data were not normally distributed because of the small sample size, which may be improved in further studies; however, the small sample size was due to financial problems as the research had no fund and was self-funding.ConclusionsIn summary, this study was carried out to detect whether empagliflozin has a neuroprotective effect in T2DM cases and those having DPN, in addition to its impact on glycemic control. The drug ameliorated neuropathy and systemic oxidative stress with minimal to no side effects. Therefore, empagliflozin has been shown to improve DPN and the patient's QOL. After more studies support this concept, empagliflozin may be considered a 1st-line of treatment in DN cases.Authors’ contributionsSahar Mohamed El-Haggar and Maha Khalifa developed the study concept. Maha Khalifa and Amira Mohamed El Sharkawy performed the study. Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar, Yasser Mostafa Hafez, and Maha Khalifa analyzed the data. All authors participated in writing and reviewing the main manuscript, and they all read and approved the final manuscript.Ethical approvalThe study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, Approval letter was given by The National Research Ethics Committee (Tanta University Ethical Committee; approval code: 35200/1/22, and by The Faculty of Pharmacy Tanta University – Research Ethics Committee; approval code: TP/RE/01-22-P-001).Clinical trial registrationThe study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: <a href="ctgov:NCT05977465">NCT05977465</a>).Consent for publicationNot applicable.Availability of data and materialsThe datasets used and/or analyzed in the present study are available from the corresponding author upon request.Informed consentWritten informed consent was obtained from all the participants.FundingThis research didn’t receive grants from any funding organizations in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector.Conflict of interestThe authors declared no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2203488" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848936" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2203487" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848935" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Inclusion criteria" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Exclusion criteria" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Clinical assessment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Study endpoints" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Demographic characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Clinical assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Electrophysiological assessment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Brief pain involuntary short form score (BPI-SF)" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "The diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "The ASCVD risk score" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Biological markers" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "HbA1c level" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Random blood glucose (RBG) levels" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serum level" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Malondialdehyde (MDA) serum level" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Calpro serum level" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol) levels" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "Correlation between measured parameters" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0130" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0135" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0140" "titulo" => "Ethical approval" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0145" "titulo" => "Clinical trial registration" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0150" "titulo" => "Consent for publication" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0155" "titulo" => "Availability of data and materials" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0160" "titulo" => "Informed consent" ] 15 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0165" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 16 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0170" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 17 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack759548" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 18 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-12-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-01-28" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848936" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Empagliflozin" 1 => "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy" 2 => "Diabetes mellitus" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848935" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Empagliflozina" 1 => "Neuropatía diabética periférica" 2 => "Diabetes mellitus" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most dominant cause of neuropathy worldwide, and there has been no specific treatment until now. The aim of the current study was to assess the probable protective effect of empagliflozin in type 2 diabetics who are suffering from DPN. MethodsFifty eligible type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were recruited in this study and classified into 2 groups. Group I (n=25) (control group) received placebo tablets once daily. Group II (n=25) (empagliflozin group) received empagliflozin 25mg once daily for three months. Empagliflozin efficacy was evaluated using electrophysiological studies, and HbA1c levels, the brief pain inventory short-form item (BPI-SF) score, the diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score, the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score, and the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), malondialdehyde (MDA) and calprotectin (Calpro), lipid profile, and random blood glucose level (RBG). ResultsAfter three months, comparing the results of the empagliflozin arm to the control arm showed a significant improvement in the electrophysiological studies and a significant decrease in the BPI-SF score and the mean serum levels of NSE and MDA. However, no significant difference was determined in HbA1c, Calpro, lipid profile, and RBG levels. In addition, the DNS and ASCVD risk scores were not significantly different. The NSE and MDA levels were significantly negatively correlated with the electrophysiological parameters. However, the BPI-SF score showed a non-significant difference. ConclusionsEmpagliflozin may be a promising neuroprotective and therapeutic agent for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Trial registration Identifier: NCT05977465." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesLa neuropatía periférica diabética (NPD) es la causa más dominante de neuropatía en todo el mundo y hasta ahora no ha existido un tratamiento específico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el probable efecto protector de la empagliflozina en diabéticos tipo 2 que padecen NPD. MétodosEn este estudio se reclutaron 50 casos elegibles de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) con NPD y se clasificaron en dos grupos. El grupo I (n=25) (grupo de control) recibió comprimidos de placebo una vez al día. El grupo II (n=25) (grupo de empagliflozina) recibió 25mg de empagliflozina una vez al día durante tres meses. La eficacia de la empagliflozina se evaluó mediante estudios electrofisiológicos y los niveles de hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c), la puntuación del ítem breve del inventario de dolor (BPI-SF), la puntuación de los síntomas de neuropatía diabética (DNS), la puntuación de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ASCVD) y los niveles séricos de enolasa neuronal específica (NSE), malondialdehído (MDA) y calprotectina (Calpro), perfil lipídico y nivel aleatorio de glucosa en sangre (RBG). ResultadosDespués de tres meses, la comparación de los resultados del grupo de empagliflozina con los del grupo de control mostró una mejora significativa en los estudios electrofisiológicos y una disminución significativa en la puntuación BPI-SF y los niveles séricos medios de NSE y MDA. Sin embargo, no se determinaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de HbA1c, Calpro, perfil lipídico y RBG. Además, las puntuaciones de riesgo de DNS y ASCVD no fueron significativamente diferentes. Los niveles de NSE y MDA se correlacionaron significativa y negativamente con los parámetros electrofisiológicos. Sin embargo, la puntuación BPI-SF mostró una diferencia no significativa. ConclusionesLa empagliflozina puede ser un agente neuroprotector y terapéutico prometedor para la NPD." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2319 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 193072 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Flow chart of patients enrolled in the study." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1624 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 457257 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Electrophysiological parameter waves of a patient in the Empagliflozin arm at baseline and following three months of therapy." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 3185 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 472269 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) Correlation between NSE levels and electrophysiological parameters at the end of the study. (b) Correlation between MDA levels and sensory electrophysiological parameters at the end of the study. (c) Correlation between MDA levels and motor electrophysiological parameters at the end of the study." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Data are presented as the mean±SD, gp I T2DM patients with diabetic PN receiving antidiabetic (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, metformin±basal insulin) plus placebo tablets once daily; gp II: T2DM patients with diabetic PN previous treatment plus empagliflozin 25mg once daily." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I (Control gp) (n=25)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II (Empagliflozin gp) (n=25)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I delta change (after–before) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II delta change (after–before) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Rt. Sural \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.70±1.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.90±1.93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.70±0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.70±1.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.90±1.62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.30±0.6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Lt. Sural \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.60±1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.50±1.93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.10±0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.50±1.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.80±1.66<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.20±0.67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCV right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.10±16.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.80±15.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.70±4.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.90±16.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.50±9.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.60±9.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCV left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.60±14.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.50±15.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.10±0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.60±14.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.90±10.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.40±8.08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt. F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.60±12.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46.30±12.17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.70±0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.60±11.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.20±7.29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.60±11.79<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt. F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.60±11.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.20±11.75<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.60±0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.50±11.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49.10±6.15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.70±11.56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt. H \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.80±16.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.50±17.23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.70±0.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.80±16.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.70±16.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.10±1.23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt. H \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.70±16.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.90±16.73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20±0.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.70±16.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.40±16.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.30±0.98<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3595842.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp I." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp II." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Significant difference between the 2 studied groups after three months of therapy." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Significant difference between the 2 studied groups regarding the delta change (results after three months of therapy – results at study baseline). Statistically significant (p<0.005). There was no significant difference before treatment between the two studied groups. NCV: nerve conduction velocity." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sensory electrophysiological conduction studies of the two studied groups." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Data are presented as the mean±SD, gp I T2DM patients with diabetic PN receiving antidiabetic (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, metformin±basal insulin) plus placebo tablets once daily; gp II T2DM patients with diabetic PN previous treatment plus empagliflozin 25mg once daily." