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Vol. 23. Issue S1.
Pages S63-S66 (August 2022)
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Vol. 23. Issue S1.
Pages S63-S66 (August 2022)
Estrategias vacunales
Adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines-associated cerebral venous sinus thromboses: Are those adverse events related to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps?
Asociación de las vacunas frente a la COVID-19 basadas en vectores de adenovirus y trombosis del seno venoso cerebral: ¿guardan relación estos episodios con la formación de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos?
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Marian Simka
Corresponding author
msimka@uni.opole.pl

Corresponding author at: Department of Anatomy, University of Opole, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
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Vol. 23. Issue S1
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Abstract

In March and April 2021 several countries temporarily suspended vaccinations with adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. Concerns of national regulators particularly regarded very rare cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after immunization with this type of vaccine. Until now, these adverse events were interpreted as standard hypercoagulable events, but their clinical characteristics suggest that they may actually represent unique thrombotic disorders referred to as immunothrombosis. In this paper it is speculated that it is possible that immunothrombosis after this type of vaccine results from formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in veins affected by stagnant blood flow. Such a stasis occurs in individuals with anatomical variants of cerebral venous outflow, which may explain why these events are primarily seen in the cerebral veins. It has already been found that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can evoke release of NETs. There is also a question if thrombotic events after adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines could be avoided. These vaccines will still be needed to curb COVID-19 worldwide, since they do not require transportation and storage at very low temperatures. Perhaps, vaccinations with these vaccines should be performed in combination with prophylactic administration of dipyridamole, which is an inexpensive pharmaceutical agent reducing the release of NETs.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Neutrophil extracellular traps
Spike protein
Thrombosis
Vaccine
Resumen

En marzo y abril de 2021 diversos países suspendieron temporalmente la vacunación con vacunas frente a COVID-19 basadas en vectores adenovirales. Las preocupaciones de los reguladores nacionales contemplaban en particular los casos raros de trombosis del seno venoso cerebral tras la inmunización con este tipo de vacunas. Hasta la fecha dichos episodios han sido interpretados como eventos estándar de hipercoagulación, aunque sus características clínicas sugieren que realmente pueden representar trastornos trombóticos únicos denominados inmunotrombosis. En este documento se especula la posibilidad de que la inmunotrombosis tras la administración de este tipo de vacuna se derive de la formación de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NETs) en las venