Share
array:23 [ "pii" => "S2173510713000815" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2013.05.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-11-01" "aid" => "678" "copyright" => "SERAM" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2013;55:469-82" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 4423 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 3548 "PDF" => 875 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0033833813001148" "issn" => "00338338" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2013.05.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-11-01" "aid" => "678" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2013;55:469-82" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 12000 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 16 "HTML" => 7491 "PDF" => 4493 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Actualización</span>" "titulo" => "Patología aórtica no urgente: diagnóstico clínico-radiológico de la aortitis" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "469" "paginaFinal" => "482" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Nonurgent aortic disease: Clinical-radiological diagnosis of aortitis" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figura 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1847 "Ancho" => 1880 "Tamanyo" => 325402 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arteritis de Takayasu en mujer de 34 años. a) Imagen axial de TC con contraste que muestra dilatación e importante calcificación de las paredes de la aorta torácica ascendente y descendente (cabezas de flecha). b) Corte axial de TC con contraste. Engrosamiento de la pared de la aorta abdominal y del ostium de la arteria mesentérica superior (cabeza de flecha). c) Reconstrucción MPR sagital. Irregularidad parietal (cabezas de flecha) y extensa calcificación de la aorta. d) Reconstrucción MIP coronal de angio-RM de troncos supraaórticos. Oclusión completa de ambas arterias subclavias en sus porciones prevertebrales (cabezas de flecha negras) con recanalización posterior en el lado izquierdo por arterias cervicales (cabezas de flecha blancas) y en el lado derecho por la arteria vertebral (flecha).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Cabero Moyano, M. Andreu Magarolas, E. Castañer González, X. Gallardo Cistaré, E. Belmonte Castan" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Cabero Moyano" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Andreu Magarolas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Castañer González" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Gallardo Cistaré" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Belmonte Castan" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173510713000815" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2013.05.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510713000815?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833813001148?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00338338/0000005500000006/v1_201310310038/S0033833813001148/v1_201310310038/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173510713000827" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2013.05.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-11-01" "aid" => "684" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2013;55:483-98" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3621 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 2897 "PDF" => 724 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Multidetector computed tomography in life-threatening hemoptysis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "483" "paginaFinal" => "498" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La tomografía computarizada multidetector en la hemoptisis amenazante" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 652 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 122915 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient with life-threatening hemoptysis. CT with lung window, where it is possible to observe a consolidation in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe, secondary to the bleeding, with an adjacent opaque glass area, findings resolved completely in the control CT performed a month later (not shown).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Spinu, E. Castañer, X. Gallardo, M. Andreu, A. Alguersuari" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Spinu" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Castañer" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Gallardo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Andreu" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Alguersuari" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833813001409" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2013.05.006" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833813001409?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510713000827?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000005500000006/v1_201312070043/S2173510713000827/v1_201312070043/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in Radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Nonurgent aortic disease: Clinical-radiological diagnosis of aortitis" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "469" "paginaFinal" => "482" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Cabero Moyano, M. Andreu Magarolas, E. Castañer González, X. Gallardo Cistaré, E. Belmonte Castan" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Cabero Moyano" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jcaberomoyano@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Andreu Magarolas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Castañer González" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Gallardo Cistaré" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Belmonte Castan" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí-UAB, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Patología aórtica no urgente: diagnóstico clínico-radiológico de la aortitis" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1847 "Ancho" => 1880 "Tamanyo" => 349605 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu's arteritis of a 34-year-old woman. (a) Axial CT image with contrast showing dilation and significant calcification of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta (arrow heads). (b) Axial CT cut with contrast. Abdominal aorta and upper mesenteric ostial artery wall thickening (arrow head). (c) MPR sagittal reconstruction. Parietal irregularity (arrow heads) and extensive calcification of the aorta. (d) Coronal MIP reconstruction of angio-MR of supraaortic trunks. Complete occlusion of both subclavian arteries in their prevertebral portions (black arrow heads) with posterior recannulation on the left side by cervical arteries (white arrow heads) and on the right side by the vertebral artery (arrow).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aortitis</span> is a general term encompassing many infectious and non-infectious diseases that have in common the fact that they cause inflammation of aortic wall. Presentation of aortitis is very variable, with unspecific symptoms and signs such as abdominal or back pain, fever, vascular insufficiency, valvular aortic insufficiency or acute aortic syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The disease causing aortitis may appear with more specific symptoms that make it possible for diagnosis to be reached.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this article is the physiopathological, epidemiological and radiological revision of some of the frequent causes of aortitis in our milieu.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Image techniques</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The physician does not usually suspect aortitis due to the unspecificity of its symptoms. It is here that the radiologist's competence is key to reach diagnosis and that is why image techniques are a great help. They allow us to study the distribution of aortic affection and the characteristics that may distinguish the infectious from the non-infectious causes and they may also be useful for monitoring the disease's evolution and activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The interventionist techniques play an important role in the treatment of some of these diseases. The image modalities must evaluate both the aortic lumen and wall.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multidetector computerized tomography (CT) (with intravenous iodized contrast) is usually, due to its availability, the first image test requested. It allows us to rule out an acute aortic affection and to assess stenosing lesions of the aorta and the large arteries, mural thickening (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a), aneurysms and thrombosis, thanks to its excellent spatial resolution and the possibility of making multiplane reconstructions in 3D. It is more useful than other techniques to observe mural calcifications, which are frequent in aortitis of long evolution. Its disadvantage is ionizing radiation and iodized contrast, which may pose a problem for patients with allergy or kidney failure.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic resonance (MR), which does not use ionizing radiations, is the test recommended for patients who need repeated or follow-up examinations. Like CT, it is useful in evaluating stenosis, mural thickening or aneurysms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b). In addition, it is very useful in identifying wall edema, which has been related with the disease's activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Angiographic images (angio-MR), obtained with different sequences, with or without gadolinium, make it possible to assess stenosis and vascular occlusion areas. Contrariwise, MR is less available, it cannot be used in patients with certain types of pacemakers, and gadolinium is contraindicated when glomerular filtration is less than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positron emission tomography (PET) is being used more and more frequently to diagnose aortitis, because it detects increase of metabolism on aortic wall represented by the accumulation of fluorodeoxyglucose in acute phases (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). It is also useful to follow the disease up and control response to treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Its greatest defect is its low spatial resolution; therefore it is usually combined with CT to gain anatomical precision, with which 77–92% sensitivity and 89–100% specificity are attained.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiography, traditionally considered the reference pattern to study aortic lumen, has been replaced by CT and MR both to diagnose and follow up evolution. The radiation dose is high and it does not contribute information about the vascular wall. Its use is reserved for interventionist therapeutic procedures.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Classification</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this revision, the diseases that co-occur with aortitis have been grouped into infectious and non-infectious (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The aortic affectation pattern and the radiological findings help us differentiate between these two causes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Non-infectious aortitis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most aortitis are not infectious. Among them the rheumatic diseases that may affect the aorta are included. The commonest causes are large vessel vasculitis: Takayasu's arteritis and giant cell arteritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Within this group idiopathic aortitis are also found: inflammatory aortic aneurysms, chronic periaortitis and other causes of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Finally, we must not forget aortic iatrogenic pathologies, whether due to drugs or secondary to radiotherapy.</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Rheumatic diseases</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Takayasu's arteritis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu's arteritis is an idiopathic vasculitis that may affect the thoracoabdominal aorta and its branches, as well as the pulmonary arteries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It more frequently affects young patients, mostly women (75–90%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and typically those of Asian origin.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a large vessel arteritis, histologically characterized by granulomatous inflammation of arterial wall, with marked infiltration and proliferation of the intima in the initial stages, and fibrosis of the medium and adventitia in the tardive stages. The result is stenosis, occlusion and formation of aneurysms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically 2 stages of the disease are distinguished. In the acute stage the symptoms are unspecific: fever, malaise, night sweat, arthralgia, anorexia and weight loss, with increase of PCR and VSG.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the chronic stage (without pulse) there appear symptoms derived from vascular occlusion depending on the affected arteries: claudication of limbs, cerebral ischemia, syncope, high blood pressure and acute heart disease (up to 40% of the patients).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Due to the unspecificity of the symptoms and the serologic tests, the disease is usually suspected in the radiology service. Definite diagnosis is based on clinical-radiological criteria (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Association of two major criteria, one major criterion and two minor ones or 4 minor ones are considered diagnostic of Takayasu's arteritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT with intravenous contrast, in the initial stages of the disease, shows concentric wall thickening, which has been described as «double ring»<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (edematous and hypodense intima in the inside with the medium and the adventitia inflamed around, hypercaptant); in advanced or tardive stages stenosis, thrombosis and occlusions may be observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>a). Other findings associated are extensive mural calcifications, aneurysms and ulcers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>a–c).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MR is very useful to detect precocious changes in the aortic wall and it is the technique of choice to follow up the disease's evolution, especially in young patients for whom it avoids radiation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Enhanced sequences on T1 are used with fat saturation and contrast to show the tardive enhancement of the wall, which has been related with the disease's activity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–10</span></a> although Isobe, in a recent study of 150 patients, disagrees with the clinical meaning of this finding that is observed in patients both with and without an active disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A hyperintensity of the sequences enhanced on T2 is indicative of wall edema. Like CT, MR allows to identify wall thickening, stenosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3b and 4d</a>), thrombi and aneurysms. In addition, it may prove thickening of the aortic valves and pericardial affectation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET-CT contributes information about the disease's activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It has been proved that when metabolic activity of the affected vessels drops, the inflammation markers normalize and the symptoms improve,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> therefore PET-CT is also useful to monitor therapeutic response.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of the acute phase is based on glucocorticoids and immunosuppressors. Treatment of vascular stenosis is the surgical bypass or endovascular intervention in critical stenosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>c–e).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Giant cell arteritis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Giant cell arteritis or temporal arteritis is a disease affecting almost exclusively subjects who are older than 50 years, with predilection for the female sex (3:1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and a tendency to family aggregation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It is a granulomatous vasculitis of medium and large caliber very frequently affecting the external carotid branches, especially the upper temporal artery and also the vertebral and coronary arteries, and the aorta (in up to 15% of the cases).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its anatomopathological characteristics are panarteritis with granulomatous infiltrate, multinucleated giant cells, elastic lamina fragmentation, thinning of medium lamina and occlusion of vascular lumen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Vascular affectation is typically segmentary, alternating pathological areas with respected areas.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most giant cell arteritis symptoms are unspecific: fever, malaise, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, sweating and arthralgia. Headache is more typical with pathological signs in the physical examination of the temporal artery, which is nodular and it is thickened, and in advanced stages, the pulse is lost. In the chronic stage there appear symptoms by occlusion of the affected vessels: claudication of the chewing muscles and the tongue, ischemic optic neuropathy, myocardial infarction and ictus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the aorta it produces abdominal aneurysms, acute dissection, anuloaortic ectasia and acute aortic valvular failure. Thoracic aorta aneurysms are a tardive complication of this disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is frequently accompanied by rheumatic polymyalgia (up to 60% of giant cell arteritis) with stiffness and pain in the neck, shoulders, back and hips. Up to 10–20% of the patients with rheumatic polymyalgia will develop giant cell arteritis along their lives.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present the reference standard to diagnose it is biopsy of the temporal artery in patients with high clinical suspicion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> A long enough segment of the artery (>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) must be obtained so as to prevent segmentary affectation from leading to a false negative.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like in Takayasu's arteritis, CT and MR will prove wall thickening, with stenosis areas, occlusion or aneurysms of the affected vessels. CT allows us to observe changes on the wall such as calcifications and thrombosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). MR detects in addition wall edema in the vessels where the disease is active.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> PET-CT is very useful to detect extracranial affectation, with 85 and 95% sensitivity and specificity respectively, but not so for the intracranial one due to its spatial resolution. More than 80% of the patients with recent diagnosis of giant cell arteritis show aortitis in the PET-CT examinations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,13</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment for giant cell arteritis consists in glucocorticoids, which improve the symptoms quickly and normalize analytical alterations. In case this treatment is not effective, alternative treatment must be resorted to.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Cogan's syndrome</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a very rare systemic inflammatory disease, of unknown etiology,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> with only about 250 cases described in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> It affects equally men and women of different races, above all in the third decade of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The usual signs are ophthalmic and audiovestibular. Ocular affection includes interstitial keratitis (in the typical form), and conjunctivitis, uveitis and scleritis (in the atypical form). La audiovestibular affectation is similar to Ménière's syndrome, with sudden onset of dizziness, vertigo, instability, nausea, vomiting and irreversible hearing loss.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Moreover, it may be accompanied by other unspecific signs: fever, arthritis and arthralgia, and weight loss. Aortitis has been described in approximately 10% of the cases and it may cause aortic valvular failure, coronary affection and thoracic and abdominal aneurysms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Biopsies of the aortic wall show lymphocytic inflammation, destruction of the elastic lamina, fibrosis and aneurysms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiological findings are the same as in other aortitis: aortic wall thickening, stenosis and aneurysms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>). PET-CT has also been used at times to diagnose and monitor the disease and the therapeutic response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oral corticosteroids are administered in order to control symptoms. For treatment of ocular affectation topical corticoid drops are used. In the refractory cases, use of immunosuppressors such as methotrexate or cyclophosphamide may be considered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Ankylosing spondylitis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause which has manifestations in the axial skeleton, peripheral joints and extra-articular structures. It more often than not affects men (2–3:1) in the second or third decades of life. It has an important association with the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, which is expressed in up to 90% of the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Usual clinical presentation is articular pain (the sacroiliac joint is typically affected) of inflammatory characteristics and morning stiffness that lasts for several hours and it improves with physical activity. The most frequent extra-articular manifestations are anterior uveitis (40%) and inflammatory diseases of the intestines (60%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular affectation has been described in up to 80% of the ankylosing spondylitis patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> typically aortic root dilatation, valvular regurgitation and conduction alterations. Aortic valvular disease is related with the duration of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Anatomopathological characteristics are cellular inflammation in the aortic root with fibroblastic repair that produces thickening of the adventitia, focal destruction of the elastic lamina and intimal proliferation. The process expands to the aortic valvular ring where it retracts the valves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment for aortic valvular affection is changing the valves and for conduction alterations, implanting a pacemaker.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Relapsing polychondritis</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a connective tissue disease that may occur in a progressive manner or, more typically, with cartilaginous inflammatory outbreaks. Both the elastic cartilage of the nose and ears and the hyaline cartilage of the joints are affected, as well as the axial skeleton fibrocartilage, the tracheobronchial tree cartilage and other structures with a high proteoglycans content (eyes, heart, blood vessels and kidneys). The median age for the onset of the disease is 47 years, with certain prevalence among females (1–3:1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> It is often associated to other autoimmune diseases.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical presentation will depend on the affected organs. Diagnosis is based on meeting the following 7 criteria: (1) symmetric inflammation of the ear cartilage; (2) inflammation of nasal cartilage with deformity in the bridge; (3) inflammation of the respiratory tract cartilage; (4) non-erosive seronegative arthritis; (5) ocular tissue inflammation; (6) Inner ear and labyrinth affectation; and (7) anatomopathological confirmation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular affection appears in about 25% of the patients, and it includes aortic and mitral regurgitation and aortic aneurysms, aortic dissection, myocarditis, pericarditis and conduction alterations. Anatomopathological characteristics are lymphocyte infiltrate around the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vasa vasorum</span> and the medium, with fragmentation or complete loss of the elastic lamina and hyaline substitution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first line of treatment for relapsing polychondritis is corticoids. Immunosuppressors are used in refractory cases, in which they may decrease the frequency, duration and seriousness of the episodes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Systemic lupus erythematosus</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is an autoimmune disease measured by autoantibodies and immune complexes, occurring more frequently in women in fertile age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical signs will depend on the organs affected, although pleuropulmonary affectation is the most frequent (50–60%). In the cardiovascular system the most common one is pericarditis with pericardial effusion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disease's diagnosis is clinical-analytical when 4 or more of the following criteria are met: (1) malar erythema; (2) discoid erythema; (3) photosensitivity; (4) oral ulcer; (5) non-erosive arthritis; (6) serositis (pleuritis and/or pericarditis); (7) kidney disorder; (8) neurologic disorder; (9) hematologic disorders; (10) immunologic disorders; and (11) antinuclear antibodies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aortitis is unusual, but cases associated with aortic dissection, aneurysms and thrombi have been described. The aneurysms related with lupus occur in younger patients, they are characterized by destruction of middle lamina, and they have been related with long periods of corticotherapy and vascular mural lesion typical of vasculitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Behçet's disease</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by mucocutaneous, ocular, vascular and central nervous system affection, that affects young patients (between 18 and 40 years) of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Far Eastern origin, with similar prevalence between sexes (although occurrence in men is more serious).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients suffering from Behçet's disease present oral and genital cankers, cutaneous lesions as erythema nodosum and pseudofolliculitis. Ocular affectation is frequent and serious, with loss of vision. Neurologic signs are varied, including headache, meningitis/meningoencephalitis, comicial crises, neurologic focality and signs of intracranial hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the vessels, it occurs as a vasculitis that affects both arteries and veins of all sizes. The most common presentation is thromboflebitis and deep venous thrombosis, which occurs in up to 30% of the patients. In the lung, there appear aneurysms of pulmonary arteries that may become complicated with massive hemoptysis. Affectation of the aorta and its branches occurs in less than 5% of the patients, and it occurs as aortitis, aneurysms or arterial thrombosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is clinical when, in the presence of recurrent oral ulcers, two of the following criteria are met: (1) recurrent genital ulcers; (2) ocular lesions; (3) cutaneous lesions of the erythema nodosum or pseudofolliculitis type; and (4) sign of patergia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both corticosteroid and immunosuppressor drugs have demonstrated their effectiveness to treat Behçet's disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Aortic aneurysms are treated by placing endoprostheses or surgically.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Idiopathic aortitis</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Inflammatory aortic aneurysm</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They are distinguished from the atherosclerotic ones by perianeurysmatic fibrosis and thickening of vascular wall.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> They represent 3–10% of all abdominal aorta aneurysms (very rare in the ascending aorta and the aortic arc), with a median age at the onset of the disease of 62 years and a clear predilection for the male sex (6–30:1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disease's etiology is not clear and a multifactorial origin has been suggested, one where genetic factors are involved (certain HLA allele, T-cell function alterations, excessive proteolytic activity), endothelial (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis) and environmental risk factors (tobacco, viral infections).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Typical clinical presentation is the abdominal pulsatile mass triad with weight loss and elevation of the reactant in the acute stage, especially VSG. Other manifestations depend on obstructive uropathy and intestinal occlusion secondary to trapping of retroperitoneal structures by periaortic fibrosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT with intravenous contrast is highly sensitive and specific (84 and 100% respectively).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Mural thickening is characteristic (typically the anterior wall) of aortic aneurysm and a density mass of soft parts around.</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment consists in repairing the aneurysm surgically, because its natural tendency is growth and rupture.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Chronic periaortitis</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also called retroperitoneal fibrosis, Ormond's disease or sclerosing retroperitoneal granuloma, it is a systemic disease consisting in a retroperitoneal proliferation of fibrous tissue extending to the adjacent viscera, including the vena cava and the ureters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> On the great majority of the occasions (>70%) it is idiopathic, and on the rest, it is related with inflammatory diseases or with an underlying neoplasia (lymphomas, retroperitoneal sarcomas, carcinoid tumors or metastasis). It is associated to immunologic diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, fibrosing mediastinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or sclerosing mesenteritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has an incidence of approximately 1/200,000 inhabitants, with a greater affectation in the population 40–60 years old, and it is more frequent in the male sex (2–3:1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the initial stages the symptoms of the disease are unspecific, and as the degree of the fibrosis progresses, there appear symptoms derived from compression of neighboring structures. The most common presentation is intense lower lumbar and abdominal pain, as well as pain in the flanks. If the kidneys and the ureters are affected, it may cause obstructive uropathy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anatomopathological characteristics are fibroblastic proliferation with inflammatory cell infiltrate consisting in lymphocytes, macrophages and vascular endothelium cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT shows a retroperitoneal soft tissue mass, isodense with respect of the adjacent muscle (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>). Initial fibrosis tends to begin near the aortic bifurcation and the iliac arteries, and it may extend forward to the duodenum, pancreas and the spleen, and craniocaudally from the mediastinum to the sacrum. The degree of enhancement after injecting contrast correlates with the activity of the fibrotic process: it is marked in the acute stages, of up to 20–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UH; whereas in the advanced or chronic disease is it practically non-existent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> In the MR the fibrotic tissue has low signal intensity in the adjusted images on T1. Signal intensity on T2 will vary depending on the degree of active inflammation (and therefore, of edema). At present image tests are insufficient to differentiate between an idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and an underlying neoplastic process; therefore diagnosis will require anatomopathological confirmation.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroids alone or associated to other immunosuppressor agents improve the symptoms, reduce the size of retroperitoneal mass and on occasion, solve the obstructive complications, although in some cases surgical intervention may be necessary.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Erdheim-Chester's syndrome</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erdheim-Chester's syndrome is a rare systemic disease, which anatomopathologically corresponds to a histiocytosis of non-Langerhans cell. It may present various signs depending on the organs affected: osseous affection is practically constant (long bone metaphysodiaphysary and extraskeletal osteosclerosis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a>a)), occurs in almost half the patients, including retroperitoneal infiltration, cardiovascular affection, as well as that of the central nervous system, exophthalmos and interstitial pulmonary diseases. In the image tests, when the aorta is affected, periaortic tissue is infiltrated circumferentially from the ascending aorta to the iliac bifurcation (image of “coated aorta”) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a>b and c). This infiltrate is hypointense in the adjusted echo spin MR sequences on T1 and T2 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a>d).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Sclerosing disease related with immunoglobulin 4</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This disease encompasses a range of processes that occur with fibrosis of several organs (predominantly glandular tissues), elevation of IgG and IgG4 serum and autoantibodies. Autoimmune pancreatitis is the most frequent manifestation within this disease. Aortic affection and that of its main branches are secondary to a lymphoplasmocytary infiltrate (with numerous plasmatic IgG-positive cells) with irregular fibrosis, located in the vessel's adventitia, which causes the characteristic artery wall thickening in the image studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Iatrogenic aortitis</span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Radio-induced aortitis</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vascular affectation by radiation often appears many years (more than 10) after exposure to high doses of radiotherapy. There appear thrombosis, pseudoaneurysms, ruptures, stenosis and accelerated mural calcification of the affected elastic arteries. By definition, it only affects the arteries included in the radiated area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,35</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Aortitis secondary to drugs</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drug-induced vasculitis deserves a special section, since many therapeutic agents (such as propylthiouracil, minocyclin, retinoid derivatives or leukotriennes receptor antagonists)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> have been implicated in the development of an inflammatory vascular disease. The patients often come with varied symptoms, ranging from fever of unknown causes or myalgia, to an isolated cutaneous vasculitis or a generalized affectation of internal organs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is often made after increasing the dose or re-exposure to the drug. Vasculitis is typically resolved after discontinuing medication; if the symptoms are serious, treatment with corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, hemodialysis or cyclophosphamide may be resorted to.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La gemcytabin is an analog of the nucleosides used to treat different cancers. Many cases of small and medium-caliber vasculitis as well as some of aortitis have been described as secondary to gemcytabin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig. 11</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Infectious aortitis</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although most aortitis cases have a non-infectious origin, the possibility of infection must always be considered because treatment is very different.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In normal conditions, the aorta is very resistant to infection. Bacterial aortitis usually affects an aortic segment already injured with atherosclerosis plaques or an aneurysm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Dissemination is by closeness from adjacent structures, although it may also be hematogenous by septic emboli in sepsis or bacterial endocarditis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,39</span></a></p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mycotic aneurysms (infected aneurysms) are those secondary to an infectious aortitis in a vulnerable vessel that eventually weakens its wall creating a pseudoaneurysm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT is the test of choice. With it, it is possible to see aortic wall thickening, periaortic fluid or soft tissue accumulation, rapidly progressive saccular aneurysm and, occasionally, air in the aortic wall (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig. 12</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella</span> infection is the most common cause of bacterial aortitis due to its tendency to infect damaged tissues, such as the arteriosclerotic vascular endothelium. It represents one-third of the cases. Many times there is no history of previous gastroenteritis and the blood cultures may be negative in up to 50% of the cases; therefore diagnosis is often retrospective after surgical intervention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Other frequent causes of infectious aortitis are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41,42</span></a></p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculous aortitis is not frequent, although an increase of its prevalence is expected due to increase of co-infection with HIV and the appearance of multiresistant stocks.