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I (control gp) (n=25)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II (empagliflozin gp) (n=25)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I delta change (after–before) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II delta change (after–before) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt. Peroneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.30±1.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.40±1.47<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10±0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.30±1.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.10±1.39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.20±0.14<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt. Peroneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.30±1.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.40±1.52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20±0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.30±1.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.10±1.46<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.10±0.28<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Rt. Peroneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5±1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.90±1.36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.60±0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.50±1.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.90±1.39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.40±0.13<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Lt. Peroneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.70±1.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.10±1.32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.60±0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.70±1.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.90±1.21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.30±0.15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCV Rt. Peroneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.80±7.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.30±7.78<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.40±0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.80±7.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.90±7.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02±1.09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCV Lt. Peroneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.50±8.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.60±8.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004±0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.80±8.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.10±8.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.30±0.82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt. Tibial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.90±1.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.10±1.84<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20±0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.80±1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.60±1.85<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.20±0.21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt. Tibial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.90±1.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.20±1.73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.30±0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.90±1.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.70±1.63<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.30±0.31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Rt. Tibial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.70±2.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.10±2.39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.70±0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.70±2.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.30±1.73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50±0.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Lt. Tibial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.20±2.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.50±2.17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.70±0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.20±2.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.70±2.08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50±0.32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCV Rt. Tibial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.30±8.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.10±8.57<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.20±0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.40±8.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.00±8.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.30±0.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCV Lt. Tibial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.10±7.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.00±8.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.10±0.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.10±7.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.20±7.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20±0.62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3595843.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp I." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp II." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Significant difference between the 2 studied groups after three months of therapy." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Significant difference between the 2 studied groups regarding the delta change (results after three months of therapy – results at study baseline). Statistically significant (p<0.005). There was no significant difference before treatment between the two studied groups. NCV: nerve conduction velocity." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Motor electrophysiological conduction studies of the common peroneal nerve and posterior tibial of the two studied groups." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Data are presented as the mean±SD, gp I T2DM patients with diabetic PN receiving antidiabetic (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, metformin±basal insulin) plus placebo tablets once daily; gp II: T2DM patients with diabetic PN previous treatment plus empagliflozin 25mg once daily." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I (control gp) (n=25)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II (empagliflozin gp) (n=25)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I delta change (after–before) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II delta change (after–before) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MDA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.50±1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.30±2.17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0045">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.70±1.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.60±1.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.60±1.81<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0050">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.90±2.31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NSE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.10±1.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.40±2.43<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0045">a,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.30±1.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.90±1.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.30±1.52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0050">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.70±1.86<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Calprotectin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.10±5.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.60±5.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50±1.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.50±1.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.20±1.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.20±1.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HbA1c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.80±0.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.50±0.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.30±0.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.10±0.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.20±0.65<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.90±0.87<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">211.90±76.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">221.90±76.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.90±47.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">218.30±77.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">205.7±62.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−12.60±73.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LDL-c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">134.70±88.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">133.40±84.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.20±40.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">134.60±83.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">111.2±56.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−23.40±88.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">115.20±30.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">133.30±37.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.20±42.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">132.10±28.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">132.4±52.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.30±47.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HDL-c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.20±8.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.2±8.45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−4.00±7.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.80±12.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.30±13.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.50±14.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RBG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">243.8±89.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">214.60±81.43<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−29.30±37.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">250.00±87.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">223.70±84.29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−26.30±39.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BPI-SF score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.40±1.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.6±1.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20±0.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.20±1.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.60±2.25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0050">b,c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−2.50±1.010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ASCVD score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.80±13.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.3±14.15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.50±3.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.50±10.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.70±1.16<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.70±4.52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3595844.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0045" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp I." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0050" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp II." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0055" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Significant difference between the 2 studied groups after three months of therapy." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0060" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Significant difference between the 2 studied groups regarding the delta change (results after three months of therapy – results at study baseline). Statistically significant (p<0.005). There was no significant difference before treatment between the two studied groups. MDA: malondialdehyde enzyme; NSE: neuron-specific enolase enzyme. LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. TGs: triglycerides. HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RBG: random blood glucose. BPI-SF score: The brief pain inventory short-form item score. ASCVD score: The atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Biological markers, ASCVD risk score, and BPI-SF score of the two studied groups." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American diabetes association" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Pop-Busui" 1 => "A.J.M. Boulton" 2 => "E.L. Feldman" 3 => "V. Bril" 4 => "R. Freeman" 5 => "R.A. Malik" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/dc16-2042" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "136" "paginaFinal" => "154" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999003" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Emerging biomarkers, tools, and treatments for diabetic polyneuropathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G.J. Bönhof" 1 => "C. Herder" 2 => "A. Strom" 3 => "N. Papanas" 4 => "M. Roden" 5 => "D. Ziegler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1210/er.2018-00107" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Endocr Rev" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "153" "paginaFinal" => "192" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30256929" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors compared with sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Z. Chen" 1 => "G. Li" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s40261-019-00781-w" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Drug Investig" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "521" "paginaFinal" => "531" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31041606" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C. Baker" 1 => "C. Retzik-Stahr" 2 => "V. Singh" 3 => "R. Plomondon" 4 => "V. Anderson" 5 => "N. Rasouli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin attenuates myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis in diabetic mice heart" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C. Li" 1 => "J. Zhang" 2 => "M. Xue" 3 => "X. Li" 4 => "F. Han" 5 => "X. Liu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cardiovasc Diabetol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin reduces high glucose-induced oxidative stress and miR-21-dependent TRAF3IP2 induction and RECK suppression, and inhibits human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N.A. Das" 1 => "A.J. Carpenter" 2 => "A. Belenchia" 3 => "A.R. Aroor" 4 => "M. Noda" 5 => "U. Siebenlist" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109506" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cell Signal" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "68" "paginaInicial" => "109506" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31862399" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin attenuates transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in hyperglycemic rats via repressing oxidative–inflammatory–apoptotic pathway" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E.F. Amin" 1 => "R.A. Rifaai" 2 => "R.G. Abdel-latif" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/fcp.12548" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Fundam Clin Pharmacol" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "548" "paginaFinal" => "558" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32068294" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin protects against atherosclerosis progression by modulating lipid profiles and sympathetic activity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Y. Liu" 1 => "J. Xu" 2 => "M. Wu" 3 => "B. Xu" 4 => "L. Kang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s12944-020-01429-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lipids Health Dis" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33407491" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of empagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, on kidney and peripheral nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "K.A. Lee" 1 => "H.Y. Jin" 2 => "N.Y. Lee" 3 => "Y.J. Kim" 4 => "T.S. Park" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Metab J" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "338" "paginaFinal" => "342" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neural tone and cardio-renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of the literature with a focus on SGLT2 inhibitors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M. Nashawi" 1 => "O. Sheikh" 2 => "A. Battisha" 3 => "A. Ghali" 4 => "R. Chilton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10741-020-10046-w" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart Fail Rev" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "643" "paginaFinal" => "652" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33169337" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin and circulating ketone bodies during acute myocardial infarction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.G. Santos-Gallego" 1 => "J.A. Requena-Ibáñez" 2 => "B. Picatoste" 3 => "B. Fardman" 4 => "K. Ishikawa" 5 => "R. Mazurek" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.123.015298" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ Cardiovasc Imaging" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "E015298" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37042253" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin improves quality of life in nondiabetic HFrEF patients. Sub-analysis of the EMPATROPISM trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.A. Requena-Ibáñez" 1 => "C.G. Santos-Gallego" 2 => "A. Rodriguez-Cordero" 3 => "A.P. Vargas-Delgado" 4 => "J.J. Badimón" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "8" "paginaFinal" => "10" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin effects on iron metabolism as a possible mechanism for improved clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients with systolic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.E. Angermann" 1 => "C.G. Santos-Gallego" 2 => "J.A. Requena-Ibanez" 3 => "S. Sehner" 4 => "T. Zeller" 5 => "L.M.S. Gerhardt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Cardiovasc Res" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "1032" "paginaFinal" => "1043" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The outcomes of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2I) on diabetes-associated neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Kandeel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Pharmacol" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "8" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "T. Kadowaki" 1 => "M. Haneda" 2 => "N. Inagaki" 3 => "Y. Terauchi" 4 => "A. Taniguchi" 5 => "K. Koiwai" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12325-014-0126-8" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Ther" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "621" "paginaFinal" => "638" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958326" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders e-book: clinical-electrophysiologic-ultrasound correlations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.C. Preston" 1 => "B.E. Shapiro" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2020" "editorial" => "Elsevier Health Sciences" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "N. Examination" 1 => "W. Berg" 2 => "B. Scalein" 3 => "N. Patients" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2019" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "14" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reliability of diabetic neuropathy symptom and diabetic neuropathy examination scoring system for the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "L.M. Ghosh" 1 => "J.G. Mannari" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Res Med Sci" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "327" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Ristikj-Stomnaroska" 1 => "V. Risteska-Nejashmikj" 2 => "M. Papazova" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3889/oamjms.2019.646" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Open Access Maced J Med Sci" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "2267" "paginaFinal" => "2270" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31592273" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psychometric properties of the brief pain inventory-short form and revised short McGill pain questionnaire version-2 in musculoskeletal conditions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.U. Jumbo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The 2013 ACC/AHA risk score and subclinical cardiac remodeling and dysfunction: complementary in cardiovascular disease prediction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Cauwenberghs" 1 => "K. Hedman" 2 => "Y. Kobayashi" 3 => "T. Vanassche" 4 => "F. Haddad" 5 => "T. Kuznetsova" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.061" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "297" "paginaInicial" => "67" "paginaFinal" => "74" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31623873" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Empagliflozin attenuates neurodegeneration through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and modulation of α-synuclein and Parkin levels in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. Ahmed" 1 => "M.M. El-Sayed" 2 => "M.A. Kandeil" 3 => "M.M. Khalaf" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Saudi Pharm J" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "863" "paginaFinal" => "873" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35812142" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms of protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "B. Liu" 1 => "Y. Wang" 2 => "Y. Zhang" 3 => "B. Yan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Top Med Chem" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "1818" "paginaFinal" => "1849" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G.J. Bönhof" 1 => "C. Herder" 2 => "A. Strom" 3 => "N. Papanas" 4 => "M. Roden" 5 => "D. Ziegler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2018" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "NSE, a potential biomarker, is closely connected to diabetic peripheral neuropathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Li" 1 => "H. Zhang" 2 => "M. Xie" 3 => "L. Yan" 4 => "J. Chen" 5 => "H. Wang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/dc13-0590" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "3405" "paginaFinal" => "3410" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846809" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Is calprotectin a novel biomarker of neuroinflammation in diabetic periferal neuropathy?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S. Tabur" 1 => "H. Korkmaz" 2 => "M. Ozkaya" 3 => "S.N. Aksoy" 4 => "E. Akarsu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1758-5996-7-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetol Metab Syndr" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810781" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack759548" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "Not applicable." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00257753/0000016300000002/v1_202407151339/S0025775324001659/v1_202407151339/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "66429" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originales" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00257753/0000016300000002/v1_202407151339/S0025775324001659/v1_202407151339/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775324001659?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Original article

Effect of empagliflozin in peripheral diabetic neuropathy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Efecto de la empagliflozina en la neuropatía diabética periférica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Sahar Mohamed El-Haggara, Yasser Mostafa Hafezb, Amira Mohamed El Sharkawyc, Maha Khalifad,

Corresponding author

maha142282@pharm.tanta.edu.eg

Corresponding author.

a Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

b Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

c Rheumatology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

d Clinical Pharmacy Department, Tanta Universal Teaching Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

Read

626

Times
was read the article

Total PDF

594

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:22 [
  "pii" => "S0025775324001659"
  "issn" => "00257753"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2024.01.027"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-26"
  "aid" => "6603"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2024"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Med Clin. 2024;163:53-61"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0025775324001878"
    "issn" => "00257753"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2024.01.041"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-26"
    "aid" => "6618"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Med Clin. 2024;163:62-9"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "es" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>"
      "titulo" => "Estudio del &#237;ndice de gravedad del s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico como factor predictivo de un episodio cardiovascular mayor en mujeres premenop&#225;usicas con lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "62"
          "paginaFinal" => "69"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Study of the metabolic syndrome severity index as a predictive factor of a major cardiovascular event in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 3627
              "Ancho" => 2175
              "Tamanyo" => 343672
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curva de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier de los cuartiles de las probabilidades de supervivencia de los modelos de Cox que usan el &#237;ndice MetSx-IMC &#40;a&#41; y MetSx-CC &#40;b&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Elsy Aid&#233; Garc&#237;a-Villegas, Cruz Vargas-de-Le&#243;n, Antonio Rafael Villa-Romero, Itzelly Ibarra Valdovinos, Horacio M&#225;rquez-Gonz&#225;lez"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Elsy Aid&#233;"
              "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a-Villegas"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Cruz"
              "apellidos" => "Vargas-de-Le&#243;n"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Antonio Rafael"
              "apellidos" => "Villa-Romero"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Itzelly"
              "apellidos" => "Ibarra Valdovinos"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Horacio"
              "apellidos" => "M&#225;rquez-Gonz&#225;lez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S238702062400281X"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcle.2024.01.026"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S238702062400281X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775324001878?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/00257753/0000016300000002/v1_202407151339/S0025775324001878/v1_202407151339/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Effect of empagliflozin in peripheral diabetic neuropathy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "53"
        "paginaFinal" => "61"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar, Yasser Mostafa Hafez, Amira Mohamed El Sharkawy, Maha Khalifa"
        "autores" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Sahar Mohamed"
            "apellidos" => "El-Haggar"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Yasser Mostafa"
            "apellidos" => "Hafez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Amira Mohamed"
            "apellidos" => "El Sharkawy"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Maha"
            "apellidos" => "Khalifa"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "maha142282@pharm.tanta.edu.eg"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Clinical Pharmacy Department&#44; Faculty of Pharmacy&#44; Tanta University&#44; Tanta&#44; Egypt"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Internal Medicine Department&#44; Faculty of Medicine&#44; Tanta University&#44; Tanta&#44; Egypt"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Rheumatology&#44; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department&#44; Faculty of Medicine&#44; Tanta University&#44; Tanta&#44; Egypt"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Clinical Pharmacy Department&#44; Tanta Universal Teaching Hospital&#44; Tanta University&#44; Tanta&#44; Egypt"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Efecto de la empagliflozina en la neuropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica perif&#233;rica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2319
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 193072
