Pancreatic damage induced by chlorothalonil acute intentional intoxication

Romera-Sánchez, Irene; Alcaraz-Peñarrocha, Rosa María; Ruiz-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2020.09.020

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Lesion of the main pancreatic duct (grade IV) next to a zone of glandular necrosis. Significant amount of free intra-abdominal fluid with thickening and enhancement of peritoneal leaves suggestive of chemical peritonitis." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Chlorothalonil is a benzonitrile halogenated fungicide considered the third most widely utilized pesticide in the United States in 1997. Years later it was banned in several countries due to high fish and amphibian toxicity and potential carcinogenic effect on mammals. Toxicity is mainly based on its irritating nature and there is no available treatment or antidot.We report a case of an 18-year-old Pakistani woman, with no relevant medical history, that deliberately ingested approximately 100mL of an industrial pesticide. Within a few minutes she became nauseous and vomited. She was transferred to the emergency room (ER) of our hospital where vomits, epigastric pain and decreased level of consciousness until Glasgow Coma Scale of 10/15 points (oral: 2; verbal: 2; motor: 6) were observed. The pesticide was identified as chlorothalonil, that the family kept at home for domestic use. During her stay in the ER, the patient presented deviation of the gaze to the left and tonic movements of the four extremities. An urgent cranial CT was normal and the EEG ruled out any critical activity. The patient was intubated and mechanical ventilation initiated, as well as treatment with activated carbon. Then she was admitted in the Intensive Care Unit. Progressively during the first days of admission, the hepatic profile was altered with an increase in serum amylase up to 516IU/L, aspartate transaminase 428IU/L, alanine aminotransferase 426IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 911IU/L and gamma-glutamyl transferase of 3274IU/L. Abdominal CT showed a grade IV pancreatic laceration and pancreatic necrosis with extensive chemical peritonitis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Image 1</a>). Nothing by mouth and parenteral nutrition were started. Fourteen days later a new abdominal CT showed stability of the hypodense lesion in the pancreatic neck and progressive decrease in intra-abdominal fluid. During her ICU admission she also presented encephalopathy, myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, requiring percutaneous tracheostomy. After twenty-nine days of ICU stay patient was transferred to the hospitalization ward and was discharged from the hospital 10 days later.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Chlorothalonil is an organic compound classified as a benzonitrile halogenated fungicide and specifically as a poly-chlorinated aromatic (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">1</a> It has a wide spectrum of activity against diseases of vegetables, ornamentals plants, orchards and lawns. It was introduced in 1965 by Diamond Shamrock Corp. and was first registered in 1966 within the United States as an agricultural fungicide. In 1997, it was recognized as the third most widely utilized fungicide in the United States.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">1</a> Later, in 2019, it was banned in the European Union after a review that classified this compound as highly toxic for fish and amphibians, as well as for its potential damage to cellular DNA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">1,2</a>The mechanism of action is based on blocking the glycolytic and respiratory enzymatic pathways of fungal cells, blocking spore germination and the inactivation of fungal glutathione. The known adverse effects are mainly based on its irritating nature. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency it is an important eye irritant with category I toxicity. In inhalation cases it is considered moderately toxic (category II) and non-toxic (category IV) in cases of ingestion or skin contact. However, acute exposure to very high doses in mammals has been associated with ataxia, hyperactivity, epistaxis, vaginal bleeding, dermatitis, vomiting, and even death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">1</a> There is no available treatment or antidote. Furthermore, it is suspected to be a human carcinogen (Group B2) and kidney and gastric tumors have been described in animals with chronic exposure to a diet contaminated with chlorothalonil.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">1,2</a>In this particular case, we hypothesize that chlorothalonil may act as an endocrine disruptor. It has been associated with dysfunction of pancreatic beta and Langerhans cells on previous studies in mice<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">3,4</a> and a case of diabetic ketoacidosis and insulin resistance after occupational subacute human exposure to chlorothalonil has been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">5</a> The mechanism of the pancreatic affectation is not clear, but it seems to be reversible. In our patient, the pancreatic lesion evolved satisfactorily with stability of the hypodensity at the pancreas without further intervention.To our knowledge, this is the first report of acute human intentional intoxication by a chloronitrile fungicide (PubMed research, period 1970–2020, chlorothalonil AND poisoning, chlorobenzenes AND poisoning). We believe that there is an association between the toxic and the pancreatic damage but, due to the infrequency of the intoxication, it is difficult to prove.Consent for publicationAll authors consent for publication of this study.FundingNot applicable.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Consent for publication" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Image 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 545 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 98295 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Abdominal CT sections at the level of the pancreas (day +7) showing a wedge lesion in the pancreatic neck/body, corresponding to a laceration with probable complete section of the parenchyma (red arrow). Lesion of the main pancreatic duct (grade IV) next to a zone of glandular necrosis. Significant amount of free intra-abdominal fluid with thickening and enhancement of peritoneal leaves suggestive of chemical peritonitis." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Environmental fate and toxicology of chlorothalonil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A.R. Van Scoy" 1 => "R.S. Tjeerdema" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ "paginaInicial" => "89" "paginaFinal" => "105" "serieVolumen" => "vol. 232" "serieTitulo" => "Rev Environ Contam Toxicol" "serieFecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chlorothalonil exposure and cancer incidence among pesticide applicator participants in the agricultural health study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.M. Mozzachio" 1 => "J.A. Rusiecki" 2 => "J.A. Hoppin" 3 => "R. Mahajan" 4 => "R. Patel" 5 => "L. Beane-Freeman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.018" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Res" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "108" "paginaInicial" => "400" "paginaFinal" => "403" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801479" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exposure to Aroclor 1254 persistently suppresses the functions of pancreatic β-cells and deteriorates glucose homeostasis in male mice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Z. Xi" 1 => "L. Fang" 2 => "J. Xu" 3 => "B. Li" 4 => "Z. Zuo" 5 => "L. Lv" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.101" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Pollut" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "249" "paginaInicial" => "822" "paginaFinal" => "830" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30953944" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exposure to Aroclor 1254 differentially affects the survival of pancreatic β-cells and α-cells in the male mice and the potential reason" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Fang" 1 => "S. Zhang" 2 => "K. Ou" 3 => "Z. Zuo" 4 => "A. Yu" 5 => "C. Wang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109875" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ecotoxicol Environ Saf" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "188" "paginaInicial" => "109875" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31706244" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0016508508004277" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00165085" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diabetic ketoacidosis following chlorothalonil poisoning: Table 1" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.C. Fernández-García" 1 => "J.P. Arrebola" 2 => "S. González-Romero" 3 => "F. Soriguer" 4 => "N. Olea" 5 => "F.J. Tinahones" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/oemed-2013-101795" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Occup Environ Med" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "71" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297824" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/23870206/0000015700000009/v1_202111060623/S2387020621005490/v1_202111060623/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "43309" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/23870206/0000015700000009/v1_202111060623/S2387020621005490/v1_202111060623/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020621005490?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Vol. 157. Issue 9.

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