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It normally occurs by direct extension from an adjacent focus of tuberculous infection, such as adenopathies, pericarditis, empyema, spondylitis o paravertebral abscesses. Caseous necrosis may affect the whole aortic wall thickness, causing perforation and massive bleeding, or a perivascular hematoma and pseudoaneurysms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treponema pallidum</span> may affect the cardiovascular system in its tertiary stage, usually as aortitis. It affects the ascending thoracic aorta in 60% of the cases and the aortic arch in 30%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The usual complications are aortic regurgitation, coronary ostial stenosis and the formation of aneurysms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusions</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unspecific symptoms cause aortitis not to be suspected and the radiologist ends up establishing diagnosis. Etiological diagnosis must be performed taking into account other data such as the patient's age and sex, pathological antecedents and clinical findings, since many of them are part of systemic diseases.</p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential for the radiologist to know the characteristics that arouse suspicion of an inflammatory aortic disease with image techniques: wall thickening, stenosis vascular occlusions, mural contrast uptake, mass of periaortic soft parts, intramural gas, aneurysms, calcifications and mural thrombi.</p><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The radiologist must know the advantages and inconveniences of the different image techniques that contribute relevant information to treat and follow up the evolution of aortitis. Both the CT and the MR give us information about aortic wall and affectation of vascular lumen, and PET-CT and MR are useful to monitor inflammatory activity and response to treatment.</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ethical responsibilities</span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this research.</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Authors</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(1)</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Person responsible for the study's integrity: JC, MA.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(2)</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conception of the study: JC, MA.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(3)</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Design of the study: JC, MA.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(4)</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data acquisition: JC, MA, EC, XG, EB.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(5)</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis and interpretation: JC, MA, EC, XG, EB.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(6)</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistic treatment: not applicable.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(7)</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bibliographic search: JC, MA.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(8)</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Writing of the paper: JC, MA.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(9)</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical revision of the manuscript with intellectually relevant contributions: XG, EC, EB.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(10)</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approval of final version: JC, MA, EC, XG, EB.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres297145" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec280850" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres297146" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec280851" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Image techniques" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Classification" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Non-infectious aortitis" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Rheumatic diseases" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Takayasu's arteritis" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Giant cell arteritis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Cogan's syndrome" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Ankylosing spondylitis" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Relapsing polychondritis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Systemic lupus erythematosus" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Behçet's disease" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Idiopathic aortitis" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Inflammatory aortic aneurysm" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Chronic periaortitis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Erdheim-Chester's syndrome" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Sclerosing disease related with immunoglobulin 4" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Iatrogenic aortitis" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Radio-induced aortitis" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Aortitis secondary to drugs" ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Infectious aortitis" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Ethical responsibilities" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "Protection of people and animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Data confidentiality" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0130" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0135" "titulo" => "Authors" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0140" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-01-31" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-05-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec280850" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aortitis" 1 => "Vasculitis" 2 => "Multidetector computed tomography" 3 => "Magnetic resonance imaging" 4 => "Positron emission tomography-computed tomography" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec280851" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aortitis" 1 => "Vasculitis" 2 => "Tomografía computarizada multidetector" 3 => "Resonancia magnética" 4 => "Tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computarizada" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aortitis is a pathological term designating inflammation of the aortic wall, regardless of its cause. The clinical presentation of aortitis is nonspecific and variable. Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss; acute phase reactants may also be elevated. Aortitis can be caused by a wide spectrum of entities, including from infectious processes to autoimmune diseases (Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis are among the most common of these causing aortitis), and the prognosis and treatment of these entities vary widely. Various imaging techniques can be used to evaluate the lumen and wall of the aorta (such as multidetector computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, or PET-CT). This review focuses on the most common diseases that cause aortitis and on the clinical and radiological findings that are most useful for diagnosing and treating this condition appropriately.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aortitis es un término patológico que designa la inflamación de la pared aórtica, independientemente de su causa. Su presentación clínica es inespecífica y variable, con síntomas como dolor abdominal, fiebre y pérdida de peso. También pueden estar elevados los reactantes de fase aguda. Un amplio espectro de entidades puede ocasionar aortitis, desde procesos infecciosos hasta enfermedades autoinmunes (de las que las más frecuentes son la arteritis de Takayasu y la arteritis de células gigantes), cuyo pronóstico y tratamiento son muy variables. Son varias las técnicas de imagen que permiten evaluar tanto la luz como la pared vascular (como la tomografía computarizada multidetector, la resonancia magnética, la angiografía o la PET-TC). Esta revisión se centra en las enfermedades más frecuentes que provocan aortitis y en los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos más relevantes que ayudan a diagnosticar y tratar adecuadamente esta entidad.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Cabero Moyano J, Andreu Magarolas M, Castañer González E, Gallardo Cistaré X, Belmonte Castan E. Patología aórtica no urgente: diagnóstico clínico-radiológico de la aortitis. Radiología. 2013;55:469–482.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2031 "Ancho" => 1000 "Tamanyo" => 238017 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu's arteritis in a 42-year-old woman with abdominal pain. (a) Axial CT image showing concentric thickening of abdominal aortic wall with contrast mural uptake (arrow head). (b) MR sagittal image (T1 sequence with fat saturation in black blood, with and without contrast). Gadolinium uptake of aortic wall (arrow heads), indicating active inflammation.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1001 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 56173 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aortitis: Thoracic PET coronal image. Diffuse hyperactivity in ascending and descending aorta (asterisks) with more focal images delimiting aortic wall in the ascending segment (arrow heads). Image by courtesy of Doctor Albert Flotats Giralt. Nuclear Medicine Service. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau in Barcelona.