The Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale: First psychometric evaluations | Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones

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Note. The unidimensional model is reflected in the lower half of the table (17 items loading on to the Engagement factor), and the correlated three-factor model is reflected in the top half of the table (three factors are correlated)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Frédérique Vallières, Eilish McAuliffe, Philip Hyland, Marie Galligan, Annette Ghee" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Frédérique" "apellidos" => "Vallières" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eilish" "apellidos" => "McAuliffe" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Philip" "apellidos" => "Hyland" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marie" "apellidos" => "Galligan" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Annette" "apellidos" => "Ghee" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576596217300014?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/15765962/0000003300000001/v1_201703130910/S1576596217300014/v1_201703130910/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale: First psychometric evaluations" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "47" "paginaFinal" => "53" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Margherita Zito, Lara Colombo" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Margherita" "apellidos" => "Zito" ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Lara" "apellidos" => "Colombo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lara.colombo@unito.it" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "University of Turin, Italy" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. University of Turin. Department of Psychology. Via Verdi 10. 10124 Turin, Italy." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La versión italiana de la Escala de Pasión por el Trabajo: primeras evaluaciones psicométricas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1972 "Ancho" => 2086 "Tamanyo" => 205585 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (N=234)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "In the last fifteen years, psychology developed a new field of interest named Positive Psychology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000</a>). Contrary to “traditional” studies, that generally apply psychology to negative experiences and to what impedes a good quality of life, this perspective particularly focuses on individual well-being. Recognizing positive experiences and factors making life worth living, also through the improvement of social and cultural environments, in fact characterizes this new positive view. According to this theoretical framework, which is more and more interesting psychologists, the concept of passion is also increasingly assuming relevance, since it can contribute to answering what leads to a better life (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al., 2013</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> define passion as a strong inclination toward an activity which the individual likes (or loves), finds important, and spends energy and time in it. Therefore, the passionate activity is very significant in the individual's life and becomes an essential feature of an individual's identity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Carpentier, Mageau, & Vallerand, 2012; Mageau et al., 2009</a>). In line with the Self-Determination Theory (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Deci & Ryan, 2000</a>), <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> suggest that this centrality of activity in the individual's identity occurs because of the basic human inclination to a higher order organization taking place through the integration process between the individual and the context. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>, in fact, the activity that the individual likes (or loves) engages him/her regularly so that such activity is internalized in the person's identity and highly valued. This process flows into passion toward the activity and is functional to define the individual. According to the Dualistic Model of Passion proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>, indeed, depending on the way and on the context in which the activity is internalized in the individual's identity, it is possible to live a Harmonious Passion (HP) or an Obsessive Passion (OP) for the activity. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> operationalized this dualistic model in a 14-item scale which provides 7 items for HP and 7 items for OP. More specifically, HP occurs when the individual acts an autonomous internalization of the activity in his/her identity. This autonomous internalization arises when the participation in the activity is felt as free, without pressure, and is performed because it is important for the individual. This type of internalization produces motivation and engagement in carrying out the activity, which is significant for the individual, but not pervasive in his/her identity. While experiencing HP, in fact, the activity results as in harmony with other elements of the individual's life. An example of HP item of the scale proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> is “this activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life”. On the contrary, OP occurs when the internalization of the activity in the individual's identity is controlled. It is characterized by intrapersonal/interpersonal pressures and contingencies linked to the activity (such as emotional states referred to social acceptance or self-esteem, or to the uncontrollable enthusiasm to engage the activity) that drives obsessively the individual to participate in the activity. As it is a passionate activity, the individual likes the activity, but it is as if he/her is forced to do it because of the internal forces and connections controlling him/her. This lack of control makes the activity pervasive in the individual's identity and the activity can be in conflict with the other elements of the individual's life. An example of OP item of the scale proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> is “the urge is so strong, I can’t help from doing this activity”.Some studies applied the concept of passion also to work activity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Donahue et al., 2012; Lavigne, Forest, & Crevier-Braud, 2012; Marsh et al., 2013; Vallerand & Houlfort, 2003</a>), and for the crucial role of the topic in the field of work and organizational psychology, other studies applied the Scale of Passion for general activity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al., 2003</a>) to the work activity, such as the Spanish version of the scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgambídez-Ramos, Borrego-Alés, & Gonçalves, 2014</a>) or the Portuguese adaptation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gonçalves, Orgambídez-Ramos, Ferrão, & Parreira, 2014</a>). The translations of the scale to different languages, moreover, are a sign of the growing relevance of the topic. Work, indeed, is one of the most important and durable activities along the individual's life and requires time and energy. As highlighted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort (2003)</a>, work is a central aspect and contributes to defining individuals, and can become a part of the person's identity. Therefore, as other activities, the dualistic model of passion can be applied to the work experience and both dimensions are described as crucial for understanding the individual's engagement in his/her work (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Lavigne et al., 2012</a>). Moreover, in this view, passion for work can also be a key individual factor that can affect the perception of well-being or distress (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al., 2003; Lavigne et al., 2012</a>) and, therefore, the quality of working life.Considering the importance of the topic for studies detecting factors related to well-being at work and to the perception of the quality of working life, the aim of this study was to provide a first psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Passion Scale developed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> and applied to work activity. The study shows the factorial validity of the Italian Passion for Work Scale through two steps of analyses: an exploratory factor analysis performed on a sample of 101 workers, and a confirmatory factor analysis performed on a sample of 234 workers. The two dimensions composing the dualistic model of passion, HP and OP, are expected to be found, in line with the original study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>. Moreover, in order to assess the validity of the construct, the study performed also correlations between the two dimensions of passion and other constructs that literature indicates as related.The Italian research lacks this measure, that seems to be crucial in understanding the dynamics of well-being at work. Having a reliable measure of passion for work activity can be a very important source, since it is an individual factor able to influence how individuals live a very important and predominant piece of their life: work.MethodParticipantsTo assess the factorial validity of the scale, the two steps of analyses of this study considered two different samples of workers. Both groups of participants are random samples.The first sample used to perform the exploratory factor analysis is a heterogeneous sample and is composed by 101 participants: 54.5% female, average age 42.29 years (SD=12.86), 79.2% work full-time, average seniority 15 years (SD=11.70). Moreover, 76% are employees, 13% workers (working class), and 11% managers.Two hundred and thirty-four participants belonging to a professional association of project managers compose the second sample, used to perform the confirmatory factor analysis. In particular, 77.3% are male, average age 44.82 years (SD=6.90), 90.5% work full-time, average seniority 11 years (SD=6.55). Moreover, 65.3% of them are supervisors, 20.5% employees, and 14.2% directors.MeasuresParticipants completed a self-report questionnaire composed by the following scales:Passion. As mentioned, to measure passion, the Passion Scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> and adapted to work activity was used. The scale was assessed by 14 items (7 items for HP and 7 items for OP) on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 means not agree at all and 7 very strongly agree (HP: M=4.25, SD=1.39; OP: M=2.03, SD=1.01).Job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Pejtersen, Kristensen, Borg and Bjoner (2010)</a> with a 4-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 means strongly disagree and 5 strongly agree. The Cronbach's alpha for the present study is .82 (M=3.43, SD=0.72).Life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Pavot and Diener (1993)</a> with a 4-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 means strongly disagree and 7 strongly agree. The Cronbach's alpha for the present study is .91 (M=4.42, SD=1.29).Positive emotions at work. Positive emotions at work were assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Warr (1990)</a> and operationalized as psychological well-being. They were measured with a 6-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 6, where 1 means never and 6 always. The Cronbach's alpha for the present study is .75 (M=3.70, SD=1.01).Negative emotions at work. Negative emotions at work were assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Warr (1990)</a> and operationalized as psychological discomfort. They were measured with a 6-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 6, where 1 means never and 6 always. The Cronbach's alpha for the present study is .84 (M=2.82, SD=0.96).Flow at work. Flow at work were assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bakker (2008)</a>, using the Italian adaptation by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Zito, Bakker, Colombo, and Cortese (2015)</a>, with a 13-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 means never and 6 always. The Cronbach's alpha for the present study is .90 (M=3.91, SD=1.05).ProcedureBefore the administration of the Italian version of the passion for work scale, the original version was translated from English to Italian, and back translated from Italian to English in order to control and verify items conformity. Moreover, the scale has been adapted from “passion for a general activity” to “passion for work”. This process was made with the supervision of an expert with English as mother tongue, with a satisfactory correspondence between items. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, placed on a platform implemented by researchers, but with different procedures: the first sample was randomly contacted, whereas the second sample received an email from their professional association of project manager with a link to the questionnaire, also published on the intranet of the association website. The board of directors of the association authorized the study and, since there was no medical treatment or other procedures that could cause psychological or social discomfort to participants, additional ethical approval was not required.Before starting the questionnaire, participants had information about the voluntary nature of the participation in the study, the anonymity of their data, and instructions to complete the questionnaire.Data AnalysisTo assess the factorial structure of the Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale, data analyses followed two main stages: the first concerned the heterogeneous sample (N=101) for the exploratory factor analysis with SPSS 22. The second stage involved the sample of professional workers (N=234) for the confirmatory factor analyses, conducted with Mplus 7. The model goodness of fit was tested considering the following indices: chi-square value (χ2), Comparative Fit Index (CFI, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bentler, 1990</a>), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Tucker & Lewis, 1973</a>), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Steiger, 1990</a>), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1993</a>).Moreover, in order to assess the validity of the scale and deepen the psychometric characteristics of the Italian version of Passion for Work scale, the correlations (Pearson's r) between the two dimensions of the Italian version of Passion for Work Scale and other construct that literature highlighted to be correlated with the dualistic model of passion were examined (in both the samples used for the exploratory and the confirmatory factor analyses; N=335). In fact, in the light of the characteristics of the type of passion and of how the work activity is internalized (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al., 2013; Vallerand et al., 2003; Vallerand & Houlfort, 2003</a>), it is expected that HP is more correlated with job and life satisfaction, flow at work experiences, and positive emotions at work, and less with negative emotions at work; on the contrary OP is expected to correlate with HP. Also, an analysis of variance (independent samples t-test) was conducted in order to deepen the characteristics of the passion construct, by comparing passion scores for women and men.Finally, in order to assess the internal consistencies of measures, Cronbach's alphas were calculated both for the two factors of the Italian version of the Passion for Work scale, and for each measure considered in the study.Correlations, analyses of variance and Cronbach's alphas were performed with SPSS 22.ResultsExploratory Factor AnalysisThe exploratory factor analysis has been conducted with the maximum likelihood (ML) extraction from the 14 items, through different solutions in order to explore data: eigenvalues>1 with two factors extraction, and then the requirement of one, two, and three factors with no rotation, with Varimax, with Oblimin, and with Promax rotation for each number of factors extraction. In line with theoretical bases and previous empirical findings, the best result was the two-factor solution with Oblimin rotation (Kaiser's normalization) and, as expected and in line with the original scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>, factors can be named Harmonious Passion and Obsessive Passion. Within this solution, eliminating item 7 from the dimension of HP was chosen (original item “I am completely taken with this activity”, Italian translation “sono completamente preso da questo lavoro”), since it overlapped with the two factors. Actually, in the Italian language, this item could suggest also the sense to be very occupied in the activity, in line with the concept of obsessive thought. The exploratory factor analysis with 13 items was hence conducted to verify the new factor solution, with good results. The chosen solution resulted therefore composed by 13 items (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>): HP (six items, α=.92) and OP (seven items, α=.87). The factor loading for the 13-item solution ranges between |.68| and |.95| for HP, and between |.56| and |.79| for OP. Moreover, the Bartlett's Test of Sphericity is significant (p<.000), thus making the factor analysis possible, and the KMO is very satisfactory (.87).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The factor solution absorbs 61.5% of the total variance (HP explains 44.1% of the variance and OP explains 17.4%) and this is in line with the original 14-item scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> that absorbed 54.7% of the total variance.The correlation between the two factors HP and OP is r=.36.Confirmatory Factor AnalysisThe confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the second sample (N=234). As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, different models were tested with ML method: with one factor, with two factors with the original composition of factors, and with 13 items without item 7, on the basis of the exploratory factor analysis. Model 1 and 2 gave unsatisfactory fit indices and Model 3 showed fit indices not completely acceptable. Evaluating the modifications indices calculated by Mplus (default option Modification M.I. – 3.840), the fit improved by adding two correlations in the model estimation (Model 4). More specifically, correlations between items 5 and 6 and between items 8 and 9 were included. At a semantic level, the suggested correlations made sense: items 5 (“This activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life”) and 6 (“For me it is a passion, that I still manage to control”) in fact they seem to be particularly linked to the aspects of the harmonious balance of the working activity with the individual's life and of the non-pervasiveness of work in the lifetime. Moreover, at a semantic level, items 8 (“I cannot live without it”) and 9 (“The urge is so strong, I can’t help doing this activity”) seem to be linked to the exclusivity of the work and its pervasiveness, as if the work were related to the identity of the person characterizing his/her life. Therefore, Model 4 was calculated obtaining good fit indices. Moreover, this inclusion did not modify other estimated parameters, and the dualistic model of passion emerged from the analysis. It has to be noted that the RMSEA value can be improved, but other modifications were not added in the estimation of the model, in order to have a cleaner model. These are preliminary analyses, and according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">MacCallum, Browne and Sugawara (1996)</a>, RMSEA values ranging between .08 and .10 are still acceptable.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Deepening Model 4, all items load only on the intended factors and factors loading range between |.34| and |.93| for HP, and between |.46| and |.85| for OP (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The correlation between factors is positive, in line with the original scale of passion by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>.ValidityResults of correlations between the two dimensions of the Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale (that the literature indicates as correlated with the two elements of passion), job satisfaction, life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions at work, and flow at work are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. HP shows high and positive correlations with flow at work (r=.71), job satisfaction (r=54), positive emotions at work (r=.53), life satisfaction (r=.48), and OP (r=.30), whereas it shows a negative correlation with negative emotions at work (r=-.27). As for OP, it shows positive correlations with flow at work (r=.38), negative emotions at work (r=.20), job satisfaction (r=.16), and – though weak – with positive emotions at work (r=.13).