array:22 [ "pii" => "S2253808921001531" "issn" => "22538089" "doi" => "10.1016/j.remnie.2021.10.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-09-01" "aid" => "1339" "copyrightAnyo" => "2021" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2022;41:275-83" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2253808922000386" "issn" => "22538089" "doi" => "10.1016/j.remnie.2022.05.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-09-01" "aid" => "1367" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2022;41:284-91" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Patients with initial nodal involvement due to breast cancer who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Combined sentinel node-radioguided surgery of the pathological node" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "284" "paginaFinal" => "291" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Pacientes con afectación ganglionar inicial por cáncer de mama que han recibido quimioterapia neoadyuvante: técnica combinada ganglio centinela-cirugía radioguiada del ganglio patológico" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1203 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 106065 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients number 7 (A) and 25 (B). Patient 7: the marked lymph node coincides with one of the sentinel lymph nodes. Patient 25: the marked lymph node does not coincide with the sentinel lymph node. SLN: sentinel lymph node. BMLN: biopsied and marked lymph node. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc-MAA: <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc-albumin macroaggregates.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Fuertes Manuel, S. Kohan, M. Jordà Solé, I. Mateu Hidalgo, M. Miralles Curto, O. Aguiló Sagristà, E. Aguilar Alomá, K. Peña González, A. Lafuerza Torres, M. Melé Olivé, J. Repkova, M.J. Montero Jaime, J. Gumà Padró" "autores" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Fuertes Manuel" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Kohan" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Jordà Solé" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Mateu Hidalgo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Miralles Curto" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Aguiló Sagristà" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Aguilar Alomá" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Peña González" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Lafuerza Torres" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Melé Olivé" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Repkova" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Montero Jaime" ] 12 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Gumà Padró" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2253654X22000063" "doi" => "10.1016/j.remn.2021.12.010" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2253654X22000063?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2253808922000386?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/22538089/0000004100000005/v2_202210270529/S2253808922000386/v2_202210270529/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S2253808922000787" "issn" => "22538089" "doi" => "10.1016/j.remnie.2022.07.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-09-01" "aid" => "1392" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2022;41:273-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Are the radiation segmentectomy results in hepatocellular carcinoma reproducible? What factors guarantee success?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "273" "paginaFinal" => "274" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Son reproducibles los resultados de la segmentectomía rádica en el carcinoma hepatocelular? ¿Cuáles son los factores que garantizan el éxito?" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Javier Orcajo Rincón, Laura Reguera Berenguer, Juan Carlos Alonso Farto" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Orcajo Rincón" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Reguera Berenguer" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Carlos" "apellidos" => "Alonso Farto" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2253808922000787?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/22538089/0000004100000005/v2_202210270529/S2253808922000787/v2_202210270529/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Contribution of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT imaging in the diagnosis and management of HIV-positive patients" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "275" "paginaFinal" => "283" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Gamze Tatar, Tevfik Fikret Çermik, Göksel Alçın, Ozge Erol Fenercioglu, Ayşe İnci, Ediz Beyhan, Nurhan Ergül" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Gamze" "apellidos" => "Tatar" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gamze_tatar@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tevfik Fikret" "apellidos" => "Çermik" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Göksel" "apellidos" => "Alçın" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ozge" "apellidos" => "Erol Fenercioglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ayşe" "apellidos" => "İnci" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ediz" "apellidos" => "Beyhan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Nurhan" "apellidos" => "Ergül" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bagcılar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Contribución de las imágenes PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG en el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes VIH-positivos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2493 "Ancho" => 2174 "Tamanyo" => 232030 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HIV associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with involvement of liver [A], right hemicolon [B] and right iliac bone [C]. Hypermetabolic liver masses with biopsy proven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on axial fused PET/CT [A] and MIP images [D]. Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [B] showed FDG avid large bowel wall thickening with biopsy-proved lymphoma. Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [C] demonstrated lymphomatous infiltration of right iliac bone.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] is a lentevirus, primarily infects certain cells of the immune system, thereby greatly weakens the body’s own defenses against diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a>. In acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS], there is a decrease in the circulating CD4 T-lymphocyte number, which is an estimate of the host’s immunity. Consequently, the expression of the disease activity is the enlargement of generalized lymphadenopathy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a>. In HIV-positive patients, infective etiologies account for the majority of the diseases, even have an unusual clinical display, which can delay the diagnosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a>. Prolonged immune disfunction can cause malignant changes in the immune cells, eventually leading to the development of AIDS defining cancers [ADCs]. These diseases frequently include regions where diagnosis is complicated, also life threatening with the invasive procedures because of the underlying immune suppression<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>. HIV-related malignancies are crucial to establish an exact and earlier decision, as the cancers in HIV-infected individuals tend to be highly aggressive and exhibit a worse prognosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oncology is the most prioritized field in the clinical applications of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) and imaging with Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG) has a well-established and growing role in most of the malignancies management. The triggering of resting T lymphocytes is an energy-dependent mechanism with switching of the lymphocytes to glycolysis for increase glucose utilization. This situation makes the event to be detectable by <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a>. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, limited research is available as exploring the impact of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT in the management of HIV infected individuals.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the presence of quantitative alterations in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake among patients with HIV-related infection or malignant diseases in HIV-positive patients. In this study, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT scanning was performed for diagnose and staging of suspected malignant disorders in HIV positive individuals. Therefore, a retrospective analysis was combined with the prognostic markers to explore the role and significance of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of patients with HIV infection.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patient selection</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty patients with HIV infection or AIDS were undergone PET/CT consecutively between June 2014 and February 2021 were included in this study. Patients were referred to the nuclear medicine clinic for PET/CT with the indications of diagnose and staging of suspected malignant disorders according to the findings of clinical or conventional imaging. The electronic database of HIV-infected patients was reviewed retrospectively.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. The study design was approved by the local medical ethics committee [protocol no: 2884/2021] and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT imaging</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">3.7 MBq/kg of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG was administered intravenously after at least 4 h of fasting when the serum glucose level was below 160 mg/dl. An oral 1.5 l of water combined with 75 ml 20% mannitol and 2 g locust bean gum was drunk to patients to ensure neutral contrast in the gastrointestinal tract during the resting period. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT images were acquired on Ultra HD LSO PET/CT scanner (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Hoffmann Estates, Illinois, USA) equipped with 20-slice CT. A noncontrast-enhanced CT scan was performed 1 h after the tracer injection from vertex to the proximal thigh in craniocaudal direction with 2 mm section thickness. PET imaging was acquired immediately after the CT scan in the same range at 8–9 bed positions, 1.5 min for each. Ultra HD PET images were reconstructed by the time-of- flight + True X algorithm at iteration 2 and subset 16 values.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Interpretation of PET/CT images</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Images obtained from all patients were reviewed and analyzed at the workstation both visually and semiquantitatively in all planes by two experienced nuclear medicine attending physician who were blinded to the patient’s clinical outcome. At first, presence of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake and shape, size and distribution of hypermetabolism analyzed and compared to background and surrounding tissue in conjunction with CT findings [included the enhancement of lymph nodes, the presence of necrosis, the absence of normal fatty hilus, a rounded configuration, indistinct capsular margins, and asymmetry in size or number]. Foci of elevated <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake and a distinguishable pattern were confirmed as lesions. A ‘volume-of-interest (VOI)’ was placed on the most active-looking slice of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG-positive lesions in visual evaluation. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was calculated automatically by the software using a 40% cutoff SUVmax for isocontour. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake with abnormal distribution and accumulation in body parts, organs that were identified as solitary soft tissue masses or lymph nodes on CT scan were considered significant in terms of malignant disease and/or metastatic spread. When evaluating nodal regions, lymph node areas were divided into two classifications of peripheral and central lymph nodes. Mediastinal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymph nodes were determined as peripheral lymph nodes, while cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes were defined to as central lymph nodes. A visual nodal symmetry or asymmetry analysis, which was related to lymph node <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake distribution, was performed based on the rotating maximum intensity projection [MIP] images for discriminating HIV related lymphadenopathy from disease associated pathology [infection and malignancies]. The relation between <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake in pathological areas, the pattern of distribution (symmetry or asymmetry) of the lymph nodes were also examined with the correlation of circulating CD4 T-lymphocytes.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comprehensive at least six months of follow-up was applied for all patients, principally to exclude any occurrence of infective or malignant disease for whom classified as benign lymphadenopathy related with HIV/AIDS.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All data were analyzed using SPSS software for Macintosh [v25.