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2000 "Ancho" => 1315 "Tamanyo" => 287424 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu's Arteritis of a 41-year-old woman with intestinal angor and right leg claudication. (a) CT study with contrast. Irregular-looking thoracoabdominal aorta with wall thickening (arrow heads). (b) MIP image of angio-MR showing stenosis in the ostium of both renal arteries (arrow heads) and in the primitive iliac arteries. (c) Angiographic correlation of the MR image findings. (d) Selective arteriography of the celiac trunk showing critical stenosis (arrow head) of 90% in the proximal portion thereof without distal affectation. (e) Successful implantation of Herculink low-profile expansible balloon endoprosthesis (arrow head) (of 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1847 "Ancho" => 1880 "Tamanyo" => 349605 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu's arteritis of a 34-year-old woman. (a) Axial CT image with contrast showing dilation and significant calcification of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta (arrow heads). (b) Axial CT cut with contrast. Abdominal aorta and upper mesenteric ostial artery wall thickening (arrow head). (c) MPR sagittal reconstruction. Parietal irregularity (arrow heads) and extensive calcification of the aorta. (d) Coronal MIP reconstruction of angio-MR of supraaortic trunks. Complete occlusion of both subclavian arteries in their prevertebral portions (black arrow heads) with posterior recannulation on the left side by cervical arteries (white arrow heads) and on the right side by the vertebral artery (arrow).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1847 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 187770 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Giant cell arteritis in a 72-year-old woman with headache and mandibular claudication. CT study with contrast showing thickening of aorta arch (arrow heads) (a) and thickening of abdominal aorta (b).</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1825 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 211036 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cogan's syndrome of a 45-year-old man with episcleritis and neurosensory deafness. (a) Axial CT image with contrast showing mural thickening of the abdominal aorta (arrow head). (b) Sagittal MIP reconstruction. Stenosis of the celiac trunk exit and the upper and lower mesenteric arteries (arrow heads).</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1722 "Ancho" => 1739 "Tamanyo" => 269417 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systemic lupus erythematosus in a 36-year-old woman. Axial CT images with contrast showing affectation of serosas: (a) pericardial thickening (arrow heads) and (b) effusion and left pleural thickening (arrow heads). (c) CT Sagittal MPR reconstruction with contrast showing mural thickening and left subclavian artery stenosis (arrow head).</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1808 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 187127 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Behçet's disease in a 44-year-old woman with genital ulcers. (a) Axial CT image with contrast where proximal abdominal aorta aneurysm is observed, just at the exit of the celiac trunk (arrow head). (b) Sagittal MPR reconstruction showing occlusion distal to the celiac trunk aneurysm (arrow head). Notice the large subcutaneous thoracoabdominal emphysema, pneumoperitoneum and retropneumoperitoneum secondary to barotrauma by intubation.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 787 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 114780 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retroperitoneal fibrosis in a 47-year-old man with abdominal pain and weight loss. Axial CT image with contrast showing abdominal aorta wall thickening and adjacent tissue of soft parts density encompassing the lower mesenteric artery (arrow head).</p>" ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Figure 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1688 "Ancho" => 1718 "Tamanyo" => 317585 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Erdheim-Chester's syndrome of a 66-year-old man with chronic thoracic pain and toxic manifestations. (a) MR coronal image of lower limbs (sequence T1 with fat saturation) showing a signal alteration in the left tibia upper third and patched affectation of right tibia upper diaphysis (arrow heads). (b) Sagittal MPR reconstruction of CT with contrast. Extensive periaortic thickening with vascular wall irregularity (arrow heads), from the aortic root to the abdominal aorta. Abundant pericardial effusion (asterisk). (c) Axial CT image with contrast showing hypodense tissue infiltrating periaortic and perirrenal regions (arrow heads), with compromise of renal hili and secondary bilateral hydronephrosis (asterisks). (d) MR axial image in 4 heart chambers (cine gradient sequence) showing hypointense tissue around the right auricle, interauricular septum and right coronary artery (arrow heads). Small bilateral pleural effusion (asterisks).</p>" ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Figure 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1724 "Ancho" => 850 "Tamanyo" => 209661 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Drug-induced aortitis in a 78-year-old man with vesical neoplasia in gemcytabin treatment. Axial CT image of before (a) and after (b) beginning of treatment, showing mural aortic thickening with contrast uptake (arrow head).</p>" ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Figure 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 2308 "Ancho" => 1525 "Tamanyo" => 424715 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mycotic aneurysm of a 70-year-old man with lumbar pain and low-grade fever. CT with intravenous contrast: (a) Axial image showing aorta with normal walls; (b) periaortic soft part mass (arrow heads), affecting the upper mesenteric artery ostium and that of the renal arteries (the same patient, a year after Image <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>). Axial CT image with contrast (c) and sagittal MIP reconstruction (d), showing size increase of aneurysm (asterisk), with very irregular walls (months after Image <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>). (e) Sagittal CT MIP image with contrast after treatment with aortic endoprosthesis Endurant 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm (arrow heads), due to high risk of aneurysm rupture.</p>" ] ] 12 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Adapted from Restrepo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Non infectious</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rheumatic diseases</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High prevalence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Takayasu's arteritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Giant cell arteritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cogan's syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ankylosing spondylitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relapsing polychondritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low prevalence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Systemic lupus erythematosus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Behçet's disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rheumatoid arthritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idiopathic aortitis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inflammatory aortic aneurysm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic periaortitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Erdheim-Chester's syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sclerosing disease related with IgG4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Iatrogenic aortitis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Radio-induced \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>By drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Infectious</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Infectious aortitis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mycotic aneurysm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab433411.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of aortitis.</p>" ] ] 13 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Adapted from García et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Major criteria</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Signs and symptoms characteristic for more than a month</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Claudication of limbs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absence of pulses or differential pulse between arms<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Palpitations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Syncope \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dypsnea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cervical pain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fever \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Amaurosis fugax \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Blurry vision \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pathological radiological findings in the middle region of the right or left subclavian artery</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Minor criteria</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Elevation of ESR</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">20</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mm/h</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Carotodynia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High blood pressure</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aortic regurgitation or anuloaortic ectasia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pathological radiological findings in pulmonary artery, common carotid, distal brachiocephalic trunk, descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta or coronary arteries</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab433410.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu's arteritis. Diagnostic criteria according to Sharma et al. (1996).