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Target sign in COVID-19, radiological interpretation and diagnostic contribution of digital thoracic tomosynthesis
Signo de la diana en COVID-19, significado radiológico y aportación diagnóstica de la tomosíntesis digital torácica
J.M. Plasencia Martíneza,
Corresponding author
, I. García Tuellsa, C. Bravo Pérezb, A. Blanco Barrioa
a Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
b Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Instituto de Salud Carlos III — CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The target sign &#40;TS&#41; in computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; images&#44; less frequently known as the bull&#8217;s eye or rings of Saturn sign&#44; has been described as a highly specific sign for COVID-19 patients with pulmonary involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> It consists of a dense central nodule surrounded by a dense peripheral ring&#44; with another ring of lower attenuation in between those&#44; which often corresponds to normal lung parenchyma&#46; Occasionally it comprises several interspersed rings of varying attenuation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In radiology&#44; it has been described as a variant of the reversed &#40;reverse&#41; halo sign&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The reversed halo sign&#44; typical of organising pneumonia&#44; consists of a dense ring surrounding an area of ground-glass density&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> On an anatomical-pathological level&#44; the dense peripheral ring in the reversed halo sign corresponds to granulation tissue in the peripheral air spaces&#44; and the central ground-glass opacity corresponds to inflammation of the alveolar septa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Although organising pneumonia is frequent in COVID-19 pneumonia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> to say that it provides an explanation for TS images in CT is controversial&#44; mainly but not exclusively as this explanation does not account for the central nodule&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9</span></a> The combination of organising pneumonia and arterial thrombosis has been suggested as the underlying pathoanatomy of the TS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> although this association is not fully understood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Likewise&#44; the point at which the TS appears in the course of the disease or whether the TS has a significant impact on prognosis has not been investigated in depth&#46; Finally&#44; given its usefulness&#44; it would make sense to improve our ability to diagnose the sign&#46; In comparison to conventional imaging techniques&#44; tomosynthesis has demonstrated several diagnostic advantages&#44; for example&#44; in the early detection of breast cancer or lung nodules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> However&#44; there have been no studies into whether it improves on the diagnostic capacity of chest radiography in cases of COVID-19 with lung involvement&#44; and more specifically&#44; if it has a greater capacity to detect the TS&#46; If it does&#44; it could reduce the number of CT scans performed&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our objectives in this investigation are&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To describe the radiological features of the TS in COVID-19 patients with lung involvement and its similarities and differences to the reversed halo sign&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To describe the clinical characteristics&#44; laboratory values and prognosis of patients with the TS&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate whether digital tomosynthesis &#40;DTS&#41; of the chest offers any advantage over radiography for detecting the TS&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional&#44; observational&#44; single-centre study&#44; accepted by the Ethics Committee of our hospital &#40;EST code 55&#47;20&#41;&#46; We noted all patients with the TS detected by chest radiography&#44; DTS or both during the second &#40;October&#8211;November 2020&#41; and third &#40;January 2021&#41; waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic&#46; In our setting&#44; all patients clinically suspected of pneumonia during the pandemic period who were given a chest radiography were simultaneously given a DTS&#44; whether they were referred from the emergency unit or primary care&#46; DTS involves a series of very low dose exposures during a single sweep with a stationary detector and a tube that moves within a sweep angle range limited to 30&#8239;&#176;&#46; The DTS system used was VolumeRAD Digital Tomosynthesis GE Healthcare system &#40;3D radiography&#41;&#8482; &#40;GE Healthcare&#46; Milwaukee&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41;&#46; After acquiring the images&#44; the system reconstructs approximately 60 images that correspond to different coronal planes&#44; parallel to the detector&#44; and which show anatomical structures at different depths&#46; The sweep duration is 11&#8239;s&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Imaging variables</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We gathered data for all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction &#40;RT-PCR&#41; and the presence of one or more TS on chest radiograph&#44; DTS or both&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the chest radiograph and DTS assessment&#44; the following was determined&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The density of the dense peripheral ring&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pulmonary consolidation</span>&#44; when the opacity prevented pulmonary vessels from being seen&#44; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ground glass</span>&#44; when vessels were identifiable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung density between the dense peripheral ring and the central nodule of each TS&#46; It was classified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ground-glass density</span> when the density was higher than that of the normal lung but lower than that of the dense