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA]. Continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation [SD], median [min–max], distribution frequencies and percentages, when appropriate. Normalization of data distribution was verified using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. For variables that were not normally distributed, comparison was performed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests while correlation was evaluated using Pearson’s test. The differences between diagnosed disease groups in HIV positive patients were obtained using independent Student’s t-test. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square test. Significance was confirmed at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty patients [33 M and 7 F] with a mean age of 41.5 years [range 24–57 years], were referred for suspected malignancy (either in clinical or conventional imaging findings), in which a total of 49 scans performed. Six patients underwent more than one study. The evaluation of 40 patients with HIV-infection revealed the following diagnosis distribution: 40% of the cases with infections, 30% with benign reactive changes, 30% with malignant diseases. The most common diagnosis was tuberculosis, which was found in 20% of the all HIV-positive patients.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twelve patients had lymphadenopathy with no definite additional pathologies and were classified as having HIV related lymphadenopathy, as whom 8 had generalized lymphadenopathy [GLP]. The mean ± SD of SUVmax obtained from lymph nodes were 10.5 ± 5.0. Twelve patients with reactive lymphadenopathy were diagnosed by biopsy or clinical behavior, treatment response and follow-up imaging scans to exclude pathology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). None of these patients developed an identifiable disease within 6 months of the PET/CT imaging. The majority [11/12] had symmetric uptake on MIP images by visual inspection in this group. Statistically significant differences were seen in the MIP symmetry between HIV related reactive lymphadenopathy group and HIV-related infectious and malignant groups [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.017]. The rate of MIP symmetry among patients was shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET/CT scan of all patients showed <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake in lymph nodes with a mean SUVmax of 12.8 [range 2.6–36.6], distribution of uptake sites was shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. In the group of HIV related lymphadenopathy, hypermetabolic lymph nodes were detected on all patients. SUVmax in these areas ranged from 2.6 to 16.4 [mean 10.5], 9 of them [75%] had central lymph nodes with increased <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-eight patients [70%] were diagnosed with HIV-related infection or malignant diseases. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by biopsy in 21 patients from relevant lymph node sites. Sixteen patients were identified as having infections and their results were as follows: 8 had mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2 had cytomegalovirus [CMV], 1 had Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia and 2 had cryptococcal infections. The others were listed as, cerebral toxoplasmosis, covid-19 pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia. Representative cases of HIV associated tuberculosis and cerebral toxoplasmosis were shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2 and 3</a>, respectively. Forty-two percent of patients had pulmonary involvement at PET/CT, which were related to concomitant infections. The most frequent cause of infections was tuberculosis, which typically manifested with hypermetabolic nodules, pulmonary consolidations, and pleural effusions at PET/CT.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twelve patients were identified as having malignant diseases and their results were as follows: 5 had non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL], 4 had Kaposi’s sarcoma, 1 had Hodgkin lymphoma. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT imaging of 57-year-old man with HIV associated NHL shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>. The others were listed as, renal cell carcinoma [RCC] and anal squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] with a SUVmax of 7.8 and 6.7, respectively. Asymmetric pattern of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG distribution was determined in HIV-positive lymphoma patients with extranodal involvement at PET/CT. Four patients had Kaposi’s sarcoma in soft tissues (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean SUVmax between three patient groups was not statistically significant [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p =</span> 0.92]. Also, there was not statistically significant difference in SUVmax for discriminating the malignant and infectious lymph nodes [p > 0.05]. Mean SUVmax measured from patients with the most common diagnoses is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A statistically significant difference was found between lymph node uptake levels from 6 lymphoma patients and infectious or HIV-related lymph node uptake [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.04]. Also, the difference of mean SUVmax was significantly different between tuberculosis and HIV related benign lymphadenopathy [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.019]. Mean SUVmax measured from these patients with definitive diagnosis is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. Increased diffuse splenic uptake, which was significantly higher than liver, was observed in 45% of HIV-positive patients, presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to histopathological analysis 12 patients were confirmed to as HIV-related, 16 patients were confirmed to as infections, and 12 patients were confirmed to as malignant. Twenty-eight patients had HIV-related concomitant diseases identified by biopsy or clinical diagnosis and further follow up imaging modalities. The overall sensitivity of PET/CT was shown to be 100% and the overall specificity 92% for concomitant diseases requiring additional treatment to antiretroviral therapy. The positive predictive value of PET/CT, which identifying a pathological abnormality needing treatment was 28 of 29 or 96%. The accuracy of PET/CT in detecting and differentiating patients compared with definitive diagnosis was 87.5% [35/40] (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). In 28 patients with extra nodal diseases, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT was consistent at 24 of the patients [85%] with definitive diagnosis. There was one false positive patient with generalized lymphadenopathy who was misdiagnosed for malignancy by PET/CT in HIV-related reactive hyperplasia confirmed by biopsy.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with HIV-infection, CD4 T-lymphocyte counts ranged from 1 to 950 cells/ul, with 45% of patients having less than 200 cells/ul. CD4 T-lymphocyte counts classified into three presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Twenty two of 40 patients were on highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]. The SUVmax and CD4 counts were not statistically significant different between HIV-related reactive lymphadenopathy, HIV-related malignancy and HIV-related infections [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.37].