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aortitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "H. Gornik" 1 => "M. Creager" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.760686" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "117" "paginaInicial" => "3039" "paginaFinal" => "3051" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541754" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aortitis: imaging spectrum of the infectious and inflammatory conditions of the aorta" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "C. Restrepo" 1 => "D. Ocazionez" 2 => "R. Suri" 3 => "D. Vargas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiographics" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "433" "paginaFinal" => "451" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Utility of FDG PET/CT in inflammatory cardiovascular disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "O. James" 1 => "J. Christensen" 2 => "T. Wong" 3 => "S. Borges-Neto" 4 => "L. Koweek" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/rg.315105222" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiographics" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "1271" "paginaFinal" => "1286" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918044" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Imaging findings in Takayasu's arteritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Gotway" 1 => "P. Araoz" 2 => "T. Macedo" 3 => "A. Stanson" 4 => "C. Higgins" 5 => "E. Ring" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "184" "paginaInicial" => "1945" "paginaFinal" => "1950" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "When to suspect pulmonary vasculitis: Radiologic and clinical clues" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Castañer" 1 => "A. Alguersuari" 2 => "X. Gallardo" 3 => "M. Andreu" 4 => "Y. Pallardó" 5 => "J.M. Mata" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/rg.301095103" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiographics" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "33" "paginaFinal" => "53" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20083584" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The vasculitis syndromes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A.S. Fauci" 1 => "C.A. Langford" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Harrison's principles of internal medicine" "edicion" => "18th ed." "serieFecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diagnóstico de la arteritis de Takayasu mediante técnicas no invasivas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L. García" 1 => "I. Olea" 2 => "A. Talegón" 3 => "J. Castell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2008.10.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiologia" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "287" "paginaFinal" => "293" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19457518" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Takayasu's arteritis assessment of disease activity with contrast-enhanced MR imaging" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Y. Hyeon" 1 => "B.K. Han" 2 => "E.M. Koh" 3 => "D.K. Kim" 4 => "Y. Soo" 5 => "W. Ro" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "175" "paginaInicial" => "505" "paginaFinal" => "511" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of the aortic wall in Takayasu's arteritis: initial experience" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Desai" 1 => "J.H. Stone" 2 => "T.K.F. Foo" 3 => "D.B. Hellmann" 4 => "J.A.C. Lima" 5 => "D.A. Bluemke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "184" "paginaInicial" => "1427" "paginaFinal" => "1431" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evaluation of Takayasu arteritis activity by delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Jiang" 1 => "D. Li" 2 => "F. Yan" 3 => "X. Dai" 4 => "Y. Li" 5 => "L. Ma" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.002" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "155" "paginaInicial" => "262" "paginaFinal" => "267" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059475" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S1542356508001572" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "15423565" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Takayasu arteritis revisited: current diagnosis and treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Isobe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.042" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2013" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757243" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aortic wall inflammation due to Takayasu arteritis imaged with 18F-FDG PET coregistered with enhanced CT" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Y. Kobayashi" 1 => "K. Inshii" 2 => "K. Oda" 3 => "T. Nariai" 4 => "Y. Tanaka" 5 => "K. Ishiwata" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nucl Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "46" "paginaInicial" => "917" "paginaFinal" => "922" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15937300" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Giant cell arteritis – a changing entity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Kesten" 1 => "M. Aschwanden" 2 => "P. Gubser" 3 => "K. Glatz" 4 => "T. Daikeler" 5 => "C. Hess" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4414/smw.2011.13272" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Swiss Med Wkly" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "141" "paginaInicial" => "w13272" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956650" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Giant cell arteritis: suspect it, treat it promtply" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Villa-forte" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3949/ccjm.78a.10131" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cleve Clin J Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "78" "paginaInicial" => "265" "paginaFinal" => "270" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21460132" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A case of Cogan's syndrome with angina" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Sang" 1 => "J. Be" 2 => "J. Chul" 3 => "M. Do" 4 => "J.W. Yoon" 5 => "H. Koun" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4070/kcj.2010.40.12.680" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Korean Circ J" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "680" "paginaFinal" => "683" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267393" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Typical and atypical Cogan's syndrome: 32 cases and review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Grasland" 1 => "J. Pouchot" 2 => "E. Hachulla" 3 => "O. Blétry" 4 => "T. Papo" 5 => "P. Vinceneux" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/rheumatology/keh228" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rheumatology" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "1007" "paginaFinal" => "1015" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15150435" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Atypical Cogan's syndrome with aortitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Y. Kondo" 1 => "S. Ito" 2 => "Y. Ohi" 3 => "H. Satou" 4 => "T. Hiraoka" 5 => "H. Tsuboi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Intern Med" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "1093" "paginaFinal" => "1097" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19525606" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The role of PET/CT in Cogan's syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "H. Balink" 1 => "G.A.W. Bruyn" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10067-007-0663-5" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Rheumatol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "2177" "paginaFinal" => "2179" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636364" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The apondyloarthritides" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.D. Taurog" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Harrison's principles of internal medicine" "edicion" => "18th ed." "serieFecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aortic root disease and valve disease associated with ankylosing spondylitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Roldan" 1 => "J. Chavez" 2 => "P.W. Wiest" 3 => "C.R. Qualls" 4 => "M.H. Crawford" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Cardiol" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "1397" "paginaFinal" => "1404" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809954" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiopulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Momeni" 1 => "N. Taylor" 2 => "M. Tehrani" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Rheumatol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "2011" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relapsing polychondritis: an analysis of 11 patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.C. Pérez" 1 => "G.E. Lugo" 2 => "A.S. Vargas" 3 => "F. Irazoque" 4 => "L. Andrade" 5 => "G. Medrano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1699-258X(07)73615-X" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Reumatol Clin" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "166" "paginaFinal" => "170" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794422" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relapsing polychondritis: case report and literature review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K. Pol" 1 => "M. Jarosz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pol Arch Med Wewn" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "680" "paginaFinal" => "683" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847147" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Active