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart of patients enrolled in the study&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diabetic peripheral neuropathy &#40;DPN&#41; is considered one of the most dominant causes of neuropathy all over the world&#46; It consists of a group of heterogeneous disorders due to the destruction of the peripheral nerves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The specific pathogenic mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is still unknown&#46; Prolonged hyperglycemia&#44; oxidative and inflammatory stress&#44; and dyslipidemia in T2DM cases may be the most suggested pathogenesis and disease progression factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is essential for DM management to prevent or delay the progression of DPN&#46; Precise glucose control is still the most effective approach for primary prevention and delaying the worsening of such complications&#46; However&#44; current antidiabetic treatment cannot achieve the required control of blood glucose levels&#44; and occasional hyperglycemic episodes are encountered&#46; Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 &#40;SGLT2&#41; inhibitors were introduced to mitigate these hyperglycemic episodes occurring with the current therapies in diabetes mellitus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Empagliflozin&#44; an oral SGLT2 inhibitor&#44; acts via blocking glucose reabsorption through the kidney&#44; promoting its excretion and reducing blood glucose concentrations&#46; Empagliflozin is indicated for controlling the glycemic state in T2DM adults and reducing the risk of complications induced by hyperglycemic episodes&#44; such as cardiovascular death in T2DM cases suffering from cardiovascular disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Reportedly&#44; empagliflozin also prevents reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41; production and the transcription of factors involved in inflammatory mediators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Several studies on animal diabetic models have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors prevent worsening DM complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Lee et al&#46; reported that in diabetic rats&#44; empagliflozin can significantly prevent hypersensitivity and the loss of skin intra-epidermal nerve fibers and mesangial matrix expansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Therefore&#44; empagliflozin reportedly decreases remodeling associated with reducing mortality and cardiovascular risks in people with diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Also empagliflozin also reportedly to mitigate ischemia reperfusion injury&#44; decrease MI size and microvascular obstruction&#44; improve myocardial salvage in animals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Empagliflozin showed improvement in QOL in all patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> SGLT2 inhibitors may regulate autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This clinical study aimed to assess the effect of empagliflozin in cases suffering from T2DM with DPN and not on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment&#46; This study is the 1st prospective clinical study to evaluate the role of empagliflozin in DPN&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty eligible patients were enrolled in the study as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; Group I &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;control group&#41; consisted of twenty-five patients who had received placebo tablets once daily for three months&#46; Group II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;empagliflozin group&#41; consisted of twenty-five patients who had received empagliflozin 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg once daily for three months&#46; The diagnosis was based on the initial clinical examination&#44; especially of the lower extremities&#44; the positivity of the diabetic neuropathy symptom &#40;DNS&#41; score&#44; and the impairment of the electrophysiological studies of the lower limbs either sensory or motor abnormalities&#46; The most common types of abnormalities in motor conduction studies include&#58; Increased motor distal latency&#44; slow motor nerve conduction velocity&#44; relative slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity by comparing segment&#44; decreased amplitude&#46; The most common types of abnormalities seen in sensory nerve conduction study include&#58; Increased sensory latency&#44; slowed conduction velocity of sensory nerves&#44; low amplitude sensory nerve action potential&#44; absent sensory response&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age&#58; ranged from 18 to 65 y&#46; T2DM cases &#40;HbA1c 7&#8211;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Patients receiving vildagliptin&#44; metformin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>basal insulin&#46; Patients with PN and not on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age&#58; &#60;18 and &#62;65 years old&#44; breastfeeding&#44; pregnant female&#44; e-GFR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; T1DM cases&#44; DKA cases&#44; patients with UTI&#44; dehydrated patients until normalized&#44; lower limb amputation patients&#44; SGLT2 inhibitor hypersensitivity&#44; severe hepatic patients&#44; patients on neuroprotective or neuropathic pain drugs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was established as a single blind&#44; randomized&#44; parallel&#44; and controlled study conducted on T2DM patients&#46; Sample size was calculated using Openepi with Confidence level 95&#37;&#44; Power of study 80&#37;&#44; Ratio of exposed &#40;empagliflozin group&#41; to unexposed &#40;control group&#41; 1&#58;1&#44; Percent of exposed with outcome 33&#37;&#44; Percent of unexposed with outcome 3&#37;&#44; So sample size was twenty five for each group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> From January 2022 to May 2022&#44; 110 patients with DM type 2 from Tanta University Hospitals&#44; Tanta&#44; Egypt&#44; were enrolled to be screened for eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria&#46; Fifty-three patients didn&#8217;t meet the criteria&#44; and two didn&#8217;t accept to participate&#46; According to the criteria&#44; fifty-five eligible patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#41; were selected for the study&#46; They were classified into two groups by randomization&#46; The patients were randomly assigned into two comparable groups using computer-generated random numbers with sequentially numbered closed opaque envelope containing either the empagliflozin group or the control group 27 patients in group I and 28 patients in group II&#46; Two patients in group I had not completed the study due to medication changes&#46; Additionally&#44; three patients in group II had not completed the study&#44; two patients due to changing medications&#44; and one had a UTI&#46; Only 50 patients completed the study &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#47;group&#41;&#46; Group I &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;control group&#41; consisted of 25 patients&#46; Group II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;empagliflozin group&#41; consisted of 25 patients &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Clinical assessment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical assessment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy was confirmed by electrophysiological assessment studies of the lower limbs&#44; which were performed using the Nihon Kohden Neuropack&#44; a six-channel apparatus &#40;Nihon Kohden&#44; Japan&#41; with surface electrodes&#46; Routine nerve conduction studies&#44; including motor conduction studies of the common peroneal and posterior tibial nerves&#44; were performed on both sides&#44; according to Preston and Shapiro 2020&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The diabetic neuropathy symptom &#40;DNS&#41; score was used as a diagnostic tool and was evaluated at the study baseline and following three months of treatment&#46; The DNS score is a four-item approved score with a high prognostic value in diabetic polyneuropathy &#40;PNP&#41; screening in diabetics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> A score of &#8805;1 was defined as positive for PNP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The brief pain inventory short-form &#40;BPI-SF&#41; scoring was evaluated at the study baseline and after three months to assess the degree of pain&#46; The BPI-SF scale defines pain as follows&#58; Worst Pain Score&#58; 1&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mild pain&#44; Worst Pain Score&#58; 5&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>moderate pain&#44; and Worst Pain Score&#58; 7&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>severe pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk score for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease &#40;ASCVD&#41; was evaluated at the study baseline and after three months&#46; It calculates the 10-year risk of CVS problems&#44; categorized as low risk &#40;less than 5 percent&#41;&#44; borderline risk &#40;5&#8211;7&#46;4 percent&#41;&#44; intermediate risk &#40;7&#46;5&#8211;19&#46;9 percent&#41;&#44; and high risk &#40;20 percent or more&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Study endpoints</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary endpoints were the electrophysiological assessment&#44; and HbA1c levels&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The secondary endpoints were NSE&#44; MDA&#44; Calpro&#44; lipid profile&#44; and RBG levels&#46; In addition&#44; the BPI-SF score&#44; the DNS score&#44; and the ASCVD score&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 26&#46;0 &#40;April 2019&#41;&#44; IBM corporation software group&#44; USA&#46; The data were normally distributed using the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk normality test&#46; Quantitative data were presented as the mean&#44; SD&#44; range&#44; and median &#40;IQR&#41; and were evaluated using the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test &#40;2 independent variables&#41; and Wilcoxon signed-rank test &#40;2 dependent groups pre &#38; post-intervention&#41;&#46; Qualitative data were displayed as numbers and percentages and evaluated by Fischer&#39;s exact test&#46; Statistically significant result was considered when the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value was below 0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Results</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Demographic characteristics</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants&#8217; demographic data&#44; including age&#44; revealed a non-significant differences between the 2 groups &#40;53&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;16 versus 52&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;29&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;763&#41; in both the control and the empagliflozin groups&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Clinical assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the study baseline&#44; Electrophysiological assessment&#44; BPI-SF score&#44; and ASCVD risk score weren&#8217;t significantly different between both arms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Electrophysiological assessment</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of results before and after three months of treatment&#46; Group I had a significant decrease in the amplitude of the sural nerve was determined &#91;&#40;3&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;86 versus 2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;93&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;3&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;87 versus 2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;93&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93;&#46; While a significant increase in the F-wave latency &#91;&#40;45&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;01 versus 46&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;17&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;47&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;64 versus 48&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;75&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93;&#44; and the H-reflex latency &#91;&#40;24&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;88 versus 25&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;23&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and &#40;24&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;60 versus 24&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;73&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;032&#41;&#93; in both the right and left extremities&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The motor conduction studies also revealed a significant reduction in the common peroneal nerve amplitude &#91;&#40;2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;33 versus 1&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;36&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;2&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;22 versus 2&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;32&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerve &#91;&#40;5&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;02 versus 5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;39&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;07 versus 4&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93;&#46; While a significant increase in the latency of the common peroneal nerve &#91;&#40;5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;49 versus 5&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;47&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;010&#41; &#40;5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52 versus 5&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerves &#91;&#40;4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;82 versus 5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;84&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;67 versus 5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; in both the right and left extremities&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Also a significant reduction in the NCV of both the common peroneal &#91;&#40;40&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;65 versus 40&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;78&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerves &#91;&#40;42&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;43 versus 42&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;57&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41;&#93; only of the right lower leg&#46; Group II had a significant increase in the amplitude of the sural nerve &#91;&#40;3&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;90 versus 