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Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Wilson's disease: overview
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Vol. 160. Issue 6.
Pages 261-267 (March 2023)
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Vol. 160. Issue 6.
Pages 261-267 (March 2023)
Review
Wilson's disease: overview
Enfermedad de Wilson
Ana Lucena-Valeraa, Pilar Ruz-Zafraa, Javier Ampueroa,b,c,d,
Corresponding author
jampuero-ibis@us.es

Corresponding author.
a Department of Digestive Diseases, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
b Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Sevilla, Spain
c Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
d Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

Wilson’s disease (WD) is an uncommon hereditary disorder caused by a deficiency in the ATP7B transporter. The protein codified by this gene facilitates the incorporation of the copper into ceruloplasmin. Therefore, WD accumulates copper primary in the liver and secondary in other organs, such as the central nervous system. It represents a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from being asymptomatic in some patients to promote an acute liver failure in others. The diagnosis requires a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, as well as some diagnostic tests such as the measurement of serum ceruloplasmin, the urinary excretion of copper, the liver biopsy or the genetic testing. The treatment must be maintained lifelong and includes some drugs such as chelating agents (penicillamine and trientine) and inhibitors of the copper absorption (zinc salts). Lastly, the liver transplant should be an option for patients with end-stage liver disease.

Keywords:
Wilson’s disease
Copper
Ceruloplasmin
ATP7B
Liver disease
Neurological disease
Resumen

La enfermedad de Wilson (EW) es una enfermedad hereditaria rara, causada por la deficiencia del trasportador ATP7B. La proteína codificada por este gen facilita la incorporación del cobre a la ceruloplasmina. Por lo tanto, la EW condiciona una acumulación de cobre principalmente en hígado y sistema nervioso central. Su espectro clínico es amplio, desde pacientes asintomáticos hasta enfermedad hepática crónica, fallo hepático agudo o síntomas neurológicos. El diagnóstico se establece mediante la combinación de signos y pruebas diagnósticas como medición de ceruloplasmina, excreción urinaria de cobre, cuantificación de cobre en tejido seco y estudio genético. Las terapias farmacológicas deben ser mantenidas de por vida e incluyen fármacos quelantes del cobre como la D-penicilamina o la trientina e inhibidores de la absorción de cobre como las sales de zinc. El trasplante hepático debe ser una opción en enfermedad hepática terminal.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Wilson
Cobre
Ceruloplasmina
ATP7B
Enfermedad hepática
Enfermedad neurológica

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