Serum tumour markers in asymptomatic patients

Torné Cachot, Joaquim; Baucells Azcona, José Manuel; Blanch Falp, Jesús; Blancas Altabella, David

doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2016.02.040

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Its overuse in the early cancer detection is causing a new clinical situation that is usually referred to specialized care for assessment. We are talking about high levels of STMs in asymptomatic patients. This explains this study, whose main purpose is to know why STMs have been requested, assess suitability and analyze the characteristics of this group of patients.From January 2006 to March 2014 all asymptomatic patients referred to outpatient clinics have been prospectively recorded for the study of any high STM. The following variables were assessed: sex, age, origin, smoking, chronic diseases (CD), reasons for request, number of tests performed, STM type and levels and cancer diagnosis. The suitability of the request was assessed as recommended by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">1</a> Eighty-seven patients were recorded, including 36 males (41.3%) with a mean age of 59.5 years (38–86). Primary Care with 57 cases (65.5%) and outpatient visits with 27 (31%) were the main sources. An average 2.4 tests per patient (0–4) were performed. Primary STMs were: CEA in 52 cases (59.7%), 19-9 CA in 16 (24%) and 2 increased STMs in 8 (9.1%). Cancer was diagnosed in 14 patients (16%), 5 (100%) in the control of recurrence, 2 (50%) in high risk liver disease follow-up and 7 (9.2%) as early detection. 98% patients without cancer were smokers (41%) and/or had any CD (59%). In 26 patients (30%) increasing CEA was associated with smoking. The grounds for STM request and cancer diagnosis are detailed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. STM request was appropriate in 9 cases (10.3%), 4 (4.8%) as early detection and 5 (100%) in the recurrence control. In patients without cancer and with any CD and/or smoking, CEA levels were in all cases <20μg/ml, while the CA 19-9 was <100U/ml in 10 cases (59%) and ranging from 100 to 250U/ml in 4 (24%). 50% patients with two high STM levels were diagnosed with cancer.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The usefulness of STM in the management and treatment of patients with cancer and in the diagnosis of suspected cases of malignancy is provided in the NACB recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">1</a> The low sensitivity and specificity in early stages discourages its use in the asymptomatic population as early diagnosis, except for alpha-fetoprotein combined with ultrasound when monitoring chronic hepatitis B, C and cirrhosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">2</a> In this study we have the following relevant data: major source from primary care, the STM request as a strategy for early detection in 94% cases and the high prevalence of CD and/or smoking. The latter data shows that these health conditions are perceived as high risk and possibly one of the reasons for requesting STM. Most studies assessing the suitability of STM are hospital audits.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">3,4</a> The suitability described in medical literature is very variable (5–69%), depending on various factors such as the level of care, the ownership of the hospital, the areas where the study was conducted and compliance with clinical guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">3–5</a> The low positive predictive value in asymptomatic population and the many benign conditions that can cause false positives, including various prevalent CDs are 2 important factors to discourage the use of STMs as a screening test.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">2,6</a> It is obvious, as demonstrated in our cases, that the frequent request of STMs in asymptomatic patients with or without CD can help identify a number of cancers. This circumstance might be considered insignificant, given the ignorance of the actual prevalence of requests for STMs as a strategy for early detection and the various arguments described above. The results of our study, similar to those described by other authors, prove the use and understanding of the STMs is very inappropriate, which shows the frequent misunderstanding of STMS indications and failure to follow clinical guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">3–5,7</a> There is sufficient evidence to discourage from using STMs for early diagnosis in asymptomatic patients with nonspecific symptomatology and those with CD, except for cases of high risk chronic liver disease. Improper use is not beneficial and is confusing. It causes an emotional impact on the patient, an unnecessary use of resources and exposure to iatrogenesis related to additional examinations." "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Torné Cachot J, Baucells Azcona JM, Blanch Falp J, Blancas Altabella D. Marcadores tumorales séricos en pacientes asintomáticos. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145:319–320." ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CRC, colorectal cancer; MTC, medullary thyroid carcinoma." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reasons \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases, n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cancer, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Increased cancer and STM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Early detection (screening) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">STM request with no clinical criteria</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="char" valign="top">76</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="6" align="char" valign="top">7 (9.2)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Endometrium: CEA, CA 125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lung: CEA, CA 125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MTC (2): CEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kidney: CEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pancreas CA 19-9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stomach: CEA, CA 19-9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family history of CRC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Chronic liver disease follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hepatocellular carcinoma (2) AFP, CA 19-9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Recurrence control</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">5</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">5 (100)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CRC (3): CEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lung: CEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MTC: CEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1024708.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Reasons for requesting serum tumour markers and cancer diagnosis." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines for use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.M. 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ISSN: 2387-0206

Launched in 1943, Medicina Clínica is a fortnightly journal aimed at the promotion of clinical research and practice among internal medicine and other specialists. The key characteristics of Medicina Clínica are the scientific and methodological rigor of its manuscripts, the topicality of its contents, and, especially, its practical focus with highly useful information for clinical practice. Medicina Clínica is predominantly interested in publishing original research manuscripts, which are rigorously selected according to their quality, originality, and interest, and also in continued medical education-oriented manuscripts, which are commissioned by the journal to relevant authors (Editorials, Reviews, and Diagnosis and Treatment). These manuscripts contain updated topics with a major clinical or conceptual relevance in modern medicine. The journal adheres to the standards of academic research publications in all aspects including peer-review and ethical principles. Medicina Clínica is included in the General and Internal Medicine category of Thomson Reuters.

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Impact factor

The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years.

© Clarivate Analytics, Journal Citation Reports 2022

Impact factor 2023

2.6

Citescore

CiteScore measures average citations received per document published.

Citescore 2023

3.1

SJR

SRJ is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and qualitative measure of the journal's impact.

SJR 2023

0.371

SNIP

SNIP measures contextual citation impact by wighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field.

SNIP 2023

0.511

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Vol. 145. Issue 7.