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The results of the t-test for independent samples was not significant: in this sample, there are not differences in the perception of passion, both HP, t(330)=-.901, p=.37, and OP, t(330)=.009, p=.99, for women (Mean HP=24.71, SD=8.21; Mean OP=14.24, SD=7.90) and men (Mean HP=25.59, SD=8.38; Mean OP=14.24, SD=6.72).Discussion and ConclusionsThe aim of this study was to assess, through psychometric evaluations, a preliminary version of the Passion Scale applied to work in the Italian language from the original scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>.The exploratory factor analysis was conducted with Oblimin rotation and showed the dualistic structure of the passion construct, reflecting the theory by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>. In this step of analysis, item 7 was deleted, reducing the scale from 14 to 13 items. This is quite consistent with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gonçalves et al. (2014)</a> on the adaptation and validation of the Passion Scale in Portuguese: item 7 seems to overlap with the two dimensions of HP and OP (maybe because of the positive and negative ambiguity of the item – “I am completely taken with this activity” – since it overlaps with HP and OP both in Italian and Portuguese), suggesting a deletion of the item. In this sense, supporting this data, these authors highlight the fact that item 7 is the one with the lowest score loading, also in the original study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>. Therefore, on the basis of the results of this study and of previous studies, the 13-item solution was accepted and revealed two factors, HP (with 6 items) and OP (with 7 items), in line with the original scale.The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 13-item model, that followed the modification indices (Model 4), respected the original factor-structure suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a>, and also the bifactor structure found by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgambídez-Ramos et al. (2014)</a>, and fitted the data better than the other model (Model 1). Adding the correlations between items 5 and 6 and between items 8 and 9, in fact, did not alter any estimated parameter in the model and resulted reasonable from a semantic standpoint. Moreover, this procedure is in line with the study on the Passion Scale for an activity later developed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al., 2013</a>, which added this type of modification in both HP and OP dimensions.It has to be noted that the confirmatory factor analysis shows some items (5, 6, and 13) loading under the .60 value. However, this is a first psychometric and preliminary evaluation of the measure, that can be a good guideline for future analyses, considering that fit indices of the 13-item model are acceptable.The correlations between the two factors resulted positive both in the exploratory and in the confirmatory factor analysis. This positive relation is in line with the original study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al. (2003)</a> and with other studies on the validation of the scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Gonçalves et al., 2014; Orgambídez-Ramos et al., 2014</a>). Despite this positive association between HP and OP, these studies underline, however, that the two types of passion are defined in their differences by the dissimilar association of the two types of passion with various outcomes. In fact, HP is indicated by authors as related with positive mood, flow, and engagement, whereas OP appeared to be related with experiences of conflict, work addiction in a compulsive view, and negative moods, but also with flow, engagement, and performance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Carpentier et al., 2012; Vallerand & Houlfort, 2003</a>). Correlations in the entire sample (N=335) performed in this study seem to confirm these empirical evidences: HP and OP are again positively associated, in line with the original study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al., 2003</a>). Moreover, HP is highly correlated with flow at work, as suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort (2003)</a> and in line with studies suggesting a positive association between passion and the positive experience of flow at work (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand & Houlfort, 2003</a>), also in protecting workers from discomfort (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Lavigne et al., 2012</a>). Moreover, in line with suggestions by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort (2003)</a>, HP is positively associated with positive emotions at work, and negatively associated with negative emotions at work, respectively intended as indicators of psychological well-being and discomfort, highlighting the potential of HP for the individual well-being. In fact, HP results to be also highly and positively linked with both job satisfaction (in line with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgambídez-Ramos et al., 2014</a>) and life satisfaction (in line with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al., 2013</a>). All these positive outcomes positively and strongly related with HP suggest the relevance of HP and the importance of reinforce the awareness about HP to better foster workers’ well-being in daily working activity.As for the correlations of OP, it is interesting to note a positive association between OP and flow at work: these are not surprising results, since an individual who has developed an OP for work finds it important, is dedicated to it, and is absorbed. These are also characteristics of flow at work (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bakker, 2008</a>) and are in line with the assumption that working with workload (or dedication) can lead to more absorption, which is a dimension making up the construct of flow at work (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bakker, 2008</a>). This could explain also the positive correlations between OP and job satisfaction and, even if weak, with positive emotions at work. It is important to monitor the aspects of OP, since the individual feels he/she is working on something that he/she has internalized as important, likes or loves and could be satisfied with, but in the long term this activity could become in conflict with other activities of life, undermining health and well-being. In fact, OP is positively correlated with negative emotions at work: this is in line with <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort (2003)</a>, and considering that negative emotions are operationalized as an indicator of psychological discomfort, this result suggests also that OP can be damaging for the individual well-being.In line with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgambídez-Ramos et al. (2014)</a>, the present study does not show any significant differences between women and men in the perception of HP or OP. It could be interesting to deepen this aspect, in particular referring to the relation between HP and OP and work-family conflict. This suggestion for future studies could be useful, first, because work-family conflict is depicted in the literature and by empirical evidences as a gender issue, and second, because of the link between OP and the possibility of experimenting conflict with the life domain.Looking at the reliability of the two dimensions, they turned out to be satisfactory: the Cronbach's alpha coefficients are .92 for HP (.79 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al., 2003</a>; .92 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gonçalves et al., 2014</a>; .92 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgambídez-Ramos et al., 2014</a>) and .87 for OP (.89 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al., 2003</a>; .93 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gonçalves et al., 2014</a>; .94 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgambídez-Ramos et al., 2014</a>), confirming a good internal consistency of the scales.A limitation of the present study is the use of a self-report questionnaire and a cross-sectional research design that does not permit to establish sure relations of causality between variables. Another limitation is the small samples used in both steps of analysis and the random sampling techniques that do not allow to have representative samples. This is a preliminary study adaptation, but a future continuance of the psychometric evaluation of the scale could find useful to increase the number of participants. This could also be functional to verify the deletion of item 7, even if already another study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gonçalves et al., 2014</a>) highlighted problems with this item. Moreover, enlarging the sample would allow performing a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, which could be very informative in the adaptation of the scale to work domain.To conclude, this study showed that the Italian version of the Passion Scale applied to work can be measured in a reliably way, also considering the good psychometric characteristics. In this sense, the scale can be used in applied research to assess the passion for work activities in organizational contexts. Considering the extensive interest for the passion construct and the different languages through which it is being more and more detected, the present Italian scale could represent both a contribution to the passion construct that can be measured also among Italian workers, and in general to the study on passion for work. Beyond this, organizational surveys would investigate also the relationship between perception of passion and well-being/distress experience among workers, allowing the reflection on work dynamics. Human resources managers could find the awareness of these working aspects useful in order to project interventions to: develop the positive side of passion, make workers aware of the risks associated to an obsessive relation with work, and develop and diffuse well-being practice oriented to awareness, such as individuals’ skills evaluations and focused training for supervisors and employees.Conflict of InterestThe authors of this article declare no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres812992" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec810365" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres812993" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec810366" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Measures" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data Analysis" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Exploratory Factor Analysis" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Confirmatory Factor Analysis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Validity" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion and Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-05-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-01-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec810365" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Dualistic model of passion" 1 => "Passion for work" 2 => "Scale adaptation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec810366" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Modelo dualista de pasión" 1 => "Pasión por el trabajo" 2 => "Adaptación a la escala" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Passion is a strong inclination toward an activity that people like and find important, characterized by harmonious passion and obsessive passion. This study aims to provide a psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Passion Scale developed by Vallerand and colleagues, applied to work. To assess the factorial validity of the Italian scale, an exploratory factor analysis (N=101) and a confirmatory factor analysis (N=234), along with correlations to assess the validity, were performed. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure, in line with the original study, and one item from the harmonious passion dimension was deleted. The confirmatory factor analysis that was conducted confirmed the two-factor structure. Results suggest that the Italian version of the Passion Scale applied to work can be used in research, allowing to detect an important individual factor influencing well-being and the quality of working life." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La pasión es la fuerte inclinación hacia una actividad que gusta a las personas y que consideran importante, teniendo dos vertientes, la pasión armoniosa y la pasión obsesiva. Este estudio se centra en la evaluación psicométrica de la versión italiana de la Escala de Pasión, desarrollada por Vallerand y colaboradores, aplicada al ámbito del trabajo. Con el fin de obtener la validez factorial de la escala italiana, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (N=101) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (N=234) y se calcularon las correlaciones para evaluar la validez. El análisis factorial exploratorio descubrió una estructura de dos factores, como en el estudio original, suprimiéndose un elemento de la dimensión pasión armoniosa. El análisis confirmatorio confirmó la estructura de dos factores. Los resultados indican que la versión italiana de la Escala de Pasión aplicada al trabajo puede utilizarse en investigación, permitiendo descubrir un importante factor individual que influye en el bienestar y en la calidad de vida laborales." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1972 "Ancho" => 2086 "Tamanyo" => 205585 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (N=234)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. HP=Harmonious Passion, OP=Obsessive Passion." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Item Number \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Items \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factors</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Le cose nuove che scopro con questo lavoro mi permettono di apprezzarlo ancora di più. [The new things that I discover with this activity allow me to appreciate it even more] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro mi permette di vivere esperienze molto positive. [This activity allows me to live memorable experiences] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro mi permette di vivere diverse esperienze. [This activity allows me to live a variety of experiences] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro riflette le qualità che amo di me. [This activity reflects the qualities I like about myself] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro è in equilibrio con le altre attività della mia vita. [This activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro per me è una passione che so controllare. [For me it is a passion, that I still manage to control] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Sono emotivamente dipendente da questo lavoro. [I am emotionally dependent on this activity] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Il desiderio di svolgere questo lavoro è così forte che non riesco a farne a meno. [The urge is so strong, I can’t help doing this activity] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Ho difficoltà a immaginare la mia vita senza questo lavoro. [I have difficulty imagining my life without this activity] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Provo un sentimento quasi ossessivo verso questo lavoro. [I have almost an obsessive feeling for this activity] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Non posso vivere senza questo lavoro. [I cannot live without it] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Controllo con difficoltà il mio bisogno di svolgere questo lavoro. [I have a tough time controlling my need to do this activity] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Il mio umore dipende dalla mia capacità di svolgere questo lavoro. [My mood depends on me being able to do this activity] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Alpha</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Mean (item)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Correlation between factors</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">OP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">HP</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">OP</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1365257.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Exploratory Factor Analysis - 13-item Solution (ML extraction; Oblimin rotation; Kaiser's normalization). N=101." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MODEL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χ2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RMSEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CFI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TLI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SRMR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AIC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BIC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 1: 14-item Model (one factor) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">767.374 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15979.629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16123.477 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 2: 14-item Model (two factors) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">273.754 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15488.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15635.282 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 3: 13-item Model (without item 7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">275.436 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14722.362 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14859.360 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 4: 13-item Model (without item 7 and correlations between items 5 and 6, and between items 8 and 9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">179.466 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14651.726 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14795.574 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1365258.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Estimated Models (N=234)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Note. Cronbach's alphas on the diagonal (between brackets)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1. Harmonious passion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2. Obsessive passion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.87) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3. Job satisfaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.16<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4. Life satisfaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.48<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5. Positive emotions at work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6. Negative emotions at work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.84) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7. Flow at work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.71<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.38<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">(.90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1365256.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "p<.01." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations (Pearson's r) (N=335)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Bakker, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Work-Related Flow Inventory: construction and initial validation of the WOLF" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A.B. 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The Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale: First psychometric evaluations

La versión italiana de la Escala de Pasión por el Trabajo: primeras evaluaciones psicométricas

Margherita Zito, Lara Colombo

Corresponding author

lara.colombo@unito.it

Corresponding author. University of Turin. Department of Psychology. Via Verdi 10. 10124 Turin, Italy.

University of Turin, Italy

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the last fifteen years&#44; psychology developed a new field of interest named Positive Psychology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Seligman &#38; Csikszentmihalyi&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; Contrary to &#8220;traditional&#8221; studies&#44; that generally apply psychology to negative experiences and to what impedes a good quality of life&#44; this perspective particularly focuses on individual well-being&#46; Recognizing positive experiences and factors making life worth living&#44; also through the improvement of social and cultural environments&#44; in fact characterizes this new positive view&#46; According to this theoretical framework&#44; which is more and more interesting psychologists&#44; the concept of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">passion</span> is also increasingly assuming relevance&#44; since it can contribute to answering what leads to a better life &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> define passion as a strong inclination toward an activity which the individual likes &#40;or loves&#41;&#44; finds important&#44; and spends energy and time in it&#46; Therefore&#44; the passionate activity is very significant in the individual&#39;s life and becomes an essential feature of an individual&#39;s identity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Carpentier&#44; Mageau&#44; &#38; Vallerand&#44; 2012&#59; Mageau et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; In line with the Self-Determination Theory &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Deci &#38; Ryan&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> suggest that this centrality of activity in the individual&#39;s identity occurs because of the basic human inclination to a higher order organization taking place through the integration process between the individual and the context&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; in fact&#44; the activity that the individual likes &#40;or loves&#41; engages him&#47;her regularly so that such activity is internalized in the person&#39;s identity and highly valued&#46; This process flows into passion toward the activity and is functional to define the individual&#46; According to the Dualistic Model of Passion proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; indeed&#44; depending on the way and on the context in which the activity is internalized in the individual&#39;s identity&#44; it is possible to live a Harmonious Passion &#40;HP&#41; or an Obsessive Passion &#40;OP&#41; for the activity&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> operationalized this dualistic model in a 14-item scale which provides 7 items for HP and 7 items for OP&#46; More specifically&#44; HP occurs when the individual acts an autonomous internalization of the activity in his&#47;her identity&#46; This autonomous internalization arises when the participation in the activity is felt as free&#44; without pressure&#44; and is performed because it is important for the individual&#46; This type of internalization produces motivation and engagement in carrying out the activity&#44; which is significant for the individual&#44; but not pervasive in his&#47;her identity&#46; While experiencing HP&#44; in fact&#44; the activity