Residual neuromuscular block as a risk factor for critical respiratory events in the post anesthesia care unit | Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación

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Barbal Badia, F. Fitó Bertran, A. Monsó Molas" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Barbal Badia" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Fitó Bertran" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Monsó Molas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S003493561200357X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00349356/0000006000000004/v1_201305170842/S003493561200357X/v1_201305170842/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Residual neuromuscular block as a risk factor for critical respiratory events in the post anesthesia care unit" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "190" "paginaFinal" => "196" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Norton, D. Xará, D. Parente, M. Barbosa, F.J. Abelha" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Norton" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Xará" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Parente" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Barbosa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "F.J." "apellidos" => "Abelha" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "fernando.abelha@gmail.com" 1 => "abelha@me.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Anesthesiology – Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Unit – Surgical Department of Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El bloqueo neuromuscular residual como factor de riesgo para eventos críticos respiratorios en la Unidad de Recuperación Postanestésica" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "BackgroundWhen neuro muscular blocking drugs (NMBD) are administered intraoperatively, residual neuro muscular Block (RNMB) is often observed in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–5</a> Some studies have established an association between RNMB and increased postoperative morbidity and mortality, critical respiratory events (CRE), and longer PACU stays.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6–8</a> Among nerve stimulation types, objective quantitative monitoring by means of acceleromyography is preferred in the clinical setting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">9,10</a>Since the studies of Eikermann et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> and Sundman et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> it became clear that partial neuromuscular transmission failure even to a degree insufficient to evoke respiratory symptoms markedly decreases upper airway function. These studies support the current recommendations of reaching a TOF ratio equal to or greater than 0.9 to ensure a safe muscle function recovery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13,14</a> Despite the use of short-acting NMBDs and pharmacological reversal of neuromuscular block, the incidence of RNMB on arrival to the PACU can be as high as 31–64%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,4,13,14</a> Increases in the incidence of CRE at the PACU even in the presence of small degrees of RNMB have been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">8,15–18</a> Many factors related to patients, surgical procedures and anesthetic management could be involved. Patient risk factors include advanced age, male sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and obesity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15–17</a> Surgery-related variables include abdominal or orthopedic, emergency and long duration surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15–17</a> Finally, anesthetic risk factors for CRE in the PACU include the use of general anesthesia, opioids and NMBD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15–17</a> Inadequate emergence from anesthesia can be classified into two subtypes: emergence delirium, characterized by agitation, restlessness and hyperactivity; and hypoactive emergence, characterized by a delayed recovery after anesthesia. Inadequate emergence after anesthesia is a frequent complication seen in PACU. Hypoactive emergence occurs less frequently than emergence delirium and is associated with a longer postoperative hospital stay.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a>The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of RNMB in the PACU and to examine its association with the appearance of critical respiratory events (CRE).Our hypothesis was that patients with RNMB had a higher incidence of CRE. We hypothesized that some perioperative characteristics could have an association with RNMB.MethodsThe Institutional Review Board and the Ethic Committee of Centro Hospitalar São João approved this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Centro Hospitalar S.João, Porto, is a 1124-bed tertiary hospital in a major metropolitan area that serves 3,000,000 people. This prospective observational study was conducted in a 12-bed PACU between 8:00AM and 8:00PM, Monday–Friday, over a three-week period (from May 9th to May 27th, 2011).Inclusion criteria were the ability of patient to provide written informed consent, admission to the PACU on spontaneous ventilation and intraoperative use of NMBD. Exclusion criteria were patient refusal, incapacity of providing informed consent, a score of <25 in the mini-mental state examination (MMSE),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> age under 18 years, foreign nationality, known neuromuscular disease, urgent/emergent surgery and cardiac surgery, neurosurgery or other procedures that required therapeutic hypothermia.Before surgery a small interview was conducted to obtain consent, to perform MMSE test and to collect the medical history.The anesthesiologist in charge was blinded to patient involvement in the study. The anesthesiologist performed anesthesia and monitoring, but by following minimum departmental standards. NMBD were used for tracheal intubation, and additional boluses if needed. The use of neuromuscular monitoring, was at the discretion of the anesthesiologist and no written policy exists concerning its use. To ensure that the anesthesiologist remained blinded to their participation in the study, we did not attempt to observe the use or interpretation of TOF intraoperatively. At the conclusion of the surgical procedure the anesthesiologist was free to take the decision to reverse the NMB with neostigmine. In our practice this drug is usually administered early (>15–20min before tracheal extubation) and at a shallower depth of block.Usually the patient is extubated at the operating room and transferred to the PACU. Criteria for extubation included sustained head lift or hand grip for more than 5s, the ability to follow simple commands, a stable ventilatory pattern with an acceptable arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 >95%), and a TOF ratio of greater than 0.80. All subjects were administered 100% oxygen by facemask after tracheal extubation. The anesthesiologist is free to decide if oxygen was administered during the time between transfer to the cart and admission to the PACU.Upon arrival on the PACU oxygen was applied to all subjects by either nasal cannula or face mask.The RNMB was defined as TOF <0.9 and it was quantified at admission to the PACU using acceleromyography of the adductor pollicis muscle. The stimulation current was set to 50mA. Three consecutive TOF measurements (separated by 15s) were obtained, and the average of the 3 values was recorded. If a value differed from the others by more than 10%, an additional TOF measurement was obtained and the closest 3 ratios were averaged. Neuromuscular block was re-assessed hourly if TOFr <0.9.The time when the patient showed TOFr >0.9 was recorded and the attending anesthesiologist was contacted and informed.The initial TOF ratios were measured before any therapeutic intervention in the PACU. A standardized data collection sheet was completed for each patient.We record patient age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA-PS). The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) was calculated using the classification system reported by Lee et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> that scores high risk surgery (i.e., intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, or suprainguinal vascular) and clinical risk factors (history of ischemic heart disease, history of compensated or prior heart failure, history of cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and renal insufficiency). Intraoperative details recorded included type of anesthesia, surgical procedure, duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery, intraoperative fluids, NMBD, time in which last dose of the NMBD was injected and neuromuscular block reversal drug used. Patients’ tympanic temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation and mean TOF ratio were recorded on admission to the PACU. The length of PACU stay and occurrence of CRE were also recorded.Each CRE was defined on the data collection sheet using the following criteria used by Murphy et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">1.upper airway obstruction requiring an intervention (jaw thrust, oral or nasal airway);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">2.mild-moderate hypoxemia oxygen saturations ((SpO2) of 93–90%);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">3.severe hypoxemia (SpO2 <90%);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">4.signs of respiratory distress or impending ventilator failure (respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute, accessory muscle use, tracheal tug);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">5.inability to breathe deeply when requested;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">6.symptoms of respiratory or upper airway muscle weakness (difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">7.patient requiring reintubation in the PACU; and</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040">8.clinical evidence or suspicion of pulmonary aspiration after tracheal extubation (gastric contents observed in the oropharynx and hypoxemia).</li></ul>PACU nurses were instructed to review this checklist on each patient after PACU admission and to contact the investigator if a CRE was observed. In that situation investigator examined the patient to confirm that the patient met at least one of the criteria for a CRE.Inadequate emergence was classified according to the Richmond agitation and sedation scale (RASS) 10min after admission to the PACU. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) has demonstrated excellent interrater reliability and criterion, construct, and face validity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">22,23</a>Emergence delirium was defined as a RASS score ≥+1, and hypoactive emergence was defined as a RASS score ≤−2 (18). PACU discharge times were recorded by PACU nurses.Our power analysis (power 80% and alpha error=0.005) was guided by the study of Murphy on RNMB and adverse respiratory events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> We expected an incidence of RNMB of 30%, and we calculated that 60 patients with and 140 without RNMB would provide a power greater than 80% to detect differences in the proportions of CRE (expected incidence 12%) or to detect a difference greater than 29% in the worst case.Statistical analysisDescriptive analysis of variables was used to summarize data. Ordinal and continuous data found not to follow a normal distribution, based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality of the underlying population, are presented as median and interquartile range. Normally distributed data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). An univariate analysis was performed to identify determinants for RNMB using the Mann–Whitney U test to compare continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test to compare proportions between two groups of subjects. Differences were considered statistically significant when P was <0.05. Data was analyzed using SPSS software for Windows Version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).ResultsFrom the 357 patients consecutively admitted in the PACU during the study period, a total of 202 patients were studied. Gastrointestinal surgery accounted for 49% of cases, plastic and reconstructive surgery for 15%, gynecologic surgery and orthopedics each, 10%, urology 8%, vascular 4%, head and neck surgery to 3% and otorhinolaryngology to 1%.Other perioperative characteristics are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Seventeen patients were excluded: 7 patients were admitted in a surgical intensive care unit, 3 patients did not provide informed consent or had a Mini Mental Status Examination <25, 3 patients were not operated, one was less than 18 years old, one did not speak Portuguese, one refused to participate and one patient was not assessed due to the impossibility to perform TOF measurements as planed (patient had plaster on both arms).Patients and the perioperative characteristics are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>.The CRE are showed on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>On arrival in the PACU, 61 patients (29.7%; 95% confidence interval: 23.4, 36.1) were found to have RNMB.There were no differences in the incidence of RNMB according to type of NMBD used and to the type of anesthesia (combined versus general anesthesia). Median administration of crystalloids was 1000ml for both groups and there were no differences in the amounts of fluids and blood products administered.Time from last dose of NMBD injection to arrival in PACU was shorter in patients with RNMB (median 63min versus 90min, P=0.012). Neostigmine was administered to 98% of patients with RNMB and to 81% of patients with TOF >0.9 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). RNMB was also significantly more common after high-risk surgery (53% versus 33%, P=0.011). Patients with RNMB had a higher incidence of CRE when compared to patients without (51% versus 16%, P<0.001). This also applies to each CRE considered independently (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). The length of stay in the PACU and in the hospital was not different between groups.DiscussionIn our work thirty percent of patients exhibited RNMB after surgery, on arrival to our PACU.RNMB was more common after high-risk surgery because these patients might have been submitted to a different anesthetic management, eventually with a closer monitoring or because their surgery was long lasting.Many European hospitals have reported the practice of not administering NMDB reversal agents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,3,25</a> however there is currently enough evidence to not recommend this practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> In our hospital it is common practice to use reversal agents in all patients as standard of care. This may account for the clinically RNMB incidence of 30% observed. Many factors contribute to RNMB, including demographic variables such as history of chronic obstructive lung disease, the type and duration of surgery, major abdominal and thoracic surgery and use of long lasting NMBD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,18,26</a> The encapsulation of rocuronium by sugammadex could have an impact in decreasing the rate of RNMB and in CRE. Preliminary evidence indicates that sugammadex is not associated with RNMB in the PACU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a>The incidence of CRE in this study was 26%. Patients with RNMB presented a higher incidence of CRE compared to patients with adequate neuromuscular recovery. This can be explained by the many risk factors for CRE as already stated. Interestingly, the percentage of patients receiving neostigmine was higher in the RNMB group than in the group with adequate neuromuscular recovery. Although most of the anesthesiologists routinely administered a reversal drug, some might have used subjective criteria. Patients who received neostigmine were probably already at a higher risk of developing RNMB (due to a shorter time interval since the last dose of NMBD and the end of surgery, or a more profound than suspected neuromuscular block). On the other hand, patients with a longer time interval since the last dose of NMBD and the end of surgery may have not received neostigmine. This might have led to the administration of the reversal drug more frequently in patients who were bound to have RNMB anyway. Two other associations were found. First, the patients who underwent high-risk surgery presented a higher incidence of RNMB in the PACU. Second, patients with RNMB were more hypoactive in the PACU. Abdominal surgery is a risk factor associated with hypoactive emergence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> In this way, abdominal surgery might be linked to the association found between high-risk surgery and the incidence of RNMB and also with the fact that patients with RNMB were more prone to develop hypoactive emergence.The consequences of the RNMB delaying PACU discharge are difficult to evaluate and depend on individual institutional factors including staffing models, PACU size and availability of ward beds. Although a recent study suggested that RNMB delayed recovery room discharge, no difference was detected in our study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> We reported a manifested short stay in the PACU for all patients that may be explained by the existence of intermediate level surgical units where the patients were discharged. This partially may explain the fact that there were no differences in PACU lenght of stay.Regarding RNMB, there were also no differences in hospital stay, duration of anesthesia and duration of surgery.Our study has several limitations. First, the definitions of CRE had some subjective criteria and this may have influenced the diagnosis. Second, we did not monitor the status of NMB in the operating room neither the use of other medication provided during surgery which may have influenced on respiratory function after surgery. This fact could have influenced the effect of neostigmine. Acceleromyographic monitoring was shown to reduce the risk of RNMB and CRE in the PACU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> but the evidence of its benefit is not as obvious when reversal agents are used routinely.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a> Third, the sample size was limited and can have sampling bias. One cannot exclude that other non-measured factors may have acted as confounders in this study. Fourth, acceleromyography is a quantitative method but there are technical and operator-related issues that must be taken into account. Therefore, some interpersonal variability and random error cannot be excluded. To minimize this, TOF-measurement training took place prior to the data collection. It must also be recognized that even high stimulating currents such as the 50mA used may not be supramaximal in some patients. Blinding of investigators for TOF values and observation of CRE were not done and this may have influenced the results; also the initial observation of TOF values may have introduced a bias in the identification of patients with CRE.Finally, in this study the incidence of hypothermia was high. Although it appears that the efficacy of neostigmine as an antagonist neuromuscular block is not altered by hypothermia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a> lower temperatures may have increased the duration of action and time for spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a>In conclusion RNMB was common in the PACU. RNMB was more common after high-risk surgery and was associated with a shorter time interval between the last dose of NMBD and admission to the PACU. RNMB was associated with a higher incidence of post-operative CRE and hypoactive emergence.Conflict of interestAll the authors state they have no conflict of interests." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres177298" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Material and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec166031" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres177299" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Material y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec166030" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack45550" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-12-24" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec166031" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Neuromuscular blockade" 1 => "Postoperative complications" 2 => "Anesthesia recovery period" 3 => "Recovery room" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec166030" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Bloqueo neuromuscular residual" 1 => "Complicaciones postoperatorias" 2 => "Recuperación de anestesia" 3 => "Unidad de Recuperación Postanestésica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveResidual neuromuscular block is an important postoperative complication associated to the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. The purpose of this study was to access the incidence of residual neuromuscular block in a post-anesthesia care unit and to evaluate its association with critical respiratory events. Material and methodsProspective cohort study was conducted in a Post Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) for a period of 3 weeks. Two hundred two adult patients who submitted to scheduled non-cardiac and non-intracranial surgery were eligible to the study. The primary outcome variable was residual neuromuscular block after arrival to PACU that was defined as train-of-four ratio <0.9 and objectively quantified using acceleromyography. Demographic data, perioperative variables, lengths of hospital and recovery room stay and critical respiratory events were recorded. Inadequate emergence was classified in its different forms according to the Richmond agitation and sedation scale 10min after admission to the recovery room. ResultsResidual neuromuscular block incidence in the post-anesthesia care unit was 29.7% (95% confidence interval: 23.4, 36.1). Patients with residual neuromuscular block had more frequently overall critical respiratory events (51% versus 16%, P<0.001), airway obstruction (10% versus 2%, P=0.029), mild-moderate hypoxemia (23% versus 4%, P<0.001), severe hypoxemia (7% versus 1%, P=0.033), respiratory failure (8% versus 1%, P=0.031), inability to breathe deeply (38% versus 12%, P<0.001) and muscular weakness (16% versus 1%, P<0.001). Residual neuromuscular block was more common after high-risk surgery (53% versus 33%, P=0.011) and was more often associated with post-operative hypoactive emergence as defined by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (21% versus 6%, P=0.001). ConclusionsThis study suggests that residual neuromuscular block is common in the PACU and is associated with more frequent critical respiratory events." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoEl bloqueo neuromuscular residual es una importante complicación postoperatoria asociada al uso de fármacos bloqueantes neuromusculares. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en una unidad de recuperación postanestésica (URPA) y evaluar su asociación con eventos respiratorios críticos. Material y métodosEstudio de cohortes, prospectivo realizado en una URPA durante un período de 3 semanas. Se incluyó a doscientos dos pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía programada no cardiaca no-intracraneal. La variable de resultado principal fue la presencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual después del ingreso en unidad de recuperación postanestésica definido como un cociente del tren de cuatro estímulos-TOFr<0,9 y objetivamente cuantificado usando aceleromiografía. Se registraron datos demográficos, variables perioperatorias, tiempo de permanencia en la unidad, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones respiratorias. La recuperación inadecuada se clasificó de acuerdo con la escala de agitación y sedación de Richmond 10 minutos después del ingreso en la unidad. ResultadosLa incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en la URPA fue de 29,7% (Intervalo de Confianza 95%: 23,4 – 36,1). Los pacientes con bloqueo residual tuvieron eventos respiratorios críticos, considerados de forma global con mayor frecuencia (51% frente 16%, p<0,001), obstrucción de vía aérea (10% frente 2%, p=0,029), hipoxemia leve-moderada (23% frente 4%, p<0,001), hipoxemia grave (7% frente 1%, p=0,033), insuficiencia respiratoria(8% frente 1%, p=0,031), incapacidad para respirar profundamente (38% frente 12%, p<0,01) y debilidad muscular (16% frente 1%, p<0,001). El bloqueo neuromuscular residual fue más frecuente después de cirugía de alto riesgo (53% frente 33%, p=0,011) y se asociaba más a menudo con recuperación anestésica hipoactiva según lo definido por la escala de agitación y sedación de Richmond (21% frente 6%, p=0,001). ConclusionesEste estudio sugiere que el bloqueo neuromuscular residual es común en la URPA y se asocia a mayor frecuencia de incidentes respiratorios críticos." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Este artículo pertenece al Programa de Formación Médica Continuada en Anestesiología y Reanimación. La evaluación de las preguntas de este artículo se podrá realizar a través de internet accediendo a la siguiente página web: www.elsevierfmc.com" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "(a) Pearson's chi-squared test, (b) Fisher's exact test, (c)Mann–Whitney U test.BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; RCRI, revised cardiac risk index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TOFm, train-of-four ratio mean." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (n=202) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm <90 (n=61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm ≥90 (n=141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 (41–66) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55 (41–68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53 (41–65) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.666(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex (male/female), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79 (39)/12 (61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21(34)/40(66) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58 (41)/83 (59) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.370(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BMI (kg m−2), median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (23–30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (24–31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (23–30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.878(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ASA, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.834(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">I/II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">177 (88) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53 (87) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">124 (88) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">III/IV/V \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCRI, n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High-risk type of surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79 (39) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47 (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.011(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ischemic heart disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.213(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">History of congestive heart failure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.594(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">History of cerebrovascular disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.540(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Insulin therapy for diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.941(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Preoperative creatinine >2.0mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.744(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCRI, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.924(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCRI ≤2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">195 (96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 (97) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136 (96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCRI >2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">COPD, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9(5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.288(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hypertension, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 (36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (42) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 (34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.288(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Risk of surgery, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.468(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Minor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">156 (77) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 (82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">107(75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Major \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab271534.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Preoperative characteristics of patients with (TOFm <90) and without (TOFm ≥90) neuromuscular residual block." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "(a) Pearson's chi-squared test, (b) Fisher's exact test, (c) Mann–Whitney U test.NMBD, neuromuscular blocking drug; PACU, post-anesthesia care unit; TOFm, train-of-four ratio mean; RASS, Richmond agitation-sedation scale; SpO2, oxygen saturation." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (N=202) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm <90 (n=61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm ≥90 (n=141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Type anesthesia, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.501(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General anesthesia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">181 (90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 (92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125 (89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Combined anesthesia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NMBD, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.363(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rocuronium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 (30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vecuronium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cisatracurium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">144 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43 (70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">101 (72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Atracurium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time(min) last NMBD to PACU, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 (47–105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 (47–105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90 (64–124) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.012(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients given suxamethonium, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.059(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients given neostigmine, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">174 (86) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 (98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">115 (81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.005(b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TOFm (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90±15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75 (62–84) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 (95–99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TOFm <90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TOFm <80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TOFm <70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TOFm <60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of surgery (min), median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">105 (70–162) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">105 (70–158) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 (70–163) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.646(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of anesthesia (min), median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140 (100–210) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140 (100–210) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140 (98–210) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.975(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Post-operative hypoactive (RASS≤2), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001(a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Temperature at PACU (°C), median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.2 (34.8–35.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.2 (34.8–35.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.2 (34.8–35.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.463(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Temperature <35°C at PACU (°C), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (44) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53 (38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SpO2 at PACU admission, median(IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (95–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 (95–99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (95–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.148(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of PACU stay (min), median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 (74–136) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 (74–136) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 (73–140) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.901(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of Hospital stay (days), median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (2–7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (2–7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (2–7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.422(c) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab271535.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Anesthesia related characteristics of patients with (TOFm <90) and without (TOFm ≥90) neuromuscular residual block." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Values are number (percentage) of patients. TOFm, train-of-four ratio mean." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (n=202) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total % (95%CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm <90 (n=61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm ≥90 (n=141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Critical respiratory events \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.2 (20.1–32.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Upper airway obstruction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5 (1.6–7.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mild-moderate hypoxia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.9 (5.8–14.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severe hypoxia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 (0.3–4.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.033 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Respiratory distress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.5 (0.9–6.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.031 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inability to breathe deeply \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.8 (14.3–25.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Upper airway muscle weakness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5 (2.3–8.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab271533.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Incidence of critical respiratory events in patients with (TOFm 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They state that they are responsible for the research that they have designed and carried out; that they have participated in drafting and revising the manuscript submitted, whose contents they approve." ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00349356/0000006000000004/v1_201305170842/S0034935613000157/v1_201305170842/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "7571" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originales" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00349356/0000006000000004/v1_201305170842/S0034935613000157/v1_201305170842/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0034935613000157?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Residual neuromuscular block as a risk factor for critical respiratory events in the post anesthesia care unit

El bloqueo neuromuscular residual como factor de riesgo para eventos críticos respiratorios en la Unidad de Recuperación Postanestésica

M. Nortona, D. Xaráa, D. Parentea, M. Barbosaa, F.J. Abelhaa,b,

Corresponding author

fernando.abelha@gmail.com
abelha@me.com

Corresponding author.

a Department of Anesthesiology – Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal

b Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Unit – Surgical Department of Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal

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            "entidad" => "Department of Anesthesiology &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o&#44; Porto&#44; Portugal"
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        "titulo" => "El bloqueo neuromuscular residual como factor de riesgo para eventos cr&#237;ticos respiratorios en la Unidad de Recuperaci&#243;n Postanest&#233;sica"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When neuro muscular blocking drugs &#40;NMBD&#41; are administered intraoperatively&#44; residual neuro muscular Block &#40;RNMB&#41; is often observed in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit &#40;PACU&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> Some studies have established an association between RNMB and increased postoperative morbidity and mortality&#44; critical respiratory events &#40;CRE&#41;&#44; and longer PACU stays&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Among nerve stimulation types&#44; objective quantitative monitoring by means of acceleromyography is preferred in the clinical setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the studies of Eikermann et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and Sundman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> it became clear that partial neuromuscular transmission failure even to a degree insufficient to evoke respiratory symptoms markedly decreases upper airway function&#46; These studies support the current recommendations of reaching a TOF ratio equal to or greater than 0&#46;9 to ensure a safe muscle function recovery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Despite the use of short-acting NMBDs and pharmacological reversal of neuromuscular