aortitis in relapsing polychondritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.A. Selim" 1 => "L.G. Fulford" 2 => "R.H. Mohiaddin" 3 => "M.N. Sheppard" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Pathol" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "890" "paginaFinal" => "892" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11684729" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S1575092210000100" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "15750922" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Systemic lupus erythematosus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "B.H. Hahn" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Harrison's principles of internal medicine" "edicion" => "18th ed." "serieFecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Behçet's syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "H.M. Moutsopoulos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Harrison's principles of internal medicine" "edicion" => "18th ed." "serieFecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Behçet's disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D. Saadoun" 1 => "B. Wechsler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1750-1172-7-20" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Orphanet J Rare Dis" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "20" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22497990" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiac and great vessel involvement in Behçet's disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Marzban" 1 => "M. Hossein" 2 => "A. Karimi" 3 => "K. Abbasi" 4 => "N. Movahedi" 5 => "M. Ali" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1540-8191.2008.00607.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Card Surg" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "765" "paginaFinal" => "768" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017008" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inflammatory aortic aneurysms: a clinical review with new perspectives in pathogenesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T.E. Rasmussen" 1 => "J.W. Hallett" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Surg" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "225" "paginaInicial" => "155" "paginaFinal" => "164" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065292" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm: clinical features and long term outcome in comparison with atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Y. Ming-di" 1 => "Z. Jian" 2 => "W. Shao-ye" 3 => "D. Zhi-quan" 4 => "X. Shi-jie" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chin Med J" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "123" "paginaInicial" => "1255" "paginaFinal" => "1258" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20529576" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Retroperitoneal fibrosis: a review of clinical features and imaging findings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.G. Cronin" 1 => "D.G. Lohan" 2 => "M.A. Blake" 3 => "C. Roche" 4 => "P. McCarthy" 5 => "J.M. Murphy" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "191" "paginaInicial" => "423" "paginaFinal" => "431" ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Erdheim-Chester disease: CT findings of thoracic involvement" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.L. Brun" 1 => "D. Touitou-Gottenberg" 2 => "J. Haroche" 3 => "D. Toledano" 4 => "P. Cluzel" 5 => "C. Beigelman-Aubry" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00330-010-1830-7" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Radiol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "2579" "paginaFinal" => "2587" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563815" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Imaging of thoracoabdominal involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Dion" 1 => "C. Graef" 2 => "J. Haroche" 3 => "R. Renard-Penna" 4 => "P. Cluzel" 5 => "B. Wechsler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "183" "paginaInicial" => "1253" "paginaFinal" => "1260" ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Immunoglobulin G4-related peraortitis and periarteritis: CT findings in 17 patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Inoue" 1 => "Y. Zen" 2 => "H. Abo" 3 => "T. Gabata" 4 => "H. Demachi" 5 => "J. Yoshikawa" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/radiol.11102250" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiology" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "261" "paginaInicial" => "625" "paginaFinal" => "633" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803920" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Unusual radiologic findings in the thorax after radiation therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Mesurolle" 1 => "S.D. Qanadli" 2 => "M. Merad" 3 => "F. Mignon" 4 => "P. Baldeyrou" 5 => "A. Tardivon" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/radiographics.20.1.g00ja1167" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiographics" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "67" "paginaFinal" => "81" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10682772" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Drug-induced vasculitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.L. Cuellar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Rheumatol Rep" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "55" "paginaFinal" => "59" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11798983" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diagnostic approach to patients with suspected vasculitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E. Suresh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/pgmj.2005.042648" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Postgrad Med J" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "82" "paginaInicial" => "483" "paginaFinal" => "488" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891436" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gemcitabine-associated large vessel vasculitis presenting as fever of unknown origin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L.B. Ramsay" 1 => "M.P. Stany" 2 => "J.D. Edison" 3 => "S.A. Bernstein" 4 => "K.E. Schlegal" 5 => "C.A. Hamilton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181df91ad" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Rheumatol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "181" "paginaFinal" => "182" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407388" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Insights into imaging of aortitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.E. Litmanovich" 1 => "A. Yıldırım" 2 => "A.A. Bankier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s13244-012-0192-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Insights Imaging" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "545" "paginaFinal" => "560" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22991323" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A case report of endovascular stenting in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella</span> mycotic aneurysm: a successful procedure in an immunocompromised patient" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M. Hian" 1 => "L. Kai" 2 => "S. Guan" 3 => "D. Wong" 4 => "K. Hoong" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Acad Med Singapore" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "1028" "paginaFinal" => "1031" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185885" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nonaneurysmal abdominal aortitis in an 82-year-old woman presenting with pyrexia and back pain: a case report" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Kumar" 1 => "T. Barakat" 2 => "G. Timmons" 3 => "A. Mudawi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4076/1752-1947-3-8958" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Med Case Rep" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "8958" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19918282" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pneumococcal aortitis: an insidious diagnosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P.G. Postema" 1 => "D.A. Legemate" 2 => "D.L.P. Baeten" 3 => "P. Speelman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neth J Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "69" "paginaInicial" => "31" "paginaFinal" => "34" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325699" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tuberculous aortitis complicated with pseudoaneurysm formation in the descending thoracic aorta: a case report" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D. Ju" 1 => "J. Bum" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5090/kjtcs.2012.45.6.408" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "408" "paginaFinal" => "411" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275925" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Syphilitic aortitis: rearing of the ugly head" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Vaideeswar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Pathol Microbiol [serial online]" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "624" "paginaFinal" => "627" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735107/0000005500000006/v1_201312070043/S2173510713000815/v1_201312070043/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "8097" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Updates in radiology" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735107/0000005500000006/v1_201312070043/S2173510713000815/v1_201312070043/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510713000815?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