results as in harmony with other elements of the individual&#39;s life&#46; An example of HP item of the scale proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> is &#8220;this activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life&#8221;&#46; On the contrary&#44; OP occurs when the internalization of the activity in the individual&#39;s identity is controlled&#46; It is characterized by intrapersonal&#47;interpersonal pressures and contingencies linked to the activity &#40;such as emotional states referred to social acceptance or self-esteem&#44; or to the uncontrollable enthusiasm to engage the activity&#41; that drives obsessively the individual to participate in the activity&#46; As it is a passionate activity&#44; the individual likes the activity&#44; but it is as if he&#47;her is forced to do it because of the internal forces and connections controlling him&#47;her&#46; This lack of control makes the activity pervasive in the individual&#39;s identity and the activity can be in conflict with the other elements of the individual&#39;s life&#46; An example of OP item of the scale proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> is &#8220;the urge is so strong&#44; I can&#8217;t help from doing this activity&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies applied the concept of passion also to work activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Donahue et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Lavigne&#44; Forest&#44; &#38; Crevier-Braud&#44; 2012&#59; Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#59; Vallerand &#38; Houlfort&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; and for the crucial role of the topic in the field of work and organizational psychology&#44; other studies applied the Scale of Passion for general activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41; to the work activity&#44; such as the Spanish version of the scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos&#44; Borrego-Al&#233;s&#44; &#38; Gon&#231;alves&#44; 2014</a>&#41; or the Portuguese adaptation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gon&#231;alves&#44; Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos&#44; Ferr&#227;o&#44; &#38; Parreira&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; The translations of the scale to different languages&#44; moreover&#44; are a sign of the growing relevance of the topic&#46; Work&#44; indeed&#44; is one of the most important and durable activities along the individual&#39;s life and requires time and energy&#46; As highlighted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; work is a central aspect and contributes to defining individuals&#44; and can become a part of the person&#39;s identity&#46; Therefore&#44; as other activities&#44; the dualistic model of passion can be applied to the work experience and both dimensions are described as crucial for understanding the individual&#39;s engagement in his&#47;her work &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Lavigne et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; in this view&#44; passion for work can also be a key individual factor that can affect the perception of well-being or distress &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46;&#44; 2003&#59; Lavigne et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; and&#44; therefore&#44; the quality of working life&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the importance of the topic for studies detecting factors related to well-being at work and to the perception of the quality of working life&#44; the aim of this study was to provide a first psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Passion Scale developed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> and applied to work activity&#46; The study shows the factorial validity of the Italian Passion for Work Scale through two steps of analyses&#58; an exploratory factor analysis performed on a sample of 101 workers&#44; and a confirmatory factor analysis performed on a sample of 234 workers&#46; The two dimensions composing the dualistic model of passion&#44; HP and OP&#44; are expected to be found&#44; in line with the original study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46; Moreover&#44; in order to assess the validity of the construct&#44; the study performed also correlations between the two dimensions of passion and other constructs that literature indicates as related&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Italian research lacks this measure&#44; that seems to be crucial in understanding the dynamics of well-being at work&#46; Having a reliable measure of passion for work activity can be a very important source&#44; since it is an individual factor able to influence how individuals live a very important and predominant piece of their life&#58; work&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Method</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the factorial validity of the scale&#44; the two steps of analyses of this study considered two different samples of workers&#46; Both groups of participants are random samples&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first sample used to perform the exploratory factor analysis is a heterogeneous sample and is composed by 101 participants&#58; 54&#46;5&#37; female&#44; average age 42&#46;29 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;86&#41;&#44; 79&#46;2&#37; work full-time&#44; average seniority 15 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;70&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; 76&#37; are employees&#44; 13&#37; workers &#40;working class&#41;&#44; and 11&#37; managers&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two hundred and thirty-four participants belonging to a professional association of project managers compose the second sample&#44; used to perform the confirmatory factor analysis&#46; In particular&#44; 77&#46;3&#37; are male&#44; average age 44&#46;82 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;90&#41;&#44; 90&#46;5&#37; work full-time&#44; average seniority 11 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;55&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; 65&#46;3&#37; of them are supervisors&#44; 20&#46;5&#37; employees&#44; and 14&#46;2&#37; directors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Measures</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants completed a self-report questionnaire composed by the following scales&#58;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Passion</span>&#46; As mentioned&#44; to measure passion&#44; the Passion Scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> and adapted to work activity was used&#46; The scale was assessed by 14 items &#40;7 items for HP and 7 items for OP&#41; on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7&#44; where 1 means <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">not agree at all</span> and 7 very <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly agree</span> &#40;HP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;25&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;39&#59; OP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;03&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Job satisfaction</span>&#46; Job satisfaction was assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Pejtersen&#44; Kristensen&#44; Borg and Bjoner &#40;2010&#41;</a> with a 4-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5&#44; where 1 means <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly disagree</span> and 5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly agree</span>&#46; The Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the present study is &#46;82 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;43&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;72&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Life satisfaction</span>&#46; Life satisfaction was assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Pavot and Diener &#40;1993&#41;</a> with a 4-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7&#44; where 1 means <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly disagree</span> and 7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly agree</span>&#46; The Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the present study is &#46;91 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;42&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;29&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Positive emotions at work</span>&#46; Positive emotions at work were assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Warr &#40;1990&#41;</a> and operationalized as psychological well-being&#46; They were measured with a 6-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 6&#44; where 1 means <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span> and 6 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#46; The Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the present study is &#46;75 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;70&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Negative emotions at work</span>&#46; Negative emotions at work were assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Warr &#40;1990&#41;</a> and operationalized as psychological discomfort&#46; They were measured with a 6-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 6&#44; where 1 means <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span> and 6 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#46; The Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the present study is &#46;84 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;82&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;96&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Flow at work</span>&#46; Flow at work were assessed with the scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bakker &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; using the Italian adaptation by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Zito&#44; Bakker&#44; Colombo&#44; and Cortese &#40;2015&#41;</a>&#44; with a 13-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7&#44; where 1 means <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span> and 6 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#46; The Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the present study is &#46;90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;91&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Procedure</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the administration of the Italian version of the passion for work scale&#44; the original version was translated from English to Italian&#44; and back translated from Italian to English in order to control and verify items conformity&#46; Moreover&#44; the scale has been adapted from &#8220;passion for a general activity&#8221; to &#8220;passion for work&#8221;&#46; This process was made with the supervision of an expert with English as mother tongue&#44; with a satisfactory correspondence between items&#46; Data were collected through an online questionnaire&#44; placed on a platform implemented by researchers&#44; but with different procedures&#58; the first sample was randomly contacted&#44; whereas the second sample received an email from their professional association of project manager with a link to the questionnaire&#44; also published on the intranet of the association website&#46; The board of directors of the association authorized the study and&#44; since there was no medical treatment or other procedures that could cause psychological or social discomfort to participants&#44; additional ethical approval was not required&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before starting the questionnaire&#44; participants had information about the voluntary nature of the participation in the study&#44; the anonymity of their data&#44; and instructions to complete the questionnaire&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Data Analysis</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the factorial structure of the Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale&#44; data analyses followed two main stages&#58; the first concerned the heterogeneous sample &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>101&#41; for the exploratory factor analysis with SPSS 22&#46; The second stage involved the sample of professional workers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>234&#41; for the confirmatory factor analyses&#44; conducted with Mplus 7&#46; The model goodness of fit was tested considering the following indices&#58; chi-square value &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; Comparative Fit Index &#40;CFI&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bentler&#44; 1990</a>&#41;&#44; Tucker-Lewis Index &#40;TLI&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Tucker &#38; Lewis&#44; 1973</a>&#41;&#44; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation &#40;RMSEA&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Steiger&#44; 1990</a>&#41;&#44; and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual &#40;SRMR&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">J&#246;reskog &#38; S&#246;rbom&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; in order to assess the validity of the scale and deepen the psychometric characteristics of the Italian version of Passion for Work scale&#44; the correlations &#40;Pearson&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; between the two dimensions of the Italian version of Passion for Work Scale and other construct that literature highlighted to be correlated with the dualistic model of passion were examined &#40;in both the samples used for the exploratory and the confirmatory factor analyses&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>335&#41;&#46; In fact&#44; in the light of the characteristics of the type of passion and of how the work activity is internalized &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#59; Vallerand et al&#46;&#44; 2003&#59; Vallerand &#38; Houlfort&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; it is expected that HP is more correlated with job and life satisfaction&#44; flow at work experiences&#44; and positive emotions at work&#44; and less with negative emotions at work&#59; on the contrary OP is expected to correlate with HP&#46; Also&#44; an analysis of variance &#40;independent samples <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t-test</span>&#41; was conducted in order to deepen the characteristics of the passion construct&#44; by comparing passion scores for women and men&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; in order to assess the internal consistencies of measures&#44; Cronbach&#39;s alphas were calculated both for the two factors of the Italian version of the Passion for Work scale&#44; and for each measure considered in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Correlations&#44; analyses of variance and Cronbach&#39;s alphas were performed with SPSS 22&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Exploratory Factor Analysis</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exploratory factor analysis has been conducted with the maximum likelihood &#40;ML&#41; extraction from the 14 items&#44; through different solutions in order to explore data&#58; eigenvalues<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 with two factors extraction&#44; and then the requirement of one&#44; two&#44; and three factors with no rotation&#44; with Varimax&#44; with Oblimin&#44; and with Promax rotation for each number of factors extraction&#46; In line with theoretical bases and previous empirical findings&#44; the best result was the two-factor solution with Oblimin rotation &#40;Kaiser&#39;s normalization&#41; and&#44; as expected and in line with the original scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; factors can be named Harmonious Passion and Obsessive Passion&#46; Within this solution&#44; eliminating item 7 from the dimension of HP was chosen &#40;original item &#8220;I am completely taken with this activity&#8221;&#44; Italian translation &#8220;sono completamente preso da questo lavoro&#8221;&#41;&#44; since it overlapped with the two factors&#46; Actually&#44; in the Italian language&#44; this item could suggest also the sense to be very occupied in the activity&#44; in line with the concept of obsessive thought&#46; The exploratory factor analysis with 13 items was hence conducted to verify the new factor solution&#44; with good results&#46; The chosen solution resulted therefore composed by 13 items &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#58; HP &#40;six items&#44; &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;92&#41; and OP &#40;seven items&#44; &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;87&#41;&#46; The factor loading for the 13-item solution ranges between &#124;&#46;68&#124; and &#124;&#46;95&#124; for HP&#44; and between &#124;&#46;56&#124; and &#124;&#46;79&#124; for OP&#46; Moreover&#44; the Bartlett&#39;s Test of Sphericity is significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;000&#41;&#44; thus making the factor analysis possible&#44; and the KMO is very satisfactory &#40;&#46;87&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The factor solution absorbs 61&#46;5&#37; of the total variance &#40;HP explains 44&#46;1&#37; of the variance and OP explains 17&#46;4&#37;&#41; and this is in line with the original 14-item scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> that absorbed 54&#46;7&#37; of the total variance&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between the two factors HP and OP is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;36&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Confirmatory Factor Analysis</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the second sample &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>234&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; different models were tested with ML method&#58; with one factor&#44; with two factors with the original composition of factors&#44; and with 13 items without item 7&#44; on the basis of the exploratory factor analysis&#46; Model 1 and 2 gave unsatisfactory fit indices and Model 3 showed fit indices not completely acceptable&#46; Evaluating the modifications indices calculated by Mplus &#40;default option Modification M&#46;I&#46; &#8211; 3&#46;840&#41;&#44; the fit improved by adding two correlations in the model estimation &#40;Model 4&#41;&#46; More specifically&#44; correlations between items 5 and 6 and between items 8 and 9 were included&#46; At a semantic level&#44; the suggested correlations made sense&#58; items 5 &#40;&#8220;This activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life&#8221;&#41; and 6 &#40;&#8220;For me it is a passion&#44; that I still manage to control&#8221;&#41; in fact they seem to be particularly linked to the aspects of the harmonious balance of the working activity with the individual&#39;s life and of the non-pervasiveness of work in the lifetime&#46; Moreover&#44; at a semantic level&#44; items 8 &#40;&#8220;I cannot live without it&#8221;&#41; and 9 &#40;&#8220;The urge is so strong&#44; I can&#8217;t help doing this activity&#8221;&#41; seem to be linked to the exclusivity of the work and its pervasiveness&#44; as if the work were related to the identity of the person characterizing his&#47;her life&#46; Therefore&#44; Model 4 was calculated obtaining good fit indices&#46; Moreover&#44; this inclusion did not modify other estimated parameters&#44; and the dualistic model of passion emerged from the analysis&#46; It has to be noted that the RMSEA value can be improved&#44; but other modifications were not added in the estimation of the model&#44; in order to have a cleaner model&#46; These are preliminary analyses&#44; and according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">MacCallum&#44; Browne and Sugawara &#40;1996&#41;</a>&#44; RMSEA values ranging between &#46;08 and &#46;10 are still acceptable&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Deepening Model 4&#44; all items load only on the intended factors and factors loading range between &#124;&#46;34&#124; and &#124;&#46;93&#124; for HP&#44; and between &#124;&#46;46&#124; and &#124;&#46;85&#124; for OP &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between factors is positive&#44; in line with the original scale of passion by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Validity</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of correlations between the two dimensions of the Italian version of the Passion for Work Scale &#40;that the literature indicates as correlated with the two elements of passion&#41;&#44; job satisfaction&#44; life satisfaction&#44; positive and negative emotions at work&#44; and flow at work are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; HP shows high and positive correlations with flow at work &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;71&#41;&#44; job satisfaction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>54&#41;&#44; positive emotions at work &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;53&#41;&#44; life satisfaction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;48&#41;&#44; and OP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;30&#41;&#44; whereas it shows a negative correlation with negative emotions at work &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-&#46;27&#41;&#46; As for OP&#44; it shows positive correlations with flow at work &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;38&#41;&#44; negative emotions at work &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;20&#41;&#44; job satisfaction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;16&#41;&#44; and &#8211; though weak &#8211; with positive emotions at work &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;13&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test for independent samples was not significant&#58; in this sample&#44; there are not differences in the perception of passion&#44; both HP&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#40;330&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-&#46;901&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;37&#44; and OP&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#40;330&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;009&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;99&#44; for women &#40;Mean HP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#46;71&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;21&#59; Mean OP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;24&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;90&#41; and men &#40;Mean HP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#46;59&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;38&#59; Mean OP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;24&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;72&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion and Conclusions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to assess&#44; through psychometric evaluations&#44; a preliminary version of the Passion Scale applied to work in the Italian language from the original scale by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exploratory factor analysis was conducted with Oblimin rotation and showed the dualistic structure of the passion construct&#44; reflecting the theory by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46; In this step of analysis&#44; item 7 was deleted&#44; reducing the scale from 14 to 13 items&#46; This is quite consistent with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gon&#231;alves et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a> on the adaptation and validation of the Passion Scale in Portuguese&#58; item 7 seems to overlap with the two dimensions of HP and OP &#40;maybe because of the positive and negative ambiguity of the item &#8211; &#8220;I am completely taken with this activity&#8221; &#8211; since it overlaps with HP and OP both in Italian and Portuguese&#41;&#44; suggesting a deletion of the item&#46; In this sense&#44; supporting this data&#44; these authors highlight the fact that item 7 is the one with the lowest score loading&#44; also in the original study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46; Therefore&#44; on the basis of the results of this study and of previous studies&#44; the 13-item solution was accepted and revealed two factors&#44; HP &#40;with 6 items&#41; and OP &#40;with 7 items&#41;&#44; in line with the original scale&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 13-item model&#44; that followed the modification indices &#40;Model 4&#41;&#44; respected the original factor-structure suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; and also the bifactor structure found by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a>&#44; and fitted the data better than the other model &#40;Model 1&#41;&#46; Adding the correlations between items 5 and 6 and between items 8 and 9&#44; in fact&#44; did not alter any estimated parameter in the model and resulted reasonable from a semantic standpoint&#46; Moreover&#44; this procedure is in line with the study on the Passion Scale for an activity later developed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#44; which added this type of modification in both HP and OP dimensions&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has to be noted that the confirmatory factor analysis shows some items &#40;5&#44; 6&#44; and 13&#41; loading under the &#46;60 value&#46; However&#44; this is a first psychometric and preliminary evaluation of the measure&#44; that can be a good guideline for future analyses&#44; considering that fit indices of the 13-item model are acceptable&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correlations between the two factors resulted positive both in the exploratory and in the confirmatory factor analysis&#46; This positive relation is in line with the original study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a> and with other studies on the validation of the scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Gon&#231;alves et al&#46;&#44; 2014&#59; Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Despite this positive association between HP and OP&#44; these studies underline&#44; however&#44; that the two types of passion are defined in their differences by the dissimilar association of the two types of passion with various outcomes&#46; In fact&#44; HP is indicated by authors as related with positive mood&#44; flow&#44; and engagement&#44; whereas OP appeared to be related with experiences of conflict&#44; work addiction in a compulsive view&#44; and negative moods&#44; but also with flow&#44; engagement&#44; and performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Carpentier et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Vallerand &#38; Houlfort&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Correlations in the entire sample &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>335&#41; performed in this study seem to confirm these empirical evidences&#58; HP and OP are again positively associated&#44; in line with the original study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; HP is highly correlated with flow at work&#44; as suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort &#40;2003&#41;</a> and in line with studies suggesting a positive association between passion and the positive experience of flow at work &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand &#38; Houlfort&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; also in protecting workers from discomfort &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Lavigne et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; in line with suggestions by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; HP is positively associated with positive emotions at work&#44; and negatively associated with negative emotions at work&#44; respectively intended as indicators of psychological well-being and discomfort&#44; highlighting the potential of HP for the individual well-being&#46; In fact&#44; HP results to be also highly and positively linked with both job satisfaction &#40;in line with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41; and life satisfaction &#40;in line with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; All these positive outcomes positively and strongly related with HP suggest the relevance of HP and the importance of reinforce the awareness about HP to better foster workers&#8217; well-being in daily working activity&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the correlations of OP&#44; it is interesting to note a positive association between OP and flow at work&#58; these are not surprising results&#44; since an individual who has developed an OP for work finds it important&#44; is dedicated to it&#44; and is absorbed&#46; These are also characteristics of flow at work &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bakker&#44; 2008</a>&#41; and are in line with the assumption that working with workload &#40;or dedication&#41; can lead to more absorption&#44; which is a dimension making up the construct of flow at work &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bakker&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; This could explain also the positive correlations between OP and job satisfaction and&#44; even if weak&#44; with positive emotions at work&#46; It is important to monitor the aspects of OP&#44; since the individual feels he&#47;she is working on something that he&#47;she has internalized as important&#44; likes or loves and could be satisfied with&#44; but in the long term this activity could become in conflict with other activities of life&#44; undermining health and well-being&#46; In fact&#44; OP is positively correlated with negative emotions at work&#58; this is in line with <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Vallerand and Houlfort &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; and considering that negative emotions are operationalized as an indicator of psychological discomfort&#44; this result suggests also that OP can be damaging for the individual well-being&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In line with the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a>&#44; the present study does not show any significant differences between women and men in the perception of HP or OP&#46; It could be interesting to deepen this aspect&#44; in particular referring to the relation between HP and OP and work-family conflict&#46; This suggestion for future studies could be useful&#44; first&#44; because work-family conflict is depicted in the literature and by empirical evidences as a gender issue&#44; and second&#44; because of the link between OP and the possibility of experimenting conflict with the life domain&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Looking at the reliability of the two dimensions&#44; they turned out to be satisfactory&#58; the Cronbach&#39;s alpha coefficients are &#46;92 for HP &#40;&#46;79 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; &#46;92 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gon&#231;alves et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; &#46;92 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41; and &#46;87 for OP &#40;&#46;89 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Vallerand et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; &#46;93 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gon&#231;alves et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; &#46;94 in the study by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Orgamb&#237;dez-Ramos et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; confirming a good internal consistency of the scales&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A limitation of the present study is the use of a self-report questionnaire and a cross-sectional research design that does not permit to establish sure relations of causality between variables&#46; Another limitation is the small samples used in both steps of analysis and the random sampling techniques that do not allow to have representative samples&#46; This is a preliminary study adaptation&#44; but a future continuance of the psychometric evaluation of the scale could find useful to increase the number of participants&#46; This could also be functional to verify the deletion of item 7&#44; even if already another study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Gon&#231;alves et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41; highlighted problems with this item&#46; Moreover&#44; enlarging the sample would allow performing a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis&#44; which could be very informative in the adaptation of the scale to work domain&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; this study showed that the Italian version of the Passion Scale applied to work can be measured in a reliably way&#44; also considering the good psychometric characteristics&#46; In this sense&#44; the scale can be used in applied research to assess the passion for work activities in