peripheral ring&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">normal lung density</span>&#44; when it was similar to that of other parts of the lung not affected by other pathologies&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TS number&#58; single or multiple&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laterality of TS&#58; unilateral or bilateral&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TS dense peripheral ring&#58; joined or not joined&#46; In cases of multiple TS&#44; the dense peripheral ring is considered joined when a portion of it forms part of another&#46; This is seen in other TS-related published cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Size of the TS&#44; in relation to the intercostal space and adjacent ribs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TS Location&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">o</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peripheral or central&#46; Peripheral where the target sign was nearer to the costal pleura than the mediastinal pleura&#46; Central otherwise&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">o</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inferior or superior&#46; Inferior&#44; when located in the inferior&#44; middle or lingular lobes&#44; or superior if located in the superior lobes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">o</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anterior or posterior depending on whether it was closer to the anterior or posterior costal margins&#44; respectively&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If any patient had a CT scan during the period of COVID-19 lung involvement&#44; we assessed the imaging features of the TS and associated findings&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; we assessed the presence of consolidations and ground-glass opacities in other parts of the lung away from the TS in relation to COVID-19 pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Non-imaging variables</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age&#44; sex&#44; personal medical history&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time between the positive RT-PCR test and the chest radiograph&#47;DTS in which the TS appeared&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respiratory symptoms and O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> saturation on arrival at hospital&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory markers recorded in the emergency room or&#44; where relevant&#44; during admission for COVID-19&#44; as close as possible to the time when the TS was detected&#46; Specifically&#44; age-adjusted D-dimer&#44; LDH and CRP&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Level of medical assistance required&#58; if they were treated as an outpatient&#44; required admission to hospital or into the Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evolution&#44; favourable&#44; if they got better&#44; or unfavourable if they died&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Analysis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We represented our quantitative variables as median and interquartile range and qualitative variables as absolute and relative frequencies &#40;percentages&#41;&#46; Given the small sample size&#44; no statistical analyses were performed&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recorded 11 TS in seven patients&#44; with a median age of 35 years &#40;interquartile range 26&#8211;6 years&#41;&#44; four of whom were male &#40;57&#37;&#41;&#46; Two patients had comorbidities&#44; one was undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer and the other had previously suffered a past myocardial infarction&#46; A CT pulmonary angiogram was performed on one patient&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Imaging features of TS</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dense peripheral ring was classified as consolidation density in 2 of the 11 TS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; and ground-glass density in 2 of the 11 TS &#40;18&#37;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; In 9 of the 11 TS &#40;82&#37;&#41;&#44; the density of the lung surrounded by the dense peripheral ring was similar to that of the normal lung &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1&#8211;4</a>&#41;&#44; and in the rest &#40;2&#47;11&#44; 18&#37;&#41; it was unclear whether this density reached ground-glass density&#46; In all cases the density was lower than that of the dense peripheral ring &#40;11&#47;11&#44; 100&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple TS were found in three of the seven &#40;43&#37;&#41; patients&#46; Of these&#44; one patient had bilateral TS&#8212;one in each of the inferior lobes &#40;1&#47;7&#44; 14&#37;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#8212;&#44; another had two adjacent TS in the right inferior lobe &#40;RIL&#41; &#40;1&#47;7&#44; 14&#37;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; and the third had numerous TS in the RIL &#40;1&#47;7&#44; 14&#37;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the two patients with multiple contiguous TS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3</a>b&#44; c and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">4</a>g&#44; h&#41;&#44; the TS presented with joined dense peripheral rings&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The approximate maximum size of all the TS was the width of one intercostal space plus the thickness of one or both adjacent ribs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1&#8211;4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the TS were peripheral &#40;11&#47;11&#44; 100&#37;&#41;&#44; all were located in inferior &#40;inferior lobes or lingula&#44; 11&#47;11&#44; 100&#37;&#41; and posterior regions&#44; except for the lingular TS &#40;10&#47;11&#44; 91&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angio-CT&#44; performed on one patient&#44; revealed multiple peripherally located TS in the right inferior lobe&#44; whose dense peripheral ring surrounded lung of normal density&#44; many of which had a dense central or subpleural nodule&#44; as well as several TS with joined contiguous