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Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Pheochromocytoma. Preoperative approach
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Vol. 163. Issue 6.
Pages 294-300 (September 2024)
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Vol. 163. Issue 6.
Pages 294-300 (September 2024)
Review
Pheochromocytoma. Preoperative approach
Feocromocitoma y su abordaje preoperatorio
Marta Araujo-Castro
Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal e Instituto de Investigación Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Factors associated with the development of adrenergic crises.
Table 2. Conditions when screening for pheochromocytoma is recommended.
Table 3. Hormone determinations used for the study of pheochromocytoma.41
Table 4. Proposed clinical algorithm for the use of nuclear medicine imaging in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma cases.27
Table 5. Guidelines for pre-operative blockade of pheochromocytomas5.
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Abstract

Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumours that derive from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and secrete catecholamines. The measurement of plasma or fractionated urine metanephrines is the hormonal determination of choice for the biochemical diagnosis. Once the biochemical diagnosis is confirmed, the next step is the localization study. It is recommended to request a genetic study in all patients with pheochromocytomas since 40% of cases are hereditary. Once the diagnostic study is completed, preoperative treatment with alpha blockers should be instituted at least 7–14 days before adrenalectomy. However, in low-risk patients, the omission of presurgical treatment could be considered if the surgery is performed in centres with experience and a strict monitoring of the patient is carried out during the perioperative period. This document offers a practical guide on the diagnosis and perioperative approach in patients with pheochromocytomas.

Keywords:
Pheochromocytoma
Metanephrines
Arterial hypertension
Alpha adrenergic blockade
Resumen

Los feocromocitomas son tumores neuroendocrinos poco frecuentes que derivan de las células cromafines de la medula adrenal y que secretan catecolaminas. La medición de las metanefrinas plasmáticas o fraccionadas en orina son de elección para su diagnóstico bioquímico. Una vez confirmado el diagnostico bioquímico, el siguiente paso es el estudio de localización. Se recomienda solicitar estudio genético en todos los pacientes con feocromocitomas ya que un 40% de los casos son hereditarios. Una vez completado el estudio diagnóstico, se debe instaurar tratamiento preoperatorio con alfa bloqueantes al menos 7–14 días antes de la adrenalectomía. No obstante, en pacientes de bajo riesgo podría plantearse la omisión del tratamiento prequirúrgico siempre y cuando la cirugía se realice en centros con experiencia y se realice una monitorización estricta del paciente durante el perioperatorio. En este documento se ofrece una guía práctica sobre el diagnóstico y abordaje perioperatorio en los pacientes con feocromocitomas.

Palabras clave:
Feocromocitoma
Metanefrinas
Hipertensión arterial
Bloqueo alfa adrenérgico

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