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Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Estrés y estado emocional en cuidadores de familiares mayores con y sin demenci...
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Vol. 40. Issue S2.
El cuidado de personas mayores dependientes: la diversidad de las experiencias empíricas
Pages 55-61 (November 2005)
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Vol. 40. Issue S2.
El cuidado de personas mayores dependientes: la diversidad de las experiencias empíricas
Pages 55-61 (November 2005)
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Estrés y estado emocional en cuidadores de familiares mayores con y sin demencia
Stress and emotional status in the caregivers of older relatives with and without dementia
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7019
M. Crespo-Lópeza,
Corresponding author
mcrespo@psi.ucm.es

Correspondencia: Dr. M. Crespo-López. Departamento de Psicología Clínica. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Campus de Somosaguas. 28223 Madrid. España.
, J. López-Martínezb
a Doctora en Psicología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
b Doctor en Psicología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
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Resumen
Introducción

cuidar es una experiencia altamente estresante. Los cuidadores de personas mayores dependientes experimentan muchos problemas físicos y psicológicos, especialmente síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. Aunque es comúnmente aceptado que cuidar a personas mayores con demencia es más estresante que cuidar a mayores dependientes sin deterioro cognitivo, pocos han estudiado este asunto. El propósito principal de este estudio es comparar el estado emocional de los cuidadores de familiares mayores con y sin demencia.

Material y método

se utilizó un estudio transversal. Se analizaron los datos de 66 cuidadores que residían con familiares con demencia y 42 cuidadores que vivían con personas mayores dependientes sin deterioro cognitivo.

Resultados

el grupo (demencia y no demencia) no predijo los problemas emocionales de los cuidadores (su ansiedad y depresión). De hecho, los análisis de regresión revelaron que un mayor tiempo semanal como cuidador (β=0,160; p<0,05), la mayor sobrecarga (β=0,171; p<0,01), el mayor impacto y el malestar de los problemas de memoria y conducta (β=0,113; p<0,01), la menor autoestima (β=−0,326; p<0,01), la menor satisfacción con el apoyo social (β=−0,316; p<0,01) y el mayor afrontamiento centrado en las emociones (β=−0,326; p<0,01) se asociaron con más síntomas de depresión. Por otro lado, una mayor sobrecarga (β=0,322; p<0,01), la menor autoestima (β=−0,266; p<0,01) y el mayor afrontamiento centrado en las emociones (β=−0,326; p<0,01) se asociaron con más síntomas de ansiedad.

Conclusiones

los elementos personales, más que los factores relacionados con el deterioro de la persona mayor o del contexto de cuidado, pueden ser la característica fundamental para explicar el impacto emocional del cuidado. El estado emocional de los cuidadores de personas mayores, con o sin demencia, puede mejorar con los tratamientos y los servicios adecuados que se centren en las valoraciones de los cuidadores, sus estrategias de afrontamiento y el apoyo social.

Palabras clave:
Cuidador
Demencia
Estrés
Depresión
Ansiedad
Abstract
Background

caregiving is a burdensome and stressful experience. The caregivers of dependent older persons suffer high levels of physical and psychological stress, especially symptoms of depression and anxiety. Whereas it is commonly accepted that caring for an older person with dementia is more stressful than caring for a dependent relative without cognitive impairment, few studies have specifically addressed this issue. The main purpose of this study was to compare the emotional state of the caregivers of elderly relatives with and without dementia.

Material and method

a cross-sectional design was employed. Data from 66 coresident caregivers of relatives with dementia and 42 coresident caregivers of elderly dependents without cognitive impairment were analyzed.

Results

the nature of the older person's impairment did not predict caregivers’ emotional problems (anxiety and depression). In fact, regression analyses revealed that more weekly hours of care (β=0.160; p<0.05), higher burden (β=0.171; p<0.01), greater impact of memory and behavioural problems on caregivers (β=0.113; p<0.01), lower self-esteem (β=−0.326; p<0.01), lower satisfaction with social support (β=−0.316; p<0.01), and higher emotion-focused coping (β=−0.326; p<0.01) were associated with more symptoms of depression. Equally, higher burden (β=0.322; p<0.01), lower self-esteem (β=−0.266; p<0.01) and higher emotion-focused coping (β=−0,326; p<0,01) were associated with more symptoms of anxiety.

Conclusions

personal factors, rather than factors related to the older person's impairment or the caregiving context, may be the central feature in explaining the emotional impact of caring. The emotional state of caregivers of demented and non-demented older persons may be improved with appropriate treatments and adequate services focused on caregiver appraisals, coping strategies, and social support.

Key words:
Caregiver
Dementia
Stress
Depression
Anxiety
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Estudio financiado por una Beca Predoctoral Complutense 2001-2005 y por un proyecto de Investigación I+D+i del Ministerio de Educación (2004-2007).

Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
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