block&#44; the incidence of RNMB on arrival to the PACU can be as high as 31&#8211;64&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;13&#44;14</span></a> Increases in the incidence of CRE at the PACU even in the presence of small degrees of RNMB have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;15&#8211;18</span></a> Many factors related to patients&#44; surgical procedures and anesthetic management could be involved&#46; Patient risk factors include advanced age&#44; male sex&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; diabetes and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> Surgery-related variables include abdominal or orthopedic&#44; emergency and long duration surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> Finally&#44; anesthetic risk factors for CRE in the PACU include the use of general anesthesia&#44; opioids and NMBD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> Inadequate emergence from anesthesia can be classified into two subtypes&#58; emergence delirium&#44; characterized by agitation&#44; restlessness and hyperactivity&#59; and hypoactive emergence&#44; characterized by a delayed recovery after anesthesia&#46; Inadequate emergence after anesthesia is a frequent complication seen in PACU&#46; Hypoactive emergence occurs less frequently than emergence delirium and is associated with a longer postoperative hospital stay&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of RNMB in the PACU and to examine its association with the appearance of critical respiratory events &#40;CRE&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our hypothesis was that patients with RNMB had a higher incidence of CRE&#46; We hypothesized that some perioperative characteristics could have an association with RNMB&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Institutional Review Board and the Ethic Committee of Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o approved this study&#46; Written informed consent was obtained from all participants&#46; Centro Hospitalar S&#46;Jo&#227;o&#44; Porto&#44; is a 1124-bed tertiary hospital in a major metropolitan area that serves 3&#44;000&#44;000 people&#46; This prospective observational study was conducted in a 12-bed PACU between 8&#58;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AM and 8&#58;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PM&#44; Monday&#8211;Friday&#44; over a three-week period &#40;from May 9th to May 27th&#44; 2011&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were the ability of patient to provide written informed consent&#44; admission to the PACU on spontaneous ventilation and intraoperative use of NMBD&#46; Exclusion criteria were patient refusal&#44; incapacity of providing informed consent&#44; a score of &#60;25 in the mini-mental state examination &#40;MMSE&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> age under 18 years&#44; foreign nationality&#44; known neuromuscular disease&#44; urgent&#47;emergent surgery and cardiac surgery&#44; neurosurgery or other procedures that required therapeutic hypothermia&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before surgery a small interview was conducted to obtain consent&#44; to perform MMSE test and to collect the medical history&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The anesthesiologist in charge was blinded to patient involvement in the study&#46; The anesthesiologist performed anesthesia and monitoring&#44; but by following minimum departmental standards&#46; NMBD were used for tracheal intubation&#44; and additional boluses if needed&#46; The use of neuromuscular monitoring&#44; was at the discretion of the anesthesiologist and no written policy exists concerning its use&#46; To ensure that the anesthesiologist remained blinded to their participation in the study&#44; we did not attempt to observe the use or interpretation of TOF intraoperatively&#46; At the conclusion of the surgical procedure the anesthesiologist was free to take the decision to reverse the NMB with neostigmine&#46; In our practice this drug is usually administered early &#40;&#62;15&#8211;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min before tracheal extubation&#41; and at a shallower depth of block&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Usually the patient is extubated at the operating room and transferred to the PACU&#46; Criteria for extubation included sustained head lift or hand grip for more than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; the ability to follow simple commands&#44; a stable ventilatory pattern with an acceptable arterial oxygen saturation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;95&#37;&#41;&#44; and a TOF ratio of greater than 0&#46;80&#46; All subjects were administered 100&#37; oxygen by facemask after tracheal extubation&#46; The anesthesiologist is free to decide if oxygen was administered during the time between transfer to the cart and admission to the PACU&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Upon arrival on the PACU oxygen was applied to all subjects by either nasal cannula or face mask&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RNMB was defined as TOF &#60;0&#46;9 and it was quantified at admission to the PACU using acceleromyography of the adductor pollicis muscle&#46; The stimulation current was set to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA&#46; Three consecutive TOF measurements &#40;separated by 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41; were obtained&#44; and the average of the 3 values was recorded&#46; If a value differed from the others by more than 10&#37;&#44; an additional TOF measurement was obtained and the closest 3 ratios were averaged&#46; Neuromuscular block was re-assessed hourly if TOFr &#60;0&#46;9&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The time when the patient showed TOFr &#62;0&#46;9 was recorded and the attending anesthesiologist was contacted and informed&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial TOF ratios were measured before any therapeutic intervention in the PACU&#46; A standardized data collection sheet was completed for each patient&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We record patient age&#44; weight&#44; height&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status &#40;ASA-PS&#41;&#46; The Revised Cardiac Risk Index &#40;RCRI&#41; was calculated using the classification system reported by Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> that scores high risk surgery &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; intraperitoneal&#44; intrathoracic&#44; or suprainguinal vascular&#41; and clinical risk factors &#40;history of ischemic heart disease&#44; history of compensated or prior heart failure&#44; history of cerebrovascular disease&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; and renal insufficiency&#41;&#46; Intraoperative details recorded included type of anesthesia&#44; surgical procedure&#44; duration of anesthesia&#44; duration of surgery&#44; intraoperative fluids&#44; NMBD&#44; time in which last dose of the NMBD was injected and neuromuscular block reversal drug used&#46; Patients&#8217; tympanic temperature&#44; blood pressure&#44; heart rate&#44; peripheral oxygen saturation and mean TOF ratio were recorded on admission to the PACU&#46; The length of PACU stay and occurrence of CRE were also recorded&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each CRE was defined on the data collection sheet using the following criteria used by Murphy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">upper airway obstruction requiring an intervention &#40;jaw thrust&#44; oral or nasal airway&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">mild-moderate hypoxemia oxygen saturations &#40;&#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of 93&#8211;90&#37;&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">severe hypoxemia &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#60;90&#37;&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">signs of respiratory distress or impending ventilator failure &#40;respiratory rate &#62;20 breaths per minute&#44; accessory muscle use&#44; tracheal tug&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">inability to breathe deeply when requested&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">symptoms of respiratory or upper airway muscle weakness &#40;difficulty breathing&#44; swallowing or speaking&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">patient requiring reintubation in the PACU&#59; and</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">clinical evidence or suspicion of pulmonary aspiration after tracheal extubation &#40;gastric contents observed in the oropharynx and hypoxemia&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PACU nurses were instructed to review this checklist on each patient after PACU admission and to contact the investigator if a CRE was observed&#46; In that situation investigator examined the patient to confirm that the patient met at least one of the criteria for a CRE&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inadequate emergence was classified according to the Richmond agitation and sedation scale &#40;RASS&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after admission to the PACU&#46; The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale &#40;RASS&#41; has demonstrated excellent interrater reliability and criterion&#44; construct&#44; and face validity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emergence delirium was defined as a RASS score &#8805;&#43;1&#44; and hypoactive emergence was defined as a RASS score &#8804;&#8722;2 &#40;18&#41;&#46; PACU discharge times were recorded by PACU nurses&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our power analysis &#40;power 80&#37; and alpha error<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41; was guided by the study of Murphy on RNMB and adverse respiratory