dense peripheral rings &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; A thrombosed peripheral artery reached the central nodule in at least one of the TS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>d&#44; e&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All but one patient &#40;6&#47;7&#44; 86&#37;&#41; showed other pulmonary manifestations typical of COVID-19 pneumonia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Clinical characteristics and laboratory values of patients with the TS</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five of seven patients &#40;71&#46;4&#37;&#41; presented with pleuritic pain&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The age-adjusted D-dimer was elevated in four of the six &#40;67&#37;&#41; patients and LDH in two of the six patients &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#46; CRP was elevated in all patients&#44; but the highest level was 3&#46;2&#8239;mg&#47;dl&#46; This data was not available for one of the patients because blood biochemistry tests were not requested&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five patients &#40;5&#47;7&#44; 41&#37;&#41; were treated as outpatients&#46; Only two of the seven &#40;28&#37;&#41; required hospital admission&#44; including one to the ICU &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#46; The O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> saturation levels were &#62; 94&#37; for all patients except the one who required admission to the ICU&#44; who had a saturation of 86&#37;&#46; All patients progressed favourably&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The TS appeared between 4 and 14 days after the positive RT-PCR test &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">DTS contribution to TS detection</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All TS were detected by DTS of the chest &#40;11&#47;11&#44; 100&#37;&#41;&#44; whereas only 2 out of 11 &#40;18&#37;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1&#8211;4</a>&#41; were detected by chest radiography&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case series of patients with COVID-19&#44; the TS appeared predominantly in lower peripheral regions&#44; some were multiple and were not always accompanied other signs of pneumonia in the lungs&#46; They presented with a central nodule and peripheral ring&#46; The peripheral rings in contiguous TS are joined&#46; In more than 80&#37; of cases&#44; the lung between the central nodule and the peripheral ring was of normal density&#46; These findings differ from those of the reversed halo sign in organising pneumonia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;9</span></a> which suggests a different aetiopathogenesis&#46; Detection of the TS is 80&#37; higher when using DTS in comparison with radiography&#46; The TS is detected between 4 and 14 days following diagnosis of the infection&#44; in young patients &#40;median of 35 years&#41;&#44; accompanied by pleuritic pain in more than 70&#37; of cases&#44; with no specific findings from laboratory testing&#46; It does not indicate a worse prognosis for COVID-19 infections&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence of underlying vascular involvement in COVID-19&#58; histologically &#40;thrombosis&#44; endotheliitis&#44; haemorrhagic infarction and angiogenesis&#44; probably mediated by an endothelial thrombo-inflammatory syndrome and a procoagulant state<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;14&#44;15</span></a>&#41;&#59; molecular &#40;affinity of SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins for endothelial ACE-2 receptors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#41; and radiological &#40;dilated peripheral pulmonary vessels on CT scan&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> mosaic pattern probably due to perfusion disturbances<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#41;&#46; Arterial thrombosis with associated infarction could explain the TS in COVID-19&#46; We have based this hypothesis on radiological and clinical evidence&#44; which should be confirmed in future studies&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiological&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">I&#41;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Features similar to those of pulmonary infarction processes&#46; The imaging features of light bulb sign and the rosette sign on CT&#44; which consist of one or more dense peripheral rings&#44; with a dense central nodule and lung parenchyma of variable density between and outside these rings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> are similar to those of the TS and have been described in the immediate period after performing lung radiofrequency ablation procedures&#46; The underlying pathoanatomy is coagulative necrosis with secondary haemorrhage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">II&#41;</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Features of the TS&#46; Both the size of the dense peripheral ring&#44; similar to that of the secondary pulmonary lobule&#44; and the perilobular distribution could be explained by a bronchogenic or angiogenic process&#44; such as pulmonary infarction&#46; When the dense peripheral ring surrounds lung of normal density&#44; as occurred in at least 80&#37; of the TS in our sample&#44; the histological basis considered most likely is infarction&#44; and when the ring surrounds lung of ground-glass density&#44; organising pneumonia is most likely&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Arteriole thrombosis in the secondary pulmonary lobule provides an explanation for the central nodule&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;10&#44;19</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">III&#41;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the TS&#46; According to our work&#44; and that of others&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the TS can be multiple&#44; bilateral&#44; predominantly located in basal and peripheral regions and in the vicinity of bronchovascular bundles in 87&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although this distribution occurs in organising pneumonia&#44; it also occurs in hematogenous dissemination processes&#44; which tend towards posterior regions&#44; probably because gravity encourages a greater flow in that region&#46; This feature is shared by the TS in our series&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">IV&#41;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Association with pulmonary embolism&#46; In patients with COVID-19 and pulmonary embolism&#44; present in the only angio-CT performed in our sample&#44; the TS is more frequent &#40;16&#8211;18&#37; vs 2&#8211;5&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical&#46; Pleuritic pain is much more frequent in COVID-19 patients with lung involvement and the TS &#40;71&#37;&#41; than in those without the TS &#40;17&#37;&#44; 95&#37; CI 11&#8211;25&#37;&#44; in a cohort of 133 admitted patients&#41; in our setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In turn&#44; it is a rare symptom in organising pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The laboratory markers analysed did not provide relevant data&#44; possibly because they overlapped with the systemic inflammatory context of COVID-19&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding prognosis&#44; the favourable evolution of all our patients&#44; similar ICU admission requirements &#40;14&#37;&#41; to a full set of patients with COVID-19 &#40;10&#8211;15&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and low CRP figures &#40;&#8804; 3&#46;2&#8239;mg&#47;dl&#41; suggest that the presence of the TS does not increase the severity of COVID-19&#46; Therefore&#44; despite the relatively late manifestation of the TS&#44; which according to our data appears between 4 and 14 days after the diagnosis of infection&#44; and its low frequency &#40;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#41;&#44; the specificity of the TS to COVID-19 suggests it will be primarily useful in diagnosis&#46; It may be useful outside pandemic peaks and mass microbiological screening to detect the onset of new waves&#46; Detection of the TS is 82&#37; higher with DTS than chest radiography without the need for CT&#44; suggesting that it could potentially be used to detect hidden pathologies or assess equivocal findings on chest radiography&#44; whether related to COVID-19 pneumonia or not&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has various limitations&#46; Our sample size is small&#46; Patients were not all recruited consecutively&#44; so the TS may have been excluded&#46; We have not compared our sample with a sample of patients without the TS&#44; so we cannot compare clinical characteristics&#44; laboratory results or imaging findings&#46; Nor can we know how prevalent it is&#46; We can only describe the characteristics of the available sample&#46; A CT pulmonary angiogram was available for only one patient&#46; Although this was positive for peripheral arterial thrombosis&#44; we cannot confirm the vascular nature of the TS&#46; Finally&#44; we do not have data to show imaging evolution&#44; nor do we have CT images or histological samples for all patients&#44; because it would not have been ethically acceptable to perform these tests for the sole objective of this study&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we have described 11 target signs in 7 patients with COVID-19&#46; On imaging&#44; the sign is characteristically multiple&#44; and predominates in peripheral&#44; lower regions&#46; In one case it was associated with pulmonary embolism&#46; In our case series&#44; patients presented with a high incidence of pleuritic pain and prognosis was good&#46; Detection of the TS is 80&#37; higher with DTS than conventional radiography&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Author contributions</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research coordinators&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Development of study concept&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study design&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collection&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis and interpretation&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis&#58; not applicable&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Literature search&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Writing of article&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9&#46;</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical review of the manuscript with intellectually relevant contributions&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10&#46;</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approval of the final version&#58; JMPM&#44; IGT&#44; CBP&#44; ABB&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received to develop this publication&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres2132312"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Imaging features of TS"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics and laboratory values of patients with the TS"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "DTS contribution to TS detection"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2023-06-06"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2023-07-16"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1810810"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Target sign"
            1 => "COVID-19"
            2 => "Thrombosis"
            3 => "Digital tomosynthesis"
            4 => "Radiography"
            5 => "Tomography X-Ray Computed"
          ]
        ]
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Signo de destino"
            1 => "COVID-19"
            2 => "Trombosis"
            3 => "Tomos&#237;ntesis digital"
            4 => "Radiograf&#237;a"
