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Available online 17 July 2024
Association of C4 and CH50 levels with cough and rhinorrhea in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective analysis in the Iranian population
Asociación de los niveles de C4 y CH50 con tos y rinorrea en pacientes con COVID-19: Un análisis retrospectivo en la población iraní
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Seyed Ali Hashemia, Forouzan Rostamib, Babak Shaghaghia, Mahla Niknama, Elham Abania, Abdol Sattar Paghehc, Arezou Khosrojerdic, Fatemeh Rezaeia,
Corresponding author
rezaeii1363@gmail.com

Corresponding author at: Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran.
a Department of Laboratory Science, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
b Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
c Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Table 1. Frequency of symptoms among COVID-19 patients with different background diseases.
Table 2. The correlation between CH50 and C4 with clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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Abstract
Introduction

The wide spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms, ranging from mild manifestations to severe pulmonary damage and mortality, prompted this study to investigate the relationship between clinical symptoms and complement system (CS) activation in COVID-19 patients.

Materials and method

This retrospective study focused on 100 PCR-positive COVID-19 individuals admitted to Imam Khomeini and Bu Ali hospitals in Sari City from April to June 2021. The levels of C3 and C4 proteins in their blood were measured using nephelometry, and CH50 tests were done with single radial immunodiffusion to determine the activity of CS.

Results

The study found that high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes were the most common underlying conditions among the patients, with prevalence rates of 29%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. Positive correlations were found between C4 and CH50 levels and the presence of cough and rhinorrhea in the subjects. Stratifying patients into 2 groups based on cough or rhinorrhea revealed a significant difference in CH50.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that COVID-19 patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus may benefit from targeting CS for disease management.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Complement system
Clinical symptoms
Underlying diseases
Iranian population
Resumen
Introducción

El amplio espectro de síntomas de COVID-19, que van desde manifestaciones leves hasta daño pulmonar severo y mortalidad, impulsó este estudio a investigar la relación entre los síntomas clínicos y la activación del sistema del complemento (CS) en pacientes con COVID-19.

Materiales y método

este estudio retrospectivo se centró en 100 personas con COVID-19 con PCR positiva admitidas en los hospitales Imam Khomeini y Bu Ali en la ciudad de Sari de abril a junio de 2021. Los niveles de proteínas C3 y C4 en la sangre se midieron mediante nefelometría y Se realizaron pruebas de CH50 con inmunodifusión radial única (SRID) para determinar la actividad de CS.

Resultados

El estudio encontró que la presión arterial alta, el tabaquismo y la diabetes eran las afecciones subyacentes más comunes entre los pacientes, con tasas de prevalencia del 29%, 24% y 23%, respectivamente. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre los niveles de C4 y CH50 y la presencia de tos y rinorrea en los sujetos. La estratificación de los pacientes en dos grupos según la tos o la rinorrea reveló una diferencia significativa en CH50.

Conclusión

Los hallazgos sugieren que los pacientes con COVID-19 con hipertensión o diabetes mellitus pueden beneficiarse al abordar la CS para el manejo de la enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
sistema del complemento
síntomas clínicos
enfermedades subyacentes
población iraní

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