events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> We expected an incidence of RNMB of 30&#37;&#44; and we calculated that 60 patients with and 140 without RNMB would provide a power greater than 80&#37; to detect differences in the proportions of CRE &#40;expected incidence 12&#37;&#41; or to detect a difference greater than 29&#37; in the worst case&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive analysis of variables was used to summarize data&#46; Ordinal and continuous data found not to follow a normal distribution&#44; based on the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test for normality of the underlying population&#44; are presented as median and interquartile range&#46; Normally distributed data are presented as mean and standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#46; An univariate analysis was performed to identify determinants for RNMB using the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test to compare continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher&#39;s exact test to compare proportions between two groups of subjects&#46; Differences were considered statistically significant when <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> was &#60;0&#46;05&#46; Data was analyzed using SPSS software for Windows Version 19&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the 357 patients consecutively admitted in the PACU during the study period&#44; a total of 202 patients were studied&#46; Gastrointestinal surgery accounted for 49&#37; of cases&#44; plastic and reconstructive surgery for 15&#37;&#44; gynecologic surgery and orthopedics each&#44; 10&#37;&#44; urology 8&#37;&#44; vascular 4&#37;&#44; head and neck surgery to 3&#37; and otorhinolaryngology to 1&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other perioperative characteristics are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventeen patients were excluded&#58; 7 patients were admitted in a surgical intensive care unit&#44; 3 patients did not provide informed consent or had a Mini Mental Status Examination &#60;25&#44; 3 patients were not operated&#44; one was less than 18 years old&#44; one did not speak Portuguese&#44; one refused to participate and one patient was not assessed due to the impossibility to perform TOF measurements as planed &#40;patient had plaster on both arms&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients and the perioperative characteristics are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CRE are showed on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On arrival in the PACU&#44; 61 patients &#40;29&#46;7&#37;&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval&#58; 23&#46;4&#44; 36&#46;1&#41; were found to have RNMB&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no differences in the incidence of RNMB according to type of NMBD used and to the type of anesthesia &#40;combined versus general anesthesia&#41;&#46; Median administration of crystalloids was 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml for both groups and there were no differences in the amounts of fluids and blood products administered&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time from last dose of NMBD injection to arrival in PACU was shorter in patients with RNMB &#40;median 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min versus 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#41;&#46; Neostigmine was administered to 98&#37; of patients with RNMB and to 81&#37; of patients with TOF &#62;0&#46;9 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; RNMB was also significantly more common after high-risk surgery &#40;53&#37; versus 33&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41;&#46; Patients with RNMB had a higher incidence of CRE when compared to patients without &#40;51&#37; versus 16&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; This also applies to each CRE considered independently &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The length of stay in the PACU and in the hospital was not different between groups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our work thirty percent of patients exhibited RNMB after surgery&#44; on arrival to our PACU&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RNMB was more common after high-risk surgery because these patients might have been submitted to a different anesthetic management&#44; eventually with a closer monitoring or because their surgery was long lasting&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many European hospitals have reported the practice of not administering NMDB reversal agents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;25</span></a> however there is currently enough evidence to not recommend this practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In our hospital it is common practice to use reversal agents in all patients as standard of care&#46; This may account for the clinically RNMB incidence of 30&#37; observed&#46; Many factors contribute to RNMB&#44; including demographic variables such as history of chronic obstructive lung disease&#44; the type and duration of surgery&#44; major abdominal and thoracic surgery and use of long lasting NMBD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;18&#44;26</span></a> The encapsulation of rocuronium by sugammadex could have an impact in decreasing the rate of RNMB and in CRE&#46; Preliminary evidence indicates that sugammadex is not associated with RNMB in the PACU&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of CRE in this study was 26&#37;&#46; Patients with RNMB presented a higher incidence of CRE compared to patients with adequate neuromuscular recovery&#46; This can be explained by the many risk factors for CRE as already stated&#46; Interestingly&#44; the percentage of patients receiving neostigmine was higher in the RNMB group than in the group with adequate neuromuscular recovery&#46; Although most of the anesthesiologists routinely administered a reversal drug&#44; some might have used subjective criteria&#46; Patients who received neostigmine were probably already at a higher risk of developing RNMB &#40;due to a shorter time interval since the last dose of NMBD and the end of surgery&#44; or a more profound than suspected neuromuscular block&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; patients with a longer time interval since the last dose of NMBD and the end of surgery may have not received neostigmine&#46; This might have led to the administration of the reversal drug more frequently in patients who were bound to have RNMB anyway&#46; Two other associations were found&#46; First&#44; the patients who underwent high-risk surgery presented a higher incidence of RNMB in the PACU&#46; Second&#44; patients with RNMB were more hypoactive in the PACU&#46; Abdominal surgery is a risk factor associated with hypoactive emergence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In this way&#44; abdominal surgery might be linked to the association found between high-risk surgery and the incidence of RNMB and also with the fact that patients with RNMB were more prone to develop hypoactive emergence&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consequences of the RNMB delaying PACU discharge are difficult to evaluate and depend on individual institutional factors including staffing models&#44; PACU size and availability of ward beds&#46; Although a recent study suggested that RNMB delayed recovery room discharge&#44; no difference was detected in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> We reported a manifested short stay in the PACU for all patients that may be explained by the existence of intermediate level surgical units where the patients were discharged&#46; This partially may explain the fact that there were no differences in PACU lenght of stay&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding RNMB&#44; there were also no differences in hospital stay&#44; duration of anesthesia and duration of surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has several limitations&#46; First&#44; the definitions of CRE had some subjective criteria and this may have influenced the diagnosis&#46; Second&#44; we did not monitor the status of NMB in the operating room neither the use of other medication provided during surgery which may have influenced on respiratory function after surgery&#46; This fact could have influenced the effect of neostigmine&#46; Acceleromyographic monitoring was shown to reduce the risk of RNMB and CRE in the PACU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> but the evidence of its benefit is not as obvious when reversal agents are used routinely&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Third&#44; the sample size was limited and can have sampling bias&#46; One cannot exclude that other non-measured factors may have acted as confounders in this study&#46; Fourth&#44; acceleromyography is a quantitative method but there are technical and operator-related issues that must be taken into account&#46; Therefore&#44; some interpersonal variability and random error cannot be excluded&#46; To minimize this&#44; TOF-measurement training took place prior to the data collection&#46; It must also be recognized that even high stimulating currents such as the 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA used may not be supramaximal in some patients&#46; Blinding of investigators for TOF values and observation of CRE were not done and this may have influenced the results&#59; also the initial observation of TOF values may have introduced a bias in the identification of patients with CRE&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; in this study the incidence of hypothermia was high&#46; Although it appears that the efficacy of neostigmine as an antagonist neuromuscular block is not altered by hypothermia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> lower temperatures may have increased the duration of action and time for spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion RNMB was common in the PACU&#46; RNMB was more common after high-risk surgery and was associated with a shorter time interval between the last dose of NMBD and admission to the PACU&#46; RNMB was associated with a higher incidence of post-operative CRE and hypoactive emergence&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the authors state they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-28"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-12-24"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec166031"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Neuromuscular blockade"