</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with HIV infection are at risk of acquiring a variety of infections and malignancies which may lead to classification of the individual as having AIDS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>. Imaging is obligatory in several cases to direct the clinician to the probable source of the patients’ signs. The specificity and precision of HIV-positive patient assessment using conventional imaging methods are generally unsatisfactory, while <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT can support those patients by providing additional information with the advantage of whole-body imaging technique. In this study, the ability of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT to improve the diagnostic yield in HIV-positive patients was assessed. Potential uses of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG-PET/CT scan are the distribution of HIV-related reactive lymphadenopathies and demonstration of HIV-related infections and malignancies.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Present study, we identified <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT findings that would assist in making a reliable diagnosis of HIV-infected patients. However, it was not possible to characterize lymphadenopathy as reactive, infectious, or malignant solely based on SUVmax. There was no significant difference in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake among definitive diagnosis but levels of radiopharmaceutical uptake, locations and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake patterns in PET/CT imaging were important predictive factors of disease detection and management in those patients. Moreover, the comparison of SUVmax on involved lymph nodes between lymphoma and the rest of the study group was significantly different. Remarkably, symmetrical uptake in MIP images was significantly higher in HIV-related lymphadenopathy than in HIV-related infections and malignancies. In addition, no clear relationship was established between SUVmax and CD4 count. Brust et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> observed a similar <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake between early and late-stage patients with HIV, but unlike our study, a correlation was found between viral load and SUVmax.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, 4 patients with diffuse generalized symmetric lymphadenopathy with high <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake were histologically proven as HIV-related, and the other 4 patients were accepted as HIV-related etiology with clinical follow-up and treatment responses. In one HIV-positive patient, false positive interpretation of malignancy was made due to hypermetabolic peripheral and central lymph nodes on PET/CT imaging, but histopathologic analysis showed that positive lymph nodes were the result of HIV-associated inflammation. The presence of HIV should be a warning to enhance the suspicion that reactive lymphadenopathy instead of malignancy could be present, as shown, in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. The most frequent diagnosis in HIV-infected patient was tuberculosis, which was reported in eight patients in our study. All patients diagnosed with tuberculosis, except one, had central lymph nodes with increased <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG accumulation.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HIV patients are prone to acquire HIV-related opportunistic infections, and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT could act a complementary performance in detection and identification of these pathologies. It is known that susceptibility to infections caused by pathogens such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus, cryptococcus neoformans and toxoplasmosis increases in the presence of HIV infection. There is also an increased tendency to develop malignancies such as lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, RCC and anal cancers. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT can act a role in guiding other diagnostic procedures in HIV-positive patients.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infectious etiologies accounted for the majority of our study population. Tuberculosis is the most common cause of infection in HIV-positive patients and often shows atypical presentations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>. Also, pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcal infections were shown with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG avid pulmonary lesions and infiltrates. One patient in our study showed moderately increase <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake in bilateral lung parenchyma, additional with increased diffuse hepatic <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake reported as viral pneumonia and hepatitis, proved by biopsy as CMV infection. The other had increased esophagogastric <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake, diagnosed as CMV esophagogastritis.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a study, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptakes in lymph nodes of HIV positive and negative tuberculosis patients were compared and SUVmean of involved lymph nodes of HIV+ tuberculosis patients have been found significantly higher than SUVmean of affected lymph nodes in patients with HIV negative tuberculosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>. In our study, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT showed high accuracy to recognize extrapulmonary disease, which presented together with infection and neoplastic situations, but could not reliably differentiate metabolic active tuberculosis related inflammation from malignant lesions in four cases. There was a high overlap in mean SUVmax between patients with HIV-related tuberculosis and malignancies. Therefore, a special caution should be taken when interpreting the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT in HIV-infected patients. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT has been proven inadequate to separate malignancy from tuberculosis in patients existing with hypermetabolic lesions, but patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, PET/CT was found helpful for the identification of further lesion sites<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18–20</span></a>. Thus, our study supports that <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT can define disease extent, direct biopsy, assist therapy management and contribute to follow-up.