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Vol. 163. Issue 9.
Pages 461-468 (November 2024)
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Vol. 163. Issue 9.
Pages 461-468 (November 2024)
Review
Parkinsonism in liver diseases or dysfunction
Parkinsonismo en enfermedades o disfunciones hepáticas
Sichen Li, Yuxia Zhua, Xi Liu
Corresponding author
tianwailiuxi@cqmu.edu.cn

Corresponding author.
Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Table 1. Liver diseases or dysfunction with parkinsonism.
Abstract

Parkinsonism in liver diseases or dysfunction, mainly including neurological manifestations in hereditary liver diseases and neurological complications of advanced liver diseases, occur in isolation or in combination with other movement disorders, and progress along disease course. Prominent akinetic-rigidity syndrome, various onset and progression, poor levodopa response and metabolism abnormalities reflected by serum biomarkers and neuroimaging, make this atypical parkinsonism recognizable and notable in clinical practice. Different susceptibility of brain areas, especially in basal ganglia, to manganese, iron, copper, ammonia overload, together with subsequent oxidative stress, neurotransmitter alterations, disturbed glia-neuron homeostasis and eventually neurotoxicity, contribute to parkinsonism under the circumstances of insufficient liver clearance ability. These mechanisms are interrelated and may interact collectively, adding to the complexity of clinical manifestations and treatment responses. This review summarizes shared clinical features of parkinsonism in liver diseases or dysfunction, depicts their underlying mechanisms and suggests practical flowchart for differential diagnosis.

Keywords:
Parkinsonism
Liver disease
Mechanism
Differential diagnosis
Resumen

El parkinsonismo en enfermedades o disfunciones hepáticas, que incluye principalmente manifestaciones neurológicas en enfermedades hepáticas hereditarias y complicaciones neurológicas de enfermedades hepáticas avanzadas, se presenta de forma aislada o en combinación con otros trastornos del movimiento, y progresa a lo largo del curso de la enfermedad. El síndrome de rigidez acinética prominente, el inicio y la progresión diversos, la escasa respuesta a la levodopa y las anomalías del metabolismo reflejadas por biomarcadores séricos y neuroimagen, hacen que este parkinsonismo atípico sea reconocible y notable en la práctica clínica. La diferente susceptibilidad de las áreas cerebrales, especialmente en los ganglios basales, a la sobrecarga de manganeso, hierro, cobre y amoníaco, junto con el subsiguiente estrés oxidativo, las alteraciones de los neurotransmisores, la alteración de la homeostasis glía-neurona y, finalmente, la neurotoxicidad, contribuyen al parkinsonismo en circunstancias de insuficiente capacidad de depuración hepática. Estos mecanismos están interrelacionados y pueden interactuar colectivamente, lo que aumenta la complejidad de las manifestaciones clínicas y las respuestas al tratamiento. En esta revisión se resumen las características clínicas comunes del parkinsonismo en las enfermedades o disfunciones hepáticas, se describen sus mecanismos subyacentes y se sugiere un diagrama de flujo práctico para el diagnóstico diferencial.

Palabras clave:
Parkinsonismo
Enfermedad hepática
Mecanismo
Diagnóstico diferencial

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