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Review article
Available online 17 July 2024
Plant system as a versatile and robust platform for the development of vaccines against arboviral infections
Sistema vegetal como plataforma versátil y sólida para el desarrollo de vacunas contra las infecciones arbovirales
Balamurugan Shanmugaraja,
Corresponding author
balasbm17@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Nivetha Loganathanb, Harish Mani Chandrab
a Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
b Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632115, Tamil Nadu, India
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Table 1. Selected list of emerging and re-emerging arboviral threats and their potential vectors.
Table 2. Selected list of arboviral vaccine antigens produced in plant system.
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Abstract

Arboviral infections are predominantly transmitted by arthropods causing significant mortality, morbidity, and represent a major global health concern. These infections pose significant economic burdens especially in endemic regions. Dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika are the most common arboviral diseases spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Extensive research has been conducted on vector surveillance and vector control strategies to limit the arboviral transmission. However, vaccines remain the most powerful tool in the fight against infectious diseases. Over the years, significant progress has been made in developing vaccines against several infectious diseases. The global disease burden has been drastically reduced due to effective vaccination. The continual threat of arboviral outbreaks necessitates the need for effective vaccine and therapeutic development. For most arboviral diseases, vaccines are not available. Recently, plant-based vaccine development represents a promising platform for the rapid supply of antigens and antibodies for developing diagnostic kits or vaccines against pathogens. The concept of producing pharmaceutically significant and commercially viable therapeutic proteins in plants is defined as molecular farming. Substantial efforts have been made in this field, with improved expression strategies, refinement of downstream processing, and sufficient evidence showing the immunogenicity and efficacy of plant-produced recombinant proteins. Currently, few plant-produced vaccine antigens have reached the clinical trials. Notably, the plant-produced COVID-19 vaccine, Covifenz has been approved by Canada, and plant-produced influenza candidates showed safety and efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly summarize the potential of plant-derived vaccines in the fight against arboviral infections.

Keywords:
Vaccine
Molecular farming
Arboviruses
Biofarming
Recombinant proteins
Plant biotechnology
Resumen

Las enfermedades arbovirales son transmitidas predominantemente por artrópodos que causan mortalidad y morbilidad significativas, y representan un problema mayor de salud global. Dichas infecciones plantean cargas económicas significativas, en especial en las regiones endémicas. Dengue, chikungunya, fiebre amarilla y zika son las enfermedades arbovirales más comunes propagadas por los mosquitos Aedes. Se ha llevado a cabo investigación amplia sobre las estrategias de vigilancia y control vectorial para limitar la transmisión arboviral. Sin embargo, las vacunas siguen siendo la herramienta más potente de la lucha contra las enfermedades infecciosas. A lo largo de los años, se han hecho progresos significativos en cuanto al desarrollo de vacunas contra diversas enfermedades infecciosas. Se ha reducido drásticamente la carga de la enfermedad global, debido a la vacunación efectiva. La amenaza continua de los brotes arbovirales requiere la necesidad de vacunas efectivas y desarrollos terapéuticos. Para la mayoría de las enfermedades arbovirales no se dispone de vacunas. Recientemente, el desarrollo de vacunas a base de plantas representa una plataforma prometedora para el suministro rápido de antígenos y anticuerpos, de cara al desarrollo de kits diagnósticos o vacunas contra los patógenos. El concepto de producir proteínas farmacéuticamente significativas y comercialmente viables en las plantas se define como agricultura molecular. Se han realizado esfuerzos considerables en este campo, con estrategias de expresión mejoradas, refinamiento del procesamiento descendente y evidencia suficiente que muestra la inmunogenicidad y eficacia de las proteínas recombinantes producidas por las plantas. Actualmente, pocos antígenos de vacunas producidos por plantas han llegado a los ensayos clínicos. De manera notable, la vacuna contra la COVID-19, producida por plantas, Covifenz, ha sido aprobada en Canadá, y las candidatas contra la gripe producidas por plantas han reflejado seguridad y eficacia en los ensayos clínicos. En esta revisión, resumimos brevemente el potencial de las vacunas derivadas de las plantas en la lucha contra las infecciones arbovirales.

Palabras clave:
vacuna
agricultura molecular
arbovirus
bioagricultura
proteínas recombinantes
biotecnología vegetal

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