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Vol. 48. Issue 2.
Pages 145-156 (January 2004)
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Vol. 48. Issue 2.
Pages 145-156 (January 2004)
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Fracturas del astrágalo
Talar fractures
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35663
F. Ladero*, V. Concejero
Servicio de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica. Hospital FREMAP. Majadahonda. Madrid
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Las fracturas del astrágalo se incluyen entre las lesiones más graves del tobillo por la dificultad de su tratamiento y las importantes secuelas que pueden originar. Son lesiones poco frecuentes, ya que el astrágalo se encuentra muy bien protegido por la mortaja ósea y ligamentosa que lo mantiene en su posición anatómica. Son secundarias a traumatismos de alta energía, generalmente accidentes de tráfico y precipitaciones desde una altura. En las fracturas parcelares del cuerpo del astrágalo y en las fracturas del cuello sin desplazar el tratamiento conservador permite obtener buenos resultados, ya que generalmente no se asocian a importantes lesiones del cartílago articular y la vascularización permanece indemne. Las fracturas del cuello desplazadas son lesiones complejas que precisan una reducción y estabilización perfectas para lograr un resultado satisfactorio. Para conseguir este objetivo el abordaje quirúrgico debe planificarse adecuadamente y ser cuidadoso para evitar lesionar la precaria vascularización del astrágalo, habitualmente dañada por la fractura. Las teóricas ventajas que presenta el abordaje posterior con reducción a cielo cerrado, en cuanto a minimizar la lesión vascular y conseguir una mayor estabilidad de la fractura, pierden importancia ante la mayor dificultad que presenta esta técnica a la hora de conseguir una reducción anatómica. La osteonecrosis del cuerpo del astrágalo es la complicación tardía más temible que puede aparecer tras este tipo de fracturas. Puede presentarse aun a pesar de haber realizado un tratamiento precoz de la lesión y haber conseguido una reducción anatómica de la fractura.

Palabras claves:
fractura
astrágalo
osteonecrosis

Talar fractures are among the most serious lesions of the ankle due to the challenge of their treatment and major sequelae. They are infrequent lesions because the talus is well protected by the osseoligamentous mortise that maintains its anatomic position. These injuries are produced by highenergy impact trauma, generally traffic accidents or falls from a height. In partial fractures of the talar body and in fractures of the neck without displacement of fragments, conservative treatment yields good results because there are usually no important injuries to the articular cartilage and the vascularization is intact. Neck fractures with displacement of fragments are complex injuries that require perfect reduction and stabilization to obtain satisfactory results. To achieve this aim, the surgical approach should be planned correctly and carefully to avoid injuring the poor astragalar blood supply, which is usually damaged by the fracture. The theoretical advantages of a posterior approach with closed reduction in terms of minimizing the vascular lesion and improving fracture stability vanish in the light of the greater difficulty of achieving anatomic reduction using this approach. Osteonecrosis of the talar body is the most fearsome late complication that can occur after this type of fracture. It can appear despite early treatment and achievement of an anatomically correct fracture reduction.

Key words:
talus
fracture
osteonecrosis
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Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Cirugia Ortopédica y Traumatología (SECOT)
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