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Inicio Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología Fracturas complejas de pelvis*
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Vol. 48. Issue 5.
Pages 375-387 (January 2004)
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Vol. 48. Issue 5.
Pages 375-387 (January 2004)
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Fracturas complejas de pelvis*
Complex pelvic fractures
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10653
E. Gueradoa, C. Krettekb, E.C. Rodríguez-Merchánc,**
a Servicio de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica. Hospital Costa del Sol. Universidad de Málaga. Marbella. Málaga
b Departamento de Traumatología. Facultad de Medicina de Hannover. Hannover. Alemania
c Servicio de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid
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Introducción

Las fracturas del anillo pélvico tienen un alto riesgo de hemorragia aguda y de otras complicaciones (producidas por lesiones asociadas que se presentan en casos de politraumatismo). Las secuelas que aparecen como consecuencia de la consolidación viciosa o de la pseudoartrosis se caracterizan por presentar dolor y báscula pélvica (que compromete la función del raquis y de las extremidades inferiores).

Tipos de lesión y su tratamiento

Existen tres tipos de fracturas, según estén los ligamentos sacroilíacos o sacrotuberositarios indemnes o alterados parcial o totalmente. Las fracturas tipo A son estables rotacional y verticalmente. No suelen cursar con alteraciones dolorosas o biomecánicas y no necesitan cirugía. Las fracturas tipo B (cuyas fracturas o luxaciones sacroilíacas o de la sínfisis púbica presentan estabilidad vertical pero inestabilidad rotacional), suelen necesitar corrección quirúrgica (mediante fijación externa u osteosíntesis interna) cuando existe un desplazamiento superior a 2,5 cm. Las fracturas tipo C se caracterizan por su inestabilidad rotacional y vertical. Suelen necesitar de reducción y osteosíntesis inmediata para controlar la hemorragia, así como cirugía reconstructiva una vez controlada ésta. En este último grupo, la osteosíntesis inmediata debe realizarse mediante fijación externa, ya que la apertura aguda del espacio retroperitoneal provocaría gran dificultad para controlar la hemorragia. Sin embargo, generalmente será necesaria una osteosíntesis sólida mediante placa atornillada para proporcionar una buena corrección (que evite las secuelas dolorosas y biomecánicas).

Complicaciones

Las complicaciones locales (secundarias a la fractura o en vísceras vecinas) y generales (como tromboembolismo, fracaso multiorgánico, sepsis y la propia hemorragia masiva) comprometen el pronóstico vital y funcional de los pacientes con fractura de pelvis.

Conclusiones

Una actuación rápida de un equipo multidisciplinario de expertos es fundamental para lograr la supervivencia de estos pacientes y la adecuada reducción y osteosíntesis de estas complejas fracturas.

Palabras clave:
pelvis
fractura
osteosíntesis
complicaciones
Introduction

Fractures of the pelvic ring are often accompanied by acute hemorrhage and other complications (produced by associated lesions that appear in cases of multiple injuries). The sequelae occurring as a consequence of poor bone healing or nonunion are characterized by pain and pelvic instability (which compromises spinal and lower limb function).

Types of lesion and their treatment

There are three types of fractures defined by whether the sacroiliac or sacrum-tuberosity ligaments are intact or partially or totally affected. Type A fractures are rotationally and vertically stable. They usually do not course with biomechanical abnormalities or pain, and do not require surgery. Type B fractures (sacroiliac fractures or dislocation of the pubic symphysis) present vertical stability or rotational instability, and usually require surgical correction (by external fixation or internal fixation) when there is more than 2.5 cm of displacement. Type C fractures are characterized by rotational and vertical instability. Immediate reduction and osteosynthesis are usually required to control hemorrhage, then reconstructive surgery when bleeding is under control. In type C fractures, immediate bone fixation with external fixation should be performed because acute opening of the retroperitoneal space may make it difficult to control the hemorrhage. However, solid osteosynthesis with a screw-on plate is generally required to achieve a good correction (thus avoiding biomechanical sequelae and pain).

Complications

Local complications (secondary to fracture or of neighboring viscera) and general complications (such as thromboembolism, multiorgan failure, sepsis, and massive bleeding), compromise the life and functional prognosis of patients with pelvic fracture.

Conclusions

Rapid action by a multidisciplinary team of experts is paramount to ensure the survival of these patients and adequate reduction and osteosynthesis of these complex fractures.

Key words:
pelvis
fracture
osteosynthesis
complications
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El material de este artículo se presentó en forma de «simposio interactivo» el 1 de marzo de 2004. Fue transmitido por televisión vía satélite a 50 hospitales españoles.

Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Cirugia Ortopédica y Traumatología (SECOT)
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