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A unique application of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT in patients with HIV-infection was the differentiating the cerebral toxoplasmosis and cerebral lymphoma, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>. A number of studies assessed the impact of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT on central nervous system lesions and proved the ability of PET/CT as leading to the initiation of optimal therapy and preventing the need for invasive biopsy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21–23</span></a>.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunosuppression makes susceptible of HIV-positive patients to a number of malignancies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24–26</span></a>. In this study 30% of patients were diagnosed with HIV-related malignancies and the incidence of cancers are predicted to rise when the survival rate increase in HIV-positive individuals. Qualitative assessment of PET images discovered an asymmetric pattern of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake with extranodal disease in HIV positive lymphoma. Mhlanga et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> analyzed 41 HIV positive patients, who underwent <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT scanning and suggested that quantitative PET metabolic parameters together with the visual analysis of symmetry were shown valuable tool for discriminating lymphoma from benign adenopathy in patients with HIV by using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT. Kuno et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> studied <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT images of 9 HIV-infected patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, by using PET metrics and found that hypermetabolic lymph nodes were relevant with nodal metastasis. PET/CT was suggested to be practical as a noninvasive procedure of performing further quantitative data to distinguish metastases from HIV related nodal activity in these patients. Another study retrospectively examined thirteen HIV-infected patients with Burkitt lymphoma and determined 54% patients had <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake related to HIV lymphadenopathy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>. In addition, increased <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake in lungs and esophagus was shown to be related to infections. In that study PET/CT was recommended for proper initial staging of patients with HIV-related Burkitt lymphoma. In our study SUVmax was higher in lymphomas than in reactive or infectious nodes. According to present study results, the high SUVmax of lymph nodes involved by lymphoma enable differentiation between HIV-related generalized lymphadenopathy and HIV-related infections.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yin et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> demonstrated that <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT showed the involvement of multiple lymph nodes, in a HIV positive patient with Kaposi’s sarcoma. In our study, Kaposi’s sarcoma was characterized by cutaneous/subcutaneous nodules as well as multifocal widespread lesions, which had a different distribution, occupying mucosal involvement of the nose, mouth, larynx and stomach. In our experience with HIV-positive patients, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT was discovered to be useful in defining occult lesions which were not easy to detect with conventional imaging methods in systemic Kaposi’s sarcoma.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HAART has significantly improved life expectancy among patients affected with HIV. There has been a rise in neoplastic situation as the HIV-positive individuals live longer and sort of cancers associated with that also have seen to change. HIV-positives now develop neoplasm not previously associated with HIV. Hodgkin lymphoma and anal cancers has been the non-AIDS-defining malignancies that have seen more frequent in HIV-positive patients, were also diagnosed in this study.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strengths of the study can be summarized as; whole-body PET/CT imaging with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG in HIV+ patients shows the distribution of HIV-related lymphadenopathies and additional pathologies that may occur in any region. Recognition of generalized or localized HIV-related lymphadenopathy may contribute to disease management. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT allows to reveal the presence of infection or tumor lesions as well as to show the severity, distribution/staging of HIV+ patients. In addition, asymmetric lymph node involvement indicates the need for a tissue diagnosis for infections or malignancies in HIV+ patients. It also shows the region from where the biopsy should be performed. Also, the fact that biopsy could not be performed from each patient and lesion can be considered as the weaknesses of the study.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some limitations including a relatively low number of patients with benign lymphadenopathies, infections and malignancies and there were imbalances between the patient groups. Further studies are needed to encourage its use routinely in clinical practice.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusions</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pattern of distribution of nodal/extranodal uptake on <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT may facilitate differentiation between HIV-related generalized lymphadenopathies, HIV-related opportunistic infections, and malignancies. The pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis of these situations differ markedly, and it is therefore crucial to reach an accurate diagnosis and management for each patient. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT was proved helpful in deciding rapid and suitable clinical decisions without referring patients to invasive approaches or in providing alternative diagnosis by serving as a guide for biopsy. <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT offers several exciting ways to define HIV and HIV-associated disorders. In this context, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT should be preferred for routine use in the management of patients infected with HIV.