            1 => "Postoperative complications"
            2 => "Anesthesia recovery period"
            3 => "Recovery room"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec166030"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Bloqueo neuromuscular residual"
            1 => "Complicaciones postoperatorias"
            2 => "Recuperaci&#243;n de anestesia"
            3 => "Unidad de Recuperaci&#243;n Postanest&#233;sica"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Residual neuromuscular block is an important postoperative complication associated to the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs&#46; The purpose of this study was to access the incidence of residual neuromuscular block in a post-anesthesia care unit and to evaluate its association with critical respiratory events&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective cohort study was conducted in a Post Anesthetic Care Unit &#40;PACU&#41; for a period of 3 weeks&#46; Two hundred two adult patients who submitted to scheduled non-cardiac and non-intracranial surgery were eligible to the study&#46; The primary outcome variable was residual neuromuscular block after arrival to PACU that was defined as train-of-four ratio &#60;0&#46;9 and objectively quantified using acceleromyography&#46; Demographic data&#44; perioperative variables&#44; lengths of hospital and recovery room stay and critical respiratory events were recorded&#46; Inadequate emergence was classified in its different forms according to the Richmond agitation and sedation scale 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after admission to the recovery room&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Residual neuromuscular block incidence in the post-anesthesia care unit was 29&#46;7&#37; &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#58; 23&#46;4&#44; 36&#46;1&#41;&#46; Patients with residual neuromuscular block had more frequently overall critical respiratory events &#40;51&#37; versus 16&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; airway obstruction &#40;10&#37; versus 2&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;029&#41;&#44; mild-moderate hypoxemia &#40;23&#37; versus 4&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; severe hypoxemia &#40;7&#37; versus 1&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;033&#41;&#44; respiratory failure &#40;8&#37; versus 1&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;031&#41;&#44; inability to breathe deeply &#40;38&#37; versus 12&#37;&#44; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and muscular weakness &#40;16&#37; versus 1&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Residual neuromuscular block was more common after high-risk surgery &#40;53&#37; versus 33&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41; and was more often associated with post-operative hypoactive emergence as defined by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale &#40;21&#37; versus 6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study suggests that residual neuromuscular block is common in the PACU and is associated with more frequent critical respiratory events&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El bloqueo neuromuscular residual es una importante complicaci&#243;n postoperatoria asociada al uso de f&#225;rmacos bloqueantes neuromusculares&#46; El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en una unidad de recuperaci&#243;n postanest&#233;sica &#40;URPA&#41; y evaluar su asociaci&#243;n con eventos respiratorios cr&#237;ticos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes&#44; prospectivo realizado en una URPA durante un per&#237;odo de 3 semanas&#46; Se incluy&#243; a doscientos dos pacientes adultos sometidos a cirug&#237;a programada no cardiaca no-intracraneal&#46; La variable de resultado principal fue la presencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual despu&#233;s del ingreso en unidad de recuperaci&#243;n postanest&#233;sica definido como un cociente del tren de cuatro est&#237;mulos-TOFr<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9 y objetivamente cuantificado usando aceleromiograf&#237;a&#46; Se registraron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; variables perioperatorias&#44; tiempo de permanencia en la unidad&#44; tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones respiratorias&#46; La recuperaci&#243;n inadecuada se clasific&#243; de acuerdo con la escala de agitaci&#243;n y sedaci&#243;n de Richmond 10 minutos despu&#233;s del ingreso en la unidad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual en la URPA fue de 29&#44;7&#37; &#40;Intervalo de Confianza 95&#37;&#58; 23&#44;4 &#8211; 36&#44;1&#41;&#46; Los pacientes con bloqueo residual tuvieron eventos respiratorios cr&#237;ticos&#44; considerados de forma global con mayor frecuencia &#40;51&#37; frente 16&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; obstrucci&#243;n de v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;10&#37; frente 2&#37;&#44; p&#61;0&#44;029&#41;&#44; hipoxemia leve-moderada &#40;23&#37; frente 4&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; hipoxemia grave &#40;7&#37; frente 1&#37;&#44; p&#61;0&#44;033&#41;&#44; insuficiencia respiratoria&#40;8&#37; frente 1&#37;&#44; p&#61;0&#44;031&#41;&#44; incapacidad para respirar profundamente &#40;38&#37; frente 12&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y debilidad muscular &#40;16&#37; frente 1&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; El bloqueo neuromuscular residual fue m&#225;s frecuente despu&#233;s de cirug&#237;a de alto riesgo &#40;53&#37; frente 33&#37;&#44; p&#61;0&#44;011&#41; y se asociaba m&#225;s a menudo con recuperaci&#243;n anest&#233;sica hipoactiva seg&#250;n lo definido por la escala de agitaci&#243;n y sedaci&#243;n de Richmond &#40;21&#37; frente 6&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio sugiere que el bloqueo neuromuscular residual es com&#250;n en la URPA y se asocia a mayor frecuencia de incidentes respiratorios cr&#237;ticos&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Este art&#237;culo pertenece al Programa de Formaci&#243;n M&#233;dica Continuada en Anestesiolog&#237;a y Reanimaci&#243;n&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n de las preguntas de este art&#237;culo se podr&#225; realizar a trav&#233;s de internet accediendo a la siguiente p&#225;gina web&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.elsevierfmc.com/">www&#46;elsevierfmc&#46;com</span></p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Pearson&#39;s chi-squared test&#44; &#40;b&#41; Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; &#40;c&#41;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; ASA&#44; American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status&#59; RCRI&#44; revised cardiac risk index&#59; COPD&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; TOFm&#44; train-of-four ratio mean&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RCRI&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High-risk type of surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;011<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ischemic heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;213<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>History of congestive heart failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;594<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>History of cerebrovascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;540<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insulin therapy for diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;941<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preoperative creatinine &#62;2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;744<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RCRI&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;924<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RCRI &#8804;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">195 &#40;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RCRI &#62;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;288<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">73 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;288<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Risk of surgery&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;468<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Minor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">156 &#40;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">107&#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Major&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab271534.png"