            5 => "Tomograf&#237;a computarizada de rayos X"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our objectives are&#58; To describe the radiological semiology&#44; clinical-analytical features and prognosis related to the target sign &#40;TS&#41; in COVID-19&#46; To determine whether digital thoracic tomosynthesis &#40;DTT&#41; improves the diagnostic ability of radiography&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective&#44; descriptive&#44; single-centre&#44; case series study&#44; accepted by our ethical committee&#46; Radiological&#44; clinical&#44; analytical and follow-up characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and TS on radiography and DTT between November 2020 and January 2021 were analysed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eleven TS were collected in 7 patients&#44; median age 35 years&#44; 57&#37; male&#46; All TS presented with a central nodule and a peripheral ring&#44; and in at least 82&#37;&#44; the lung in between was of normal density&#46; All TS were located in peripheral&#44; basal regions and 91&#37; in posterior regions&#46; TS were multiple in 43&#37;&#46; Contiguous TS shared the peripheral ring&#46; Other findings related to pneumonia were associated in 86&#37; of patients&#46; DTT detected 82&#37; more TS than radiography&#46; Only one patient underwent a CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries&#44; positive for acute pulmonary thromboembolism&#46; Seventy-one per cent presented with pleuritic pain&#46; No distinctive laboratory findings or prognostic worsening were detected&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TS in COVID-19 predominates in peripheral and declining regions and can be multiple&#46; Pulmonary thromboembolism was detected in one case&#46; It occurs in young people&#44; frequently with pleuritic pain and does not worsen the prognosis&#46; DTT detects more than 80 &#37; of TS than radiography&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros objetivos son describir la semiolog&#237;a radiol&#243;gica&#44; los datos distintivos cl&#237;nico-anal&#237;ticos y el pron&#243;stico relacionados con el signo de la diana &#40;SD&#41; de la COVID-19&#46; Determinar si la tomos&#237;ntesis digital tor&#225;cica &#40;TDT&#41; mejora la capacidad diagn&#243;stica de la radiograf&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo&#44; descriptivo de una serie de casos&#44; unic&#233;ntrico&#44; aceptado por nuestro comit&#233; &#233;tico&#46; Se analizaron las caracter&#237;sticas radiol&#243;gicas&#44; cl&#237;nicas&#44; anal&#237;ticas y evolutivas de los pacientes con COVID-19 y SD en radiograf&#237;a y TDT entre Noviembre 2020 y Enero 2021&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron 11 SD en 7 pacientes&#44; con edad mediana de 35 a&#241;os&#44; 57&#37; varones&#46; Todos presentaron un n&#243;dulo central y un anillo perif&#233;rico y&#44; en al menos el 82&#37;&#44; el pulm&#243;n entre ambos fue de densidad normal&#46; Todos se situaron en regiones perif&#233;ricas&#44; basales y el 91&#37; en regiones posteriores&#46; Fueron m&#250;ltiples en un 43&#37;&#46; Los SD contiguos compartieron el anillo perif&#233;rico&#46; El 86&#37; asoci&#243; otras manifestaciones pulmonares de neumon&#237;a&#46; La TDT detect&#243; un 82&#37; m&#225;s de SD que la radiograf&#237;a&#46; Solo en un paciente se realiz&#243; una angio-TC de arterias pulmonares&#44; positiva para tromboembolia pulmonar aguda&#46; El 71&#37; acudi&#243; con dolor pleur&#237;tico&#46; No se detectaron hallazgos anal&#237;ticos distintivos ni empeoramiento pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El SD en la COVID-19 predomina en regiones perif&#233;ricas y declive y puede ser m&#250;ltiple&#44; encontrando tromboembolia pulmonar en un caso&#46; Se da en j&#243;venes&#44; frecuentemente con dolor pleur&#237;tico y no empeora el pron&#243;stico&#46; La TDT detecta m&#225;s del 80&#37; de SD que la radiograf&#237;a&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest radiograph &#40;a&#41; and digital tomosynthesis &#40;DTS&#41; &#40;b&#41; in a patient with the target sign &#40;white arrows&#41; visible on both the chest radiograph and the DTS&#46; Ill-defined opacities&#44; patchy&#44; peripheral&#44; ground-glass &#40;arrowhead&#41; due to COVID-19 pneumonia&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest radiograph &#40;a&#41; and digital tomosynthesis &#40;DTS&#41; &#40;b&#41; in a patient with the target sign &#40;white arrows&#41; visible only on DTS&#46; Ground-glass opacities also visible in the left part of the lung &#40;arrow heads in b&#41; due to COVID-19 pneumonia&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest radiograph &#40;a&#41; and digital tomosynthesis &#40;DTS&#41; &#40;b and c&#41; in a patient with target sign &#40;white arrows&#41; visible only on DTS&#46; Two adjacent TS observed with joined peripheral ring opacities &#40;b and c&#41;&#46; Ill-defined opacities&#44; patchy&#44; peripheral&#44; ground-glass &#40;arrowheads&#41; due to COVID-19 pneumonia&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chest radiograph &#40;a&#41; and digital tomosynthesis &#40;DTS&#41; &#40;b&#41; in a patient with multiple target signs &#40;white arrows&#41; visible only on DTS&#46; Angio-CT curved reconstruction of pulmonary arteries with angiographic &#40;d and e&#41; and lung &#40;f&#44; same plane as e&#41; window&#44; in which peripheral arteries are observed with endoluminal thrombotic material &#40;dashed arrows&#41;&#44; whose distal portion &#40;continuous line arrow&#41; reaches the central nodule of the target sign &#40;arrowheads&#41;&#59; asterisks indicate the dense peripheral ring&#46; In images &#40;g and h&#41; multiple joined dense peripheral rings &#40;white lines&#41; surround normal lung tissue and show the central nodule &#40;white circles&#41; as seen in a patient with target sign during COVID-19 pneumonia associated with pulmonary embolism&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RIL&#58; right inferior lobe&#59; LIL&#58; left inferior lobe&#59; RSL&#58; right superior lobe&#59; GGO&#58; ground-glass opacities&#59; P&#58; patient&#59; SatO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; oxygen saturation&#59; TS&#58; target sign&#59; ICU&#58; intensive care unit&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#44; age &#40;years&#41;&#44; medical history&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Days from positive RT-PCR to TS detection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">D-dimer &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LDH &#40;u&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Imaging findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Evolution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">P1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&#44; 