4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;62&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and &#40;3&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;80 versus 4&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;66&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93;&#44; while there was a significant increase in the F-wave latency &#91;&#40;45&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;97 versus 47&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;29&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41; &#40;47&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;66 versus 49&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;15&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#93; on both the right and left extremities&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The motor conduction studies also revealed a significant elevation in the amplitude of the common peroneal nerve &#91;&#40;2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;38 versus 2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;39&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;2&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;18 versus 2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;21&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerve &#91;&#40;5&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;06 versus 6&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;05 versus 5&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;08&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93;&#46; A significant decrease in the latency of the common peroneal nerve &#91;&#40;5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;41 versus 5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;39&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52 versus 5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;46&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerve &#91;&#40;4&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;87 versus 4&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;85&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;67 versus 4&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;63&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; of both the right and left extremities&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The results of the two groups following three months of treatments were compared&#46; The sensory conduction studies showed a significant increase amplitude of the sural nerve conduction &#91;&#40;4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;62 versus 2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;93&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and &#40;4&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;66 versus 2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;93&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; on both the right and left lower extremities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The motor nerve conduction represented by the common peroneal nerve conduction &#91;&#40;2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;39 versus 1&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;36&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and &#40;2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;21 versus 2&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;32&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerve conduction &#91;&#40;6&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73 versus 5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;39&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;030&#41; and &#40;5&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;08 versus 4&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;028&#41;&#93; measurements showed a significant improvement in the amplitude on both the right and left lower extremities in favor of the empagliflozin arm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Nerve conduction velocities and latency revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups&#46; Regarding to delta change between the 2 groups &#40;after three months of treatment - at the baseline of the study&#41; there were also a significant improvement in favor of group II in the amplitude of the sural nerve &#91;&#40;&#8722;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55 versus 1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;61&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;&#8722;1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57 versus 1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the H-reflex latency &#91;&#40;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;60 versus &#8722;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;23&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41; &#40;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;47 versus &#8722;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;98&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;046&#41;&#93; of both the right and the left lower extremities&#46; Also improvement of the NCV of the left lower extremity &#91;&#40;&#8722;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38 versus 2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;08&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41;&#46; However&#44; a significant increase in the F-wave latency &#91;&#40;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33 versus 1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;79&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38 versus 1&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;56&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; of both the right and the left lower extremities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Also increase in the amplitude of the common peroneal nerve &#91;&#40;&#8722;0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;43 versus 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;13&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;&#8722;0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29 versus 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerve &#91;&#40;&#8722;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55 versus 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;&#8722;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;25 versus 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; A significant decrease in the latency of the common peroneal nerve &#91;&#40;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;19versus &#8722;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;14&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15 versus &#8722;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;28&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93; and the posterior tibial nerve &#91;&#40;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10 versus &#8722;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17 versus &#8722;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#93;&#46; In addition to increasing the NCV of the common peroneal nerve &#91;&#40;&#8722;0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38 versus 0&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;09&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41; &#40;0&#46;004<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55 versus 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;82&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;035&#41;&#93; of both the right and the left extremities&#44; respectively&#46; Also the posterior tibial nerve showed a significant increase in the NCV of the left extremity &#91;&#40;&#8722;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;35 versus 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;62&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41;&#93; represented an improvement in motor nerve conduction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; An example of the improvement in the sensory and motor nerve conduction parameters of a participant in the Empagliflozin group is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Brief pain involuntary short form score &#40;BPI-SF&#41;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of results before and after three months&#46; Group I showed a non-significant differences&#46; While group II showed a significant decrease &#40;7&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;72 versus 4&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;25&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of less than 0&#46;001&#46; Comparison of the results of the two study groups following three months&#46; There was a significant decrease in favor of the empagliflozin arm &#40;4&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;25 versus 6&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;50&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46; Regarding to delta change between the two studied groups&#44; there were also a significant decrease &#40;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;71versus &#8722;2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;01&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of less than 0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">The diabetic neuropathy symptom &#40;DNS&#41; score</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the results before and after three months of the study&#46; Both group I and group II showed a non-significant difference&#44; also by comparing the results of the two study groups after three months of the study&#44; and regarding to delta change between the two studied groups&#44; there was a non-significant difference in the DNS score&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">The ASCVD risk score</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of the results of before and after three months of the study&#46; Group I showed a significant increase &#40;10&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;13 versus 12&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;15&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;044&#41;&#46; While group II showed a significant decrease &#40;11&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;07 versus 9&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;16&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;041&#41;&#46; The results of the two study were compared after three months&#44; there was a non-significant difference in the ASCVD score between the two groups&#46; Regarding to delta change between the two studied groups&#44; there were also a significant decrease in the ASCVD score &#40;1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;21versus &#8722;1&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;52&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Biological markers</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the study baseline&#44; human HbA1c&#37;&#44; NSE&#44; MDA&#44; and Calpro serum levels&#44; lipid profile&#44; and RBG level weren&#8217;t significantly different between both arms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">HbA1c level</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the results before and after three months&#46; Group I showed a non-significant difference&#46; While group II showed a significant decreased HbA1c level &#40;8&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67 versus 7&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;65&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The results of the HbA1c of the two study groups after three months were compared&#46; HbA1c exhibited a non-significant difference&#46; However&#44; regarding to delta change between the two studied groups&#44; there were also a significant decrease in the HbA1c &#40;&#8722;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;85versus &#8722;0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;87&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Random blood glucose &#40;RBG&#41; levels</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the results before and after three months&#46; Group I showed a significant decrease &#40;243&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#46;35 versus 214&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#46;43&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Group II showed a significant decrease &#40;250&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#46;65 versus 223&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>84&#46;29&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46; Comparing the results of the RBG levels of the two study groups after three months and regarding to delta change between the two studied groups there was a non-significant difference &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Neuron-specific enolase &#40;NSE&#41; serum level</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the results before and after three months&#46; Group I revealed a significant increase in NSE levels &#40;5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73 versus 6&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;43&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46; Group II revealed a significant decrease in NSE levels &#40;4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;81 versus 3&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The NSE levels of the two study groups were compared after three months&#46; The mean serum levels of NSE were significantly decreased in the empagliflozin group in comparison with the control one &#40;3&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52 versus 6&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;43&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; regarding to delta change between the two studied groups&#44; there were also a significant decrease in the NSE levels &#40;1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;69 versus &#8722;1&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;86&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value less than 0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Malondialdehyde &#40;MDA&#41; serum level</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the results before and after three months&#46; Group I showed a significant elevation in MDA level &#40;5&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;87 versus 7&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Group II showed a significant decrease &#40;5&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;96 versus 3&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;81&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The MDA levels of the two study groups were compared after three months&#46; The mean serum levels of MDA exhibited significant decrease &#40;3&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;81 versus 7&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; regarding to delta change between the two studied