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Vol. 46. Issue S1.
Pages 42-46 (October 2011)
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Vol. 46. Issue S1.
Pages 42-46 (October 2011)
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Neuropsicología y diagnóstico temprano
Neuropsychology and early diagnosis
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Myriam Barandiaran
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia, Hospital Bermingham Fundación Matía, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
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Resumen

La presencia de lesiones histopatológicas características de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) -placas neuríticas y degeneración neurofibrilar- en cerebros de personas cognitivamente normales es un hecho bien documentado en varios estudios longitudinales clinicopatológicos llevados a cabo durante las 2 últimas décadas. Los datos epidemiológicos clínicos y patológicos de la EA sugieren que la enfermedad puede iniciarse en torno a 10 años antes de que se produzcan las primeras manifestaciones clínicas. Se revisan los estudios que han investigado las alteraciones cognitivas antes de la manifestación de la EA. Todos ellos ponen de manifiesto la existencia de alteraciones en fases preclínicas de la EA en otras funciones cognitivas además de la memoria, como las funciones cognitivas relacionadas con la atención, la velocidad de procesamiento y la fluidez verbal. Se recomienda la evaluación de la memoria con herramientas que se muestren sensibles al deterioro mnésico de tipo hipocámpico. El mejor predictor es tener el rendimiento basal de cada persona y comparar sus futuros rendimientos con esa línea basal. Una vez detectada la disminución del rendimiento (aun en rangos “normativos”), se debería derivar al paciente a unidades específicas que permitan la realización del diagnóstico en fases tempranas.

Palabras clave:
Neuropsicología
Deterioro cognitivo ligero
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Abstract

The presence of histopathological lesions characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, senile plaques and neurofibrillar degeneration in the brains of cognitively normal individuals has been well documented in several longitudinal clinicopathological studies over the last two decades. Clinical and pathological epidemiological data suggest that Alzheimer's disease can begin to develop almost a decade before the first clinical manifestations appear. The present article reviews the studies investigating cognitive alterations before the disease manifests. All these studies reveal the presence of alterations in preclinical phases in cognitive functions other than memory, such as those related to attention, processing speed and verbal fluency. Assessment of memory with tools sensitive to hippocampal memory impairment is recommended. The best predictor is having each individual's baseline performance, which can then be used for comparison with subsequent performance. Once reduced performance is detected (even when within the “normal” range), affected persons should be referred to specific units able to diagnose the disease in the early stages.

Keywords:
Neuropsychology
Mild cognitive impairment
Alzheimer's disease
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