35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left pleuritic pain&#44; palpitations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">323&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">368&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS in RIL and LIL &#40;peripheral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Discharged&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GGO in LIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pleuritic pain&#44; dyspnoea and cough&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">669&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">333&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS in lingula&#44; peripheral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hospitalised&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Colorectal cancer undergoing treatment with regorafenib &#40;3rd line&#41;&#46; Superior right lobectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GGO in lingula and LIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&#44; 23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intermittent pleuritic pain&#44; dyspnoea&#44; cough and expectoration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">302&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS in RIL&#44; peripheral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Discharged&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GGO in LIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pleuritic pain&#44; intermittent dyspnoea&#44; dry cough&#44; fever&#44; anosmia and ageusia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">286&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">310&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS in LIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Discharged&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dyspnoea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS &#40;2&#41; in RIL&#44; peripheral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Discharged&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GGO in RSL and RIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&#44; 56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dyspnoea&#44; fever&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1578&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">508&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS in RIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Discharged&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GGO in right lung&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pleuritic pain&#44; dyspnoea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">957&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TS in RIL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ICU&#44; favourable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acute myocardial infarction four years ago&#46; Smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Consolidations and multifocal&#44; bilateral GGO Acute pulmonary embolism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab3515214.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of seven patients with COVID-19 and target signs&#46;</p>"
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      ]
    ]
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A unique feature of COVID-19 infection in chest CT&#59; &#8220;pulmonary target&#8221; appearance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Jafari"
                            1 => "H&#46; Maghsoudi"
                            2 => "A&#46; Saburi"
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                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.acra.2020.11.004"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acad Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "146"
                        "paginaFinal" => "147"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33246787"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#8220;Rings of Saturn&#8221; appearance&#58; a unique finding in a case of COVID-19 pneumonitis"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Jafari"
                            1 => "M&#46; Colletti"
                            2 => "P&#46;A&#46; Saburi"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5152/dir.2020.20266"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diagn Interv Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "154"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673208"
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                          "pii" => "S1056872715000513"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The bullseye sign&#58; a variant of the reverse halo sign in COVID-19 pneumonia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T&#46;A&#46; McLaren"
                            1 => "J&#46;F&#46; Gruden"
                            2 => "D&#46;B&#46; Green"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.07.024"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Imaging"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "191"
                        "paginaFinal" => "196"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853842"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
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                          "pii" => "S2530016419301478"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#8220;Pulmonary target sign&#8221; as a diagnostic feature in chest computed tomography of COVID-19"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Jafari"
                            1 => "N&#46; Jonaidi-Jafari"
                            2 => "H&#46; Maghsoudi"
                            3 => "F&#46; Dehghanpoor"
                            4 => "U&#46;J&#46; Schoepf"
                            5 => "K&#46;A&#46; Ulversoy"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4329/wjr.v13.i7.233"
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                        "volumen" => "13"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chest CT target sign in a couple with COVID-19 pneumonia"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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es en pt

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