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Authors’ contributions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GT, TFC and AI were involved in the study design, implementation, data collection, GT and TFC participated in the data analysis, manuscript preparation and wrote the manuscript. NE, GA, OEF and EB helped to analyze data and draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest and sources of funding</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1792017" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569055" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1792018" "titulo" => "Abstracto" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultado" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569054" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patient selection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "F-FDG PET/CT imaging" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Interpretation of PET/CT images" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest and sources of funding" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-09-06" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-10-06" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569055" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT" 1 => "HIV" 2 => "Infection" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569054" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/TC" 1 => "VIH" 2 => "Infección" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] is a lentevirus, primarily infects certain cells of the immune system, thereby greatly weakens the body’s own defenses against diseases. This study was aimed to explore the value and significance of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of patients with HIV infection and to examine the presence of quantitative alterations in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake among patients with HIV-related infections or malignant diseases in HIV-positive patients.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty patients with HIV infection were scanned on PET/CT system. The data were registered according to immune status, antiretroviral therapy, and definitive diagnosis. All pathologic lesions and disease related areas were described, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake patterns were evaluated. Semiquantitative analysis of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake was performed and SUVmax were calculated.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-eight patients [70%] were diagnosed with HIV-related infection or malignant diseases. The sensitivity of PET/CT was shown to be 100% and the specificity 92% for concomitant diseases requiring additional treatment to antiretroviral therapy. The SUVmax and CD4 counts were not statistically different between HIV-related reactive lymphadenopathy, HIV-related malignancy, and HIV-related infections.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The pattern of distribution of nodal/extranodal uptake on <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT may facilitate distinction between HIV-related generalized lymphadenopathies, HIV-related opportunistic infections, and malignancies. In this context, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT should be preferred for routine use in the management of patients infected with HIV.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstracto" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana [VIH] es un lentevirus, que infecta principalmente ciertas células del sistema inmunitario, por lo que debilita las defensas propias frente a las enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el valor y significado de la PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG en la evaluación de pacientes con infección por VIH y determinar la presencia de diferencias cuantitativas de captación de <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG entre pacientes con infecciones relacionadas con el VIH o neoplasia maligna en pacientes VIH positivos.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron cuarenta pacientes con infección por VIH mediante PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG. Se registró el estado inmunitario, el tratamiento antirretroviral y el diagnóstico definitivo de cada paciente. Se describieron todas las lesiones patológicas y áreas relacionadas con la enfermedad, se evaluaron los patrones de captación de <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG. Se realizó un análisis semicuantitativo de la captación de <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG mediante el calculó SUVmax.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultado</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Veintiocho pacientes [70%] fueron diagnosticados con infección relacionada con el VIH o neoplasia maligna. La sensibilidad de la PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG fue del 100% y la especificidad del 92% para las enfermedades concomitantes que requerían tratamiento adicional a la terapia antirretroviral. El SUVmax y el recuento de CD4 no fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre la linfadenopatía reactiva relacionada con el VIH, la neoplasia maligna relacionada con el VIH y las infecciones relacionadas con el VIH.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El patrón de distribución de la captación ganglionar/extraganglionar en la PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG puede facilitar la distinción entre las adenopatías generalizadas relacionadas con el VIH, las infecciones oportunistas relacionadas con el VIH y las neoplasias malignas. En este contexto, se debe realizar el estudio PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG de forma rutinaria en el manejo de pacientes infectados por el VIH.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultado" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Tatar G, Çermik TF, Alçın G, Erol Fenercioglu O, İnci A, Beyhan E, et al. Contribución de las imágenes PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG en el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes VIH-positivos. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2022;41:275–283.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2400 "Ancho" => 2924 "Tamanyo" => 378411 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT identified hypermetabolic axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes [B], diffuse splenic uptake [C, D] and hypermetabolic inguinal lymph nodes [F]. Symmetric nodal pattern was seen on MIP image [G] with a diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia. The pronounced lymph node enlargements [A, E] and increased <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG-uptake were consistent with HIV-related generalized lymphadenopathy.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2374 "Ancho" => 2174 "Tamanyo" => 282249 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [A], axial CT [B] and MIP images [C] of a 33-year-old man patient with HIV associated tuberculosis. PET/CT demonstrated hypermetabolic diffuse pleural uptake on right pleura [A] with biopsy proven mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pleuritis owing to tuberculosis mimicking malignant mesothelioma.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1220 "Ancho" => 2924 "Tamanyo" => 155135 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Axial CT image with nodular lesion [A], axial PET [B] and axial fused PET/CT [C] image demonstrated moderate <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake in the nodular lesion with surrounding hypometabolic edema of the right posterior temporal lobe. SUVmax of the lesion was 10.6 and the SUVmax of contralateral homologous brain region was 7.9. Diagnosis was consistent with cerebral toxoplasmosis.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2493 "Ancho" => 2174 "Tamanyo" => 232030 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HIV associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with involvement of liver [A], right hemicolon [B] and right iliac bone [C]. Hypermetabolic liver masses with biopsy proven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on axial fused PET/CT [A] and MIP images [D]. Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [B] showed FDG avid large bowel wall thickening with biopsy-proved lymphoma. Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [C] demonstrated lymphomatous infiltration of right iliac bone.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 3257 "Ancho" => 2174 "Tamanyo" => 316129 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">45-year-old man patient with HIV associated disseminated Kaposi sarcoma. Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [A] detected hypermetabolic lesions at the roof of tongue and oropharynx. Axial fused <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT [B] imaging showed multiple hypermetabolic nodules in both lungs. Increased <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake were seen at the wall of stomach [C] with cutaneous–subcutaneous nodules and metastatic peripheral and central lymph nodes on MIP image [D]. The results of biopsy taken from orophaynx and stomach, confirmed Kaposi sarcoma.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MIP: Maximal Intensity Projection, HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy, CD4: cluster of differentiation 4.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HIV related lymphadenopathy (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HIV with infectious disease (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HIV with malignant disease (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean SUVmax (range) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.5 (2.6–16.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.3 (3.6–19.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.0 (6.1–36.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MIP symmetry \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">%91 (11/12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">%43 (7/16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">%41 (5/12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Splenic uptake \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6/16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">On HAART (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>/total) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11/16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CD4 count (cells μ/l) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>/total)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CD4 ≥ 500 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3/16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">500 > CD4 ≥ 200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5/16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CD4 < 200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8/16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5/12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PET/CT results, CD4 counts and antiretroviral therapy status of patients.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LN: lymph node, SUVmax: maximum standardized uptake value.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>/40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean SUVmax (range) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peripheral LN \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cervical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.5 (2.6–36.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Axillary \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.3 (2.4–36.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inguinal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.3 (2.2–25.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Central LN \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mediastinal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.4 (2.9–17.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mesenteric \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.7 (3.1–19.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Retroperitoneal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.6 (3.2–27.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Site distribution and mean SUVmax of lymphadenopathy in patients.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0040" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SUVmax: maximum standardized uptake value.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definitive diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean SUVmax (Range) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lymphoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.8 (9.3–36.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kaposi sarcoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.7 (6.1–12.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tuberculosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.2 (12.7–19.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Benign lymphadenopathy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.5 (2.6–16.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean SUVmax according to the most common diagnoses.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0045" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definitive diagnosis (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HIV related lymphadenopathy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HIV with infectious disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HIV with malignant disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET/CT results with the definitive diagnosis of the patients lymph node dissections.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.A. 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Journal Information
Original Article
Contribution of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in the diagnosis and management of HIV-positive patients
Contribución de las imágenes PET/TC con 18F-FDG en el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes VIH-positivos
Gamze Tatara,
, Tevfik Fikret Çermikb, Göksel Alçınb, Ozge Erol Fenercioglub, Ayşe İncic, Ediz Beyhanb, Nurhan Ergülb
Corresponding author
a University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bagcılar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
b University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
c University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul, Turkey