groups&#44; there were also a significant decrease in MDA &#40;1&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;45versus &#8722;1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;31&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value less than 0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Calpro serum level</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of calpro serum levels revealed non-significant difference at all &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Lipid profile &#40;HDL-c&#44; LDL-c&#44; triglycerides&#44; and total cholesterol&#41; levels</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of lipid profile revealed non- significant difference at all&#44; except for comparing the results of group I before and after three months&#46; HDL-c levels revealed a significant decrease &#40;29&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;61 versus 25&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;45&#44; 95&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Correlation between measured parameters</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between the measured biological markers and the BPI-SF score and the electrophysiological parameters as clinical parameters for neuropathy was performed after three months of the study&#46; Spearman&#39;s correlation analysis revealed that the MDA level exhibited a significant negative correlation with the electrophysiological parameters of both the right and left sural nerve amplitudes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#41; and the amplitudes of both the right and left posterior tibial nerve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>b&#41;&#46; The NSE level showed a significant negative correlation with the electrophysiological parameters of the amplitude of the left sural nerve and the amplitude of the left common peroneal nerve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>c&#41;&#46; However&#44; the BPI-SF score correlation with the electrophysiological parameters showed no significant difference&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Discussion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study can be considered the 1st prospective clinical trial that investigated the effect of empagliflozin in T2DM patients with DPN who were not on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment&#46; Preclinical studies have proven that SGLT2 inhibitors improve nerve conduction with amelioration of in neuropathic pain in DM rats&#44; so this study showed agreement with this preclinical study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; the efficiency of empagliflozin as a neuroprotective agent in patients with T2DM with DPN was evaluated using electrophysiological assessment studies as a primary endpoint&#46; After three months of treatment&#44; the electrophysiological studies showed a significant improvement in favor of the empagliflozin arm compared to the control arm in both the sensory and the motor conduction studies&#46; The study was conducted in a short period&#44; and prolonging the study may improve the results&#59; however&#44; this short period was due to financial reasons&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the BPI-SF score were used as a secondary endpoint of this study to evaluate the degree of improvement in the degree of pain&#44; which also reflects QOL&#46; After three months of treatment&#44; a significant decrease in the BPI-SF score in favor of the empagliflozin arm in comparison with the control&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecting the results of the ASCVD risk score as a secondary endpoint showed a non-significant difference at the beginning of the study between the 2 groups&#44; nor after three months of therapy&#59; however&#44; when comparing the results of the empagliflozin arm at the study baseline and after three months of treatment&#44; a significantly improved ASCVD risk score was detected&#44; while it worsened in the control group&#46; This effect showed agreement with Lui et al&#46;&#44; a study of the mechanism of the protective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in CVS diseases and kidney dysfunction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until now&#44; there has been no specific biomarker for neural damage&#44; but in the B&#246;nhof et al&#46; study and LI et al&#46;&#44; NSE might be considered one of the novel biomarkers for DPN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> In our study&#44; the mean serum level of NSE showed a significant improvement in favor of the empagliflozin arm&#44; regardless of the HbA1c &#37; or the RBG levels&#44; which demonstrated a non-significant difference after three months between the control arm and empagliflozin arm&#46; This may prove that the improvement in the electrophysiological studies was not a result of strict blood glucose levels&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malondialdehyde&#44; was significantly lower in the empagliflozin arm in comparison with the control arm&#44; which proves the antioxidant effect of empagliflozin and shows agreement with the preclinical study of Ahmed et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calpro serum level as a marker of anti-inflammatory effect wasn&#8217;t significantly different in both groups after three months of the study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study&#39;s data were not normally distributed because of the small sample size&#44; which may be improved in further studies&#59; however&#44; the small sample size was due to financial problems as the research had no fund and was self-funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Conclusions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; this study was carried out to detect whether empagliflozin has a neuroprotective effect in T2DM cases and those having DPN&#44; in addition to its impact on glycemic control&#46; The drug ameliorated neuropathy and systemic oxidative stress with minimal to no side effects&#46; Therefore&#44; empagliflozin has been shown to improve DPN and the patient&#39;s QOL&#46; After more studies support this concept&#44; empagliflozin may be considered a 1st-line of treatment in DN cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar and Maha Khalifa developed the study concept&#46; Maha Khalifa and Amira Mohamed El Sharkawy performed the study&#46; Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar&#44; Yasser Mostafa Hafez&#44; and Maha Khalifa analyzed the data&#46; All authors participated in writing and reviewing the main manuscript&#44; and they all read and approved the final manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments&#44; Approval letter was given by The National Research Ethics Committee &#40;Tanta University Ethical Committee&#59; approval code&#58; 35200&#47;1&#47;22&#44; and by The Faculty of Pharmacy Tanta University &#8211; Research Ethics Committee&#59; approval code&#58; TP&#47;RE&#47;01-22-P-001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0205">Clinical trial registration</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was registered at clinicaltrials&#46;gov &#40;identifier&#58; <a href="ctgov:NCT05977465">NCT05977465</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0210">Consent for publication</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0155" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0215">Availability of data and materials</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The datasets used and&#47;or analyzed in the present study are available from the corresponding author upon request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0220">Informed consent</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0165" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0225">Funding</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research didn&#8217;t receive grants from any funding organizations in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or not-for-profit sector&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0170" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0230">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declared no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:19 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres2203488"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Background"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Methods"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848936"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres2203487"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848935"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          "secciones" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Patients"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Inclusion criteria"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Exclusion criteria"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Study design"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Clinical assessment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Study endpoints"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:8 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Demographic characteristics"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Clinical assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Electrophysiological assessment"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Brief pain involuntary short form score &#40;BPI-SF&#41;"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "The diabetic neuropathy symptom &#40;DNS&#41; score"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "The ASCVD risk score"
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Biological markers"
              "secciones" => array:6 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0090"
                  "titulo" => "HbA1c level"
                ]
                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0095"
                  "titulo" => "Random blood glucose &#40;RBG&#41; levels"
                ]
                2 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0100"
                  "titulo" => "Neuron-specific enolase &#40;NSE&#41; serum level"
                ]
                3 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0105"
                  "titulo" => "Malondialdehyde &#40;MDA&#41; serum level"
                ]
                4 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0110"
                  "titulo" => "Calpro serum level"
                ]
                5 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0115"
                  "titulo" => "Lipid profile &#40;HDL-c&#44; LDL-c&#44; triglycerides&#44; and total cholesterol&#41; levels"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0120"
              "titulo" => "Correlation between measured parameters"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0125"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0130"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0135"
          "titulo" => "Authors&#8217; contributions"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0140"
          "titulo" => "Ethical approval"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0145"
          "titulo" => "Clinical trial registration"
        ]
        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0150"
          "titulo" => "Consent for publication"
        ]
        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0155"
          "titulo" => "Availability of data and materials"
        ]
        14 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0160"
          "titulo" => "Informed consent"
        ]
        15 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0165"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        16 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0170"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        17 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack759548"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        18 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2023-12-15"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-01-28"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848936"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Empagliflozin"
            1 => "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy"
            2 => "Diabetes mellitus"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1848935"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Empagliflozina"
            1 => "Neuropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica perif&#233;rica"
            2 => "Diabetes mellitus"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diabetic peripheral neuropathy &#40;DPN&#41; is the most dominant cause of neuropathy worldwide&#44; and there has been no specific treatment until now&#46; The aim of the current study was to assess the probable protective effect of empagliflozin in type 2 diabetics who are suffering from DPN&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fifty eligible type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;T2DM&#41; cases with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were recruited in this study and classified into 2 groups&#46; Group I &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;control group&#41; received placebo tablets once daily&#46; Group II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;empagliflozin group&#41; received empagliflozin 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg once daily for three months&#46; Empagliflozin efficacy was evaluated using electrophysiological studies&#44; and HbA1c levels&#44; the brief pain inventory short-form item &#40;BPI-SF&#41; score&#44; the diabetic neuropathy symptom &#40;DNS&#41; score&#44; the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease &#40;ASCVD&#41; risk score&#44; and the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase &#40;NSE&#41;&#44; malondialdehyde &#40;MDA&#41; and calprotectin &#40;Calpro&#41;&#44; lipid profile&#44; and random blood glucose level &#40;RBG&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After three months&#44; comparing the results of the empagliflozin arm to the control arm showed a significant improvement in the electrophysiological studies and a significant decrease in the BPI-SF score and the mean serum levels of NSE and MDA&#46; However&#44; no significant difference was determined in HbA1c&#44; Calpro&#44; lipid profile&#44; and RBG levels&#46; In addition&#44; the DNS and ASCVD risk scores were not significantly different&#46; The NSE and MDA levels were significantly negatively correlated with the electrophysiological parameters&#46; However&#44; the BPI-SF score showed a non-significant difference&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Empagliflozin may be a promising neuroprotective and therapeutic agent for