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Vol. 25. Issue S1.
Catástrofes neurológicas
Pages 61-67 (October 2010)
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Vol. 25. Issue S1.
Catástrofes neurológicas
Pages 61-67 (October 2010)
Catástrofes Neurológicas
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Catástrofes derivadas de las técnicas complementarias de diagnóstico neurológico
Catastrophes caused by neurologic diagnostic procedures
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M. Arias Gómez
Servicio de Neurología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
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Resumen

Las complicaciones graves (catástrofes) de las numerosas técnicas diagnósticas neurológicas pueden producirse tanto por indicación y omisión como por retraso, ejecución o interpretación erróneas. La cefalea por hipotensión del LCR es la complicación más frecuente de la punción lumbar; si es intensa, puede tratarse con parche hemático. Las herniaciones cerebrales son la complicación más grave; para evitarlas, siempre hay que realizar antes un estudio de TC o RM: el hallazgo de una lesión con evidente efecto masa contraindica la punción. La no indicación de punción lumbar ante una cefalea centinela puede pasar por alto una hemorragia subaracnoidea menor, que se transformará en catástrofe en caso de recidiva. La prueba del edrofonio (tensilón) puede complicarse con bradicardia y/o asistolia. Su omisión puede dar lugar a que no se diagnostiquen precozmente cuadros de miastenia grave, sobre todo en sujetos de edad avanzada. La electromiografía tiene escasas complicaciones (casos puntuales de hematomas paraespinales y neumotórax). Los ultrasonidos, la angio-TC y la angio-RM han reducido las indicaciones de angiografía cerebral, cuyas complicaciones principales, además de reacciones al contraste, sangrado e infecciones en el lugar de la inyección, son los déficits neurológicos por disección vascular o embolismo de material ateromatoso. En la evaluación prequirúrgica de la epilepsia se realizan determinadas técnicas como vídeo-EEG con supresión de la medicación, lo que puede precipitar la aparición de crisis repetidas con riesgo de lesiones y estatus epiléptico. Los registros mediante electrodos invasivos y las mantas de electrodos pueden complicarse con infecciones y hemorragia intracraneal. La biopsia cerebral se indica ante la sospecha de patología tratable, pero con potenciales efectos secundarios graves de los tratamientos (radioterapia, quimioterapia). Puede agravar déficits neurológicos previos o producir otros nuevos. Las pruebas genéticas no están indicadas en niños sanos en los que se sospeche una entidad sin tratamiento. En los adultos se realizan en casos seleccionados, previa información detallada, y teniendo en cuenta posibles reacciones emocionales graves.

Palabras clave:
Complicaciones neurológicas
Punción lumbar Edrofonio
EMG
Angiografía
Vídeo-EEG
Biopsia cerebral
Pruebas genéticas
Abstract

Serious complications (catastrophes) resulting from diverse neurological diagnostic procedures can be caused by erroneous indication and omission, as well as by delay and erroneous execution or interpretation. Headache, caused by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypotension, is a frequent complication of lumbar puncture; hematic patch is a therapeutic option for severe cases. The most serious complication is cerebral herniation and, for its prevention, computed tomography (CT) or cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must always be performed before lumbar puncture: a lesion with evident mass effect is a contraindication. Some cases of minor subarachnoid hemorrhages can produce sentinel headache: when the findings of CT scans are normal, lumbar puncture must be performed for diagnosis and prevention of a catastrophic recurrence. Edrophonium testing can be complicated with bradycardia and/or asystole. The lack of indication of this procedure is a cause of under-diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, especially in older people. Electromyography produces few complications (rare cases of paraspinal hematomas and pneumothorax). Ultrasound, CT angiography and MR angiography examinations have decreased the indications for cerebral angiography, whose main complications —in addition to contrast reactions, hemorrhage and infection at the injection site— are neurological deficits caused by vascular dissection or atheromatous embolus. Video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recording with medication suppression can be used in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy, which can precipitate repeated seizures with the risk of injuries and status epilepticus. The possible complications of studies performed with invasive electrodes are infections and intracranial hemorrhages. Cerebral biopsy is indicated when treatable disease is suspected but the therapeutic options (radiotherapy, chemotherapy) have potential serious adverse effects. Furthermore, cerebral biopsy can aggravate previous neurological deficits or produce new deficits. Genetic testing is not indicated in healthy children when an untreatable disease is suspected. In adults, genetic testing is appropriate in selected cases, but detailed previous information should be gathered and the possibility of triggering serious emotional reactions should always be considered.

Key words:
Neurologic complications
Lumbar puncture
Edrophonium
EMG
Angiography
Video-EEG
Cerebral biopsy
Genetic testing
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Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neurología
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