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Preoperative characteristics of patients with &#40;TOFm &#60;90&#41; and without &#40;TOFm &#8805;90&#41; neuromuscular residual block&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Pearson&#39;s chi-squared test&#44; &#40;b&#41; Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; &#40;c&#41; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NMBD&#44; neuromuscular blocking drug&#59; PACU&#44; post-anesthesia care unit&#59; TOFm&#44; train-of-four ratio mean&#59; RASS&#44; Richmond agitation-sedation scale&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; oxygen saturation&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm &#60;90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm &#8805;90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>141&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;501<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>General anesthesia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">181 &#40;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">125 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Combined anesthesia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NMBD&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;363<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;b&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rocuronium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vecuronium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cisatracurium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">144&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101 &#40;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Atracurium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time&#40;min&#41; last NMBD to PACU&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;47&#8211;105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;47&#8211;105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;64&#8211;124&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;012<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;c&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patients given suxamethonium&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;059<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration of surgery &#40;min&#41;&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">105 &#40;70&#8211;162&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">105 &#40;70&#8211;158&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;70&#8211;163&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;646<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;c&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration of anesthesia &#40;min&#41;&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;100&#8211;210&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;100&#8211;210&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;98&#8211;210&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Post-operative hypoactive &#40;RASS&#8804;2&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Temperature at PACU &#40;&#176;C&#41;&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;2 &#40;34&#46;8&#8211;35&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Temperature &#60;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C at PACU &#40;&#176;C&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SpO2 at PACU admission&#44; median&#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;95&#8211;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">97 &#40;95&#8211;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;95&#8211;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;148<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;c&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Length of PACU stay &#40;min&#41;&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;74&#8211;136&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;74&#8211;136&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;73&#8211;140&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;901<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;c&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Length of Hospital stay &#40;days&#41;&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;2&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;2&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;2&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;422<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#40;c&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab271535.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anesthesia related characteristics of patients with &#40;TOFm &#60;90&#41; and without &#40;TOFm &#8805;90&#41; neuromuscular residual block&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values are number &#40;percentage&#41; of patients&#46; TOFm&#44; train-of-four ratio mean&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>202&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm &#60;90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TOFm &#8805;90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>141&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Critical respiratory events&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;2 &#40;20&#46;1&#8211;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Upper airway obstruction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5 &#40;1&#46;6&#8211;7&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mild-moderate hypoxia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;9 &#40;5&#46;8&#8211;14&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Severe hypoxia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;3&#8211;4&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Respiratory distress&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;9&#8211;6&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;031&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inability to breathe deeply&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;8 &#40;14&#46;3&#8211;25&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Upper airway muscle weakness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5 &#40;2&#46;3&#8211;8&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab271533.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incidence of critical respiratory events in patients with &#40;TOFm &#60;90&#41; and without &#40;TOFm &#8805;90&#41; neuromuscular residual block in the post-anesthesia care unit&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Residual curarization in the recovery room after vecuronium"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Baillard"
                            1 => "G&#46; Gehan"
                            2 => "J&#46; Reboul-Marty"
                            3 => "P&#46; Larmignat"
                            4 => "C&#46;M&#46; Samama"
                            5 => "M&#46; Cupa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "84"
                        "paginaInicial" => "394"
                        "paginaFinal" => "395"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793602"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Residual paralysis in the PACU after a single intubating dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Debaene"
                            1 => "B&#46; Plaud"
                            2 => "M&#46;P&#46; Dilly"
                            3 => "F&#46; Donati"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anesthesiology"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1042"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1048"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12717123"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0015028208002537"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00150282"
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Postoperative residual block after intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46;H&#46; Hayes"
                            1 => "R&#46;K&#46; Mirakhur"
                            2 => "D&#46;S&#46; Breslin"
                            3 => "J&#46;E&#46; Reid"
                            4 => "K&#46;C&#46; McCourt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anaesthesia"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "312"
                        "paginaFinal" => "318"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11284816"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they are responsible for the research that they have designed and carried out&#46;</p> <p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They also state that the research reported in the paper was undertaken in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration and the International Principles governing research on animals&#46;</p> <p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that the research is compliant with the &#8220;Responsabilidades &#233;ticas&#8221; published by Revista Espa&#241;ola de Anestesiolog&#237;a y Reanimaci&#243;n&#46;</p> <p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They state that they are responsible for the research that they have designed and carried out&#59; that they have participated in drafting and revising the manuscript submitted&#44; whose contents they approve&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 00349356
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.redar.2012.12.011

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2023 March	2	0	2
2022 December	1	2	3
2021 October	1	2	3
2021 March	1	0	1
2020 October	2	0	2
2018 November	4	2	6
2018 March	1	0	1
2017 July	18	5	23
2017 June	50	11	61
2017 May	38	5	43
2017 April	23	9	32
2017 March	17	14	31
2017 February	12	2	14
2017 January	22	1	23
2016 December	25	7	32
2016 November	16	5	21
2016 October	46	4	50
2016 September	48	9	57
2016 August	27	9	36
2016 July	19	2	21
2016 June	33	15	48
2016 May	17	9	26
2016 April	35	3	38
2016 March	26	9	35
2016 February	15	7	22
2016 January	12	9	21
2015 December	11	4	15
2015 November	20	7	27
2015 October	26	10	36
2015 September	15	6	21
2015 August	34	1	35
2015 July	24	5	29
2015 June	25	8	33
2015 May	17	4	21
2015 April	36	22	58
2015 March	37	10	47
2015 February	31	4	35
2015 January	28	4	32
2014 December	37	8	45
2014 November	40	9	49
2014 October	22	7	29
2014 September	20	6	26
2014 August	26	0	26
2014 July	17	9	26
2014 June	26	6	32
2014 May	26	2	28
2014 April	2	1	3
2014 March	0	1	1
2013 November	1	1	2
2013 October	1	0	1
2013 September	0	2	2
2013 August	0	5	5
2013 July	0	3	3
2013 March	138	0	138

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