diabetic peripheral neuropathy&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trial registration Identifier&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="ctgov:NCT05977465">NCT05977465</span>&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La neuropat&#237;a perif&#233;rica diab&#233;tica &#40;NPD&#41; es la causa m&#225;s dominante de neuropat&#237;a en todo el mundo y hasta ahora no ha existido un tratamiento espec&#237;fico&#46; El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el probable efecto protector de la empagliflozina en diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 que padecen NPD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio se reclutaron 50 casos elegibles de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; con NPD y se clasificaron en dos grupos&#46; El grupo I &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;grupo de control&#41; recibi&#243; comprimidos de placebo una vez al d&#237;a&#46; El grupo II &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;grupo de empagliflozina&#41; recibi&#243; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de empagliflozina una vez al d&#237;a durante tres meses&#46; La eficacia de la empagliflozina se evalu&#243; mediante estudios electrofisiol&#243;gicos y los niveles de hemoglobina A1c &#40;HbA1c&#41;&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n del &#237;tem breve del inventario de dolor &#40;BPI-SF&#41;&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n de los s&#237;ntomas de neuropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica &#40;DNS&#41;&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica &#40;ASCVD&#41; y los niveles s&#233;ricos de enolasa neuronal espec&#237;fica &#40;NSE&#41;&#44; malondialdeh&#237;do &#40;MDA&#41; y calprotectina &#40;Calpro&#41;&#44; perfil lip&#237;dico y nivel aleatorio de glucosa en sangre &#40;RBG&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despu&#233;s de tres meses&#44; la comparaci&#243;n de los resultados del grupo de empagliflozina con los del grupo de control mostr&#243; una mejora significativa en los estudios electrofisiol&#243;gicos y una disminuci&#243;n significativa en la puntuaci&#243;n BPI-SF y los niveles s&#233;ricos medios de NSE y MDA&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no se determinaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de HbA1c&#44; Calpro&#44; perfil lip&#237;dico y RBG&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; las puntuaciones de riesgo de DNS y ASCVD no fueron significativamente diferentes&#46; Los niveles de NSE y MDA se correlacionaron significativa y negativamente con los par&#225;metros electrofisiol&#243;gicos&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n BPI-SF mostr&#243; una diferencia no significativa&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La empagliflozina puede ser un agente neuroprotector y terap&#233;utico prometedor para la NPD&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:6 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2319
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 193072
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart of patients enrolled in the study&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1624
            "Ancho" => 3175
            "Tamanyo" => 457257
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Electrophysiological parameter waves of a patient in the Empagliflozin arm at baseline and following three months of therapy&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3185
            "Ancho" => 3175
            "Tamanyo" => 472269
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Correlation between NSE levels and electrophysiological parameters at the end of the study&#46; &#40;b&#41; Correlation between MDA levels and sensory electrophysiological parameters at the end of the study&#46; &#40;c&#41; Correlation between MDA levels and motor electrophysiological parameters at the end of the study&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#44; gp I T2DM patients with diabetic PN receiving antidiabetic &#40;dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors&#44; metformin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>basal insulin&#41; plus placebo tablets once daily&#59; gp II&#58; T2DM patients with diabetic PN previous treatment plus empagliflozin 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg once daily&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I &#40;Control gp&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II &#40;Empagliflozin gp&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I delta change &#40;after&#8211;before&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II delta change &#40;after&#8211;before&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Rt&#46; Sural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Lt&#46; Sural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;66<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCV right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCV left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt&#46; F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;79<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt&#46; F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;75<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt&#46; H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt&#46; H&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;98<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3595842.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:4 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp I&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp II&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Significant difference between the 2 studied groups after three months of therapy&#46;</p>"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Significant difference between the 2 studied groups regarding the delta change &#40;results after three months of therapy &#8211; results at study baseline&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">There was no significant difference before treatment between the two studied groups&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">NCV&#58; nerve conduction velocity&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sensory electrophysiological conduction studies of the two studied groups&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#44; gp I T2DM patients with diabetic PN receiving antidiabetic &#40;dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors&#44; metformin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>basal insulin&#41; plus placebo tablets once daily&#59; gp II T2DM patients with diabetic PN previous treatment plus empagliflozin 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg once daily&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I &#40;control gp&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II &#40;empagliflozin gp&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I delta change &#40;after&#8211;before&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II delta change &#40;after&#8211;before&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt&#46; Peroneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;47<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;14<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt&#46; Peroneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;46<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;28<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Rt&#46; Peroneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;13<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Lt&#46; Peroneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCV Rt&#46; Peroneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;78<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCV Lt&#46; Peroneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Rt&#46; Tibial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;84<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;85<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Latency Lt&#46; Tibial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;63<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Rt&#46; Tibial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amplitude Lt&#46; Tibial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCV Rt&#46; Tibial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;57<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCV Lt&#46; Tibial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3595843.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:4 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0025"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp I&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0030"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp II&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0050">Significant difference between the 2 studied groups after three months of therapy&#46;</p>"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0040"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055">Significant difference between the 2 studied groups regarding the delta change &#40;results after three months of therapy &#8211; results at study baseline&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0060">Statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0065">There was no significant difference before treatment between the two studied groups&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0070">NCV&#58; nerve conduction velocity&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Motor electrophysiological conduction studies of the common peroneal nerve and posterior tibial of the two studied groups&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#44; gp I T2DM patients with diabetic PN receiving antidiabetic &#40;dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors&#44; metformin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>basal insulin&#41; plus placebo tablets once daily&#59; gp II&#58; T2DM patients with diabetic PN previous treatment plus empagliflozin 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg once daily&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I &#40;control gp&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II &#40;empagliflozin gp&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp I delta change &#40;after&#8211;before&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">gp II delta change &#40;after&#8211;before&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MDA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;81<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NSE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;43<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;86<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Calprotectin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HbA1c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;65<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;87<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cholesterol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">211&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">221&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">218&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>77&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">205&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;12&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>73&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LDL-c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>84&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>83&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">111&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;23&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HDL-c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;4&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RBG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">243&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">214&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#46;43<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;29&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">250&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">223&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>84&#46;29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;26&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BPI-SF score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASCVD score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;16<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3595844.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:4 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0045"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0075">Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp I&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0050"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0080">Significant difference before and after three months of treatment within gp II&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0055"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0085">Significant difference between the 2 studied groups after three months of therapy&#46;</p>"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0060"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0090">Significant difference between the 2 studied groups regarding the delta change &#40;results after three months of therapy &#8211; results at study baseline&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0095">Statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0100">There was no significant difference before treatment between the two studied groups&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0105">MDA&#58; malondialdehyde enzyme&#59; NSE&#58; neuron-specific enolase enzyme&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0110">LDL-c&#58; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#46; TGs&#58; triglycerides&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0115">HDL-c&#58; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#46; RBG&#58; random blood glucose&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0120">BPI-SF score&#58; The brief pain inventory short-form item score&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0125">ASCVD score&#58; The atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Biological markers&#44; ASCVD risk score&#44; and BPI-SF score of the two studied groups&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diabetic neuropathy&#58; a position statement by the American diabetes association"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Pop-Busui"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46;M&#46; Boulton"
                            2 => "E&#46;L&#46; Feldman"
                            3 => "V&#46; Bril"