organizational contexts&#46; Considering the extensive interest for the passion construct and the different languages through which it is being more and more detected&#44; the present Italian scale could represent both a contribution to the passion construct that can be measured also among Italian workers&#44; and in general to the study on passion for work&#46; Beyond this&#44; organizational surveys would investigate also the relationship between perception of passion and well-being&#47;distress experience among workers&#44; allowing the reflection on work dynamics&#46; Human resources managers could find the awareness of these working aspects useful in order to project interventions to&#58; develop the positive side of passion&#44; make workers aware of the risks associated to an obsessive relation with work&#44; and develop and diffuse well-being practice oriented to awareness&#44; such as individuals&#8217; skills evaluations and focused training for supervisors and employees&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Passion is a strong inclination toward an activity that people like and find important&#44; characterized by harmonious passion and obsessive passion&#46; This study aims to provide a psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Passion Scale developed by Vallerand and colleagues&#44; applied to work&#46; To assess the factorial validity of the Italian scale&#44; an exploratory factor analysis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>101&#41; and a confirmatory factor analysis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>234&#41;&#44; along with correlations to assess the validity&#44; were performed&#46; The exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure&#44; in line with the original study&#44; and one item from the harmonious passion dimension was deleted&#46; The confirmatory factor analysis that was conducted confirmed the two-factor structure&#46; Results suggest that the Italian version of the Passion Scale applied to work can be used in research&#44; allowing to detect an important individual factor influencing well-being and the quality of working life&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La pasi&#243;n es la fuerte inclinaci&#243;n hacia una actividad que gusta a las personas y que consideran importante&#44; teniendo dos vertientes&#44; la pasi&#243;n armoniosa y la pasi&#243;n obsesiva&#46; Este estudio se centra en la evaluaci&#243;n psicom&#233;trica de la versi&#243;n italiana de la Escala de Pasi&#243;n&#44; desarrollada por Vallerand y colaboradores&#44; aplicada al &#225;mbito del trabajo&#46; Con el fin de obtener la validez factorial de la escala italiana&#44; se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis factorial exploratorio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>101&#41; y un an&#225;lisis factorial confirmatorio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>234&#41; y se calcularon las correlaciones para evaluar la validez&#46; El an&#225;lisis factorial exploratorio descubri&#243; una estructura de dos factores&#44; como en el estudio original&#44; suprimi&#233;ndose un elemento de la dimensi&#243;n pasi&#243;n armoniosa&#46; El an&#225;lisis confirmatorio confirm&#243; la estructura de dos factores&#46; Los resultados indican que la versi&#243;n italiana de la Escala de Pasi&#243;n aplicada al trabajo puede utilizarse en investigaci&#243;n&#44; permitiendo descubrir un importante factor individual que influye en el bienestar y en la calidad de vida laborales&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>234&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; HP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Harmonious Passion&#44; OP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obsessive Passion&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Item Number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Items&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factors</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Le cose nuove che scopro con questo lavoro mi permettono di apprezzarlo ancora di pi&#249;&#46;<br>&#91;The new things that I discover with this activity allow me to appreciate it even more&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro mi permette di vivere esperienze molto positive&#46;<br>&#91;This activity allows me to live memorable experiences&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro mi permette di vivere diverse esperienze&#46;<br>&#91;This activity allows me to live a variety of experiences&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro riflette le qualit&#224; che amo di me&#46;<br>&#91;This activity reflects the qualities I like about myself&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro &#232; in equilibrio con le altre attivit&#224; della mia vita&#46;<br>&#91;This activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Questo lavoro per me &#232; una passione che so controllare&#46;<br>&#91;For me it is a passion&#44; that I still manage to control&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sono emotivamente dipendente da questo lavoro&#46;<br>&#91;I am emotionally dependent on this activity&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Il desiderio di svolgere questo lavoro &#232; cos&#236; forte che non riesco a farne a meno&#46;<br>&#91;The urge is so strong&#44; I can&#8217;t help doing this activity&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ho difficolt&#224; a immaginare la mia vita senza questo lavoro&#46;<br>&#91;I have difficulty imagining my life without this activity&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Provo un sentimento quasi ossessivo verso questo lavoro&#46;<br>&#91;I have almost an obsessive feeling for this activity&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Non posso vivere senza questo lavoro&#46;<br>&#91;I cannot live without it&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Controllo con difficolt&#224; il mio bisogno di svolgere questo lavoro&#46;<br>&#91;I have a tough time controlling my need to do this activity&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">i14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Il mio umore dipende dalla mia capacit&#224; di svolgere questo lavoro&#46;<br>&#91;My mood depends on me being able to do this activity&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Alpha</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Mean &#40;item&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Correlation between factors</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">HP</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">OP</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Exploratory Factor Analysis - 13-item Solution &#40;ML extraction&#59; Oblimin rotation&#59; Kaiser&#39;s normalization&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>101&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MODEL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">df</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RMSEA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CFI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TLI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SRMR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AIC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BIC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 1&#58;<br>14-item Model<br>&#40;one factor&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">767&#46;374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15979&#46;629&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16123&#46;477&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 2&#58;<br>14-item Model<br>&#40;two factors&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">273&#46;754&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15488&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15635&#46;282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 3&#58;<br>13-item Model<br>&#40;without item 7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">275&#46;436&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14722&#46;362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14859&#46;360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Model 4&#58;<br>13-item Model<br>&#40;without item 7 and correlations between items 5 and 6&#44; and between items 8 and 9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">179&#46;466&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14651&#46;726&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14795&#46;574&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; Cronbach&#39;s alphas on the diagonal &#40;between brackets&#41;&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#46; Harmonious passion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&#46; Obsessive passion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#46;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&#46; Job satisfaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#46;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&#46; Life satisfaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;48<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 15765962
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rpto.2017.01.003

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	6	3	9
2024 September	10	4	14
2024 August	12	2	14
2024 July	8	5	13
2024 June	17	5	22
2024 May	15	2	17
2024 April	18	9	27
2024 March	16	4	20
2024 February	11	5	16
2024 January	9	6	15
2023 December	10	14	24
2023 November	7	8	15
2023 October	13	7	20
2023 September	6	4	10
2023 August	10	6	16
2023 July	5	4	9
2023 June	5	3	8
2023 May	6	5	11
2023 April	8	1	9
2023 March	11	2	13
2023 February	11	3	14
2023 January	17	2	19
2022 December	16	6	22
2022 November	17	3	20
2022 October	13	8	21
2022 September	11	6	17
2022 August	13	7	20
2022 July	10	5	15
2022 June	7	5	12
2022 May	17	5	22
2022 April	18	8	26
2022 March	18	10	28
2022 February	6	5	11
2022 January	10	6	16
2021 December	8	9	17
2021 November	16	5	21
2021 October	15	10	25
2021 September	7	12	19
2021 August	8	6	14
2021 July	7	7	14
2021 June	13	13	26
2021 May	8	11	19
2021 April	20	7	27
2021 March	17	8	25
2021 February	9	9	18
2021 January	10	8	18
2020 December	15	6	21
2020 November	10	4	14
2020 October	5	3	8
2020 September	9	4	13
2020 August	6	11	17
2020 July	2	9	11
2020 June	6	7	13
2020 May	11	5	16
2020 April	2	3	5
2020 March	9	0	9
2020 February	6	2	8
2020 January	2	4	6
2019 December	8	6	14
2019 November	5	2	7
2019 October	2	3	5
2019 September	4	4	8
2019 August	3	0	3
2019 July	5	4	9
2019 June	14	8	22
2019 May	39	15	54
2019 April	38	15	53
2019 March	21	10	31
2019 February	24	7	31
2019 January	36	17	53
2018 December	35	10	45
2018 November	18	8	26
2018 October	12	10	22
2018 September	11	4	15
2018 August	11	11	22
2018 July	22	4	26
2018 June	32	6	38
2018 May	22	4	26
2018 April	25	10	35
2018 March	51	10	61
2018 February	19	5	24
2018 January	19	4	23
2017 December	14	9	23
2017 November	27	7	34
2017 October	17	13	30
2017 September	27	15	42
2017 August	21	8	29
2017 July	33	14	47
2017 June	88	42	130
2017 May	81	36	117
2017 April	68	28	96
2017 March	28	26	54

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