                            4 => "R&#46; Freeman"
                            5 => "R&#46;A&#46; Malik"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/dc16-2042"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "136"
                        "paginaFinal" => "154"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999003"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Emerging biomarkers&#44; tools&#44; and treatments for diabetic polyneuropathy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46;J&#46; B&#246;nhof"
                            1 => "C&#46; Herder"
                            2 => "A&#46; Strom"
                            3 => "N&#46; Papanas"
                            4 => "M&#46; Roden"
                            5 => "D&#46; Ziegler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1210/er.2018-00107"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Endocr Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "153"
                        "paginaFinal" => "192"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30256929"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors compared with sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin&#58; a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Z&#46; Chen"
                            1 => "G&#46; Li"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s40261-019-00781-w"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Drug Investig"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "521"
                        "paginaFinal" => "531"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31041606"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Baker"
                            1 => "C&#46; Retzik-Stahr"
                            2 => "V&#46; Singh"
                            3 => "R&#46; Plomondon"
                            4 => "V&#46; Anderson"
                            5 => "N&#46; Rasouli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "13"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin attenuates myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis in diabetic mice heart"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Li"
                            1 => "J&#46; Zhang"
                            2 => "M&#46; Xue"
                            3 => "X&#46; Li"
                            4 => "F&#46; Han"
                            5 => "X&#46; Liu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cardiovasc Diabetol"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "13"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin reduces high glucose-induced oxidative stress and miR-21-dependent TRAF3IP2 induction and RECK suppression&#44; and inhibits human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46;A&#46; Das"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Carpenter"
                            2 => "A&#46; Belenchia"
                            3 => "A&#46;R&#46; Aroor"
                            4 => "M&#46; Noda"
                            5 => "U&#46; Siebenlist"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109506"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cell Signal"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "109506"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31862399"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin attenuates transient cerebral ischemia&#47;reperfusion injury in hyperglycemic rats via repressing oxidative&#8211;inflammatory&#8211;apoptotic pathway"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46;F&#46; Amin"
                            1 => "R&#46;A&#46; Rifaai"
                            2 => "R&#46;G&#46; Abdel-latif"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/fcp.12548"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Fundam Clin Pharmacol"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "548"
                        "paginaFinal" => "558"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32068294"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin protects against atherosclerosis progression by modulating lipid profiles and sympathetic activity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Liu"
                            1 => "J&#46; Xu"
                            2 => "M&#46; Wu"
                            3 => "B&#46; Xu"
                            4 => "L&#46; Kang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12944-020-01429-x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lipids Health Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33407491"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of empagliflozin&#44; a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor&#44; on kidney and peripheral nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46;A&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "H&#46;Y&#46; Jin"
                            2 => "N&#46;Y&#46; Lee"
                            3 => "Y&#46;J&#46; Kim"
                            4 => "T&#46;S&#46; Park"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Metab J"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "338"
                        "paginaFinal" => "342"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Neural tone and cardio-renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus&#58; a review of the literature with a focus on SGLT2 inhibitors"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Nashawi"
                            1 => "O&#46; Sheikh"
                            2 => "A&#46; Battisha"
                            3 => "A&#46; Ghali"
                            4 => "R&#46; Chilton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10741-020-10046-w"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Heart Fail Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "643"
                        "paginaFinal" => "652"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33169337"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin and circulating ketone bodies during acute myocardial infarction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;G&#46; Santos-Gallego"
                            1 => "J&#46;A&#46; Requena-Ib&#225;&#241;ez"
                            2 => "B&#46; Picatoste"
                            3 => "B&#46; Fardman"
                            4 => "K&#46; Ishikawa"
                            5 => "R&#46; Mazurek"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.123.015298"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E015298"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37042253"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin improves quality of life in nondiabetic HFrEF patients&#46; Sub-analysis of the EMPATROPISM trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;A&#46; Requena-Ib&#225;&#241;ez"
                            1 => "C&#46;G&#46; Santos-Gallego"
                            2 => "A&#46; Rodriguez-Cordero"
                            3 => "A&#46;P&#46; Vargas-Delgado"
                            4 => "J&#46;J&#46; Badim&#243;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8"
                        "paginaFinal" => "10"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin effects on iron metabolism as a possible mechanism for improved clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients with systolic heart failure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;E&#46; Angermann"
                            1 => "C&#46;G&#46; Santos-Gallego"
                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Requena-Ibanez"
                            3 => "S&#46; Sehner"
                            4 => "T&#46; Zeller"
                            5 => "L&#46;M&#46;S&#46; Gerhardt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nat Cardiovasc Res"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1032"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1043"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The outcomes of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors &#40;SGLT2I&#41; on diabetes-associated neuropathy&#58; a systematic review and meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Kandeel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Front Pharmacol"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus&#58; a randomized&#44; 12-week&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled&#44; phase II trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Kadowaki"
                            1 => "M&#46; Haneda"
                            2 => "N&#46; Inagaki"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Terauchi"
                            4 => "A&#46; Taniguchi"
                            5 => "K&#46; Koiwai"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12325-014-0126-8"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Adv Ther"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "621"
                        "paginaFinal" => "638"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958326"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders e-book&#58; clinical-electrophysiologic-ultrasound correlations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46;C&#46; Preston"
                            1 => "B&#46;E&#46; Shapiro"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "editorial" => "Elsevier Health Sciences"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Examination"
                            1 => "W&#46; Berg"
                            2 => "B&#46; Scalein"
                            3 => "N&#46; Patients"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9"
                        "paginaFinal" => "14"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reliability of diabetic neuropathy symptom and diabetic neuropathy examination scoring system for the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "L&#46;M&#46; Ghosh"
                            1 => "J&#46;G&#46; Mannari"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Res Med Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "327"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Ristikj-Stomnaroska"
                            1 => "V&#46; Risteska-Nejashmikj"
                            2 => "M&#46; Papazova"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3889/oamjms.2019.646"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Open Access Maced J Med Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2267"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2270"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31592273"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychometric properties of the brief pain inventory-short form and revised short McGill pain questionnaire version-2 in musculoskeletal conditions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46;U&#46; Jumbo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The 2013 ACC&#47;AHA risk score and subclinical cardiac remodeling and dysfunction&#58; complementary in cardiovascular disease prediction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Cauwenberghs"
                            1 => "K&#46; Hedman"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Kobayashi"
                            3 => "T&#46; Vanassche"
                            4 => "F&#46; Haddad"
                            5 => "T&#46; Kuznetsova"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.061"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "297"
                        "paginaInicial" => "67"
                        "paginaFinal" => "74"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31623873"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Empagliflozin attenuates neurodegeneration through antioxidant&#44; anti-inflammatory&#44; and modulation of &#945;-synuclein and Parkin levels in rotenone-induced Parkinson&#39;s disease in rats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Ahmed"
                            1 => "M&#46;M&#46; El-Sayed"
                            2 => "M&#46;A&#46; Kandeil"
                            3 => "M&#46;M&#46; Khalaf"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.005"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Saudi Pharm J"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "863"
                        "paginaFinal" => "873"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35812142"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mechanisms of protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Liu"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Wang"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Zhang"
                            3 => "B&#46; Yan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Top Med Chem"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1818"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1849"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46;J&#46; B&#246;nhof"
                            1 => "C&#46; Herder"
                            2 => "A&#46; Strom"
                            3 => "N&#46; Papanas"
                            4 => "M&#46; Roden"
                            5 => "D&#46; Ziegler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "NSE&#44; a potential biomarker&#44; is closely connected to diabetic peripheral neuropathy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Li"
                            1 => "H&#46; Zhang"
                            2 => "M&#46; Xie"
                            3 => "L&#46; Yan"
                            4 => "J&#46; Chen"
                            5 => "H&#46; Wang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/dc13-0590"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3405"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3410"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846809"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Is calprotectin a novel biomarker of neuroinflammation in diabetic periferal neuropathy&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Tabur"
                            1 => "H&#46; Korkmaz"
                            2 => "M&#46; Ozkaya"
                            3 => "S&#46;N&#46; Aksoy"
                            4 => "E&#46; Akarsu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1758-5996-7-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetol Metab Syndr"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "7"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810781"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack759548"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/00257753/0000016300000002/v1_202407151339/S0025775324001659/v1_202407151339/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "66429"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00257753/0000016300000002/v1_202407151339/S0025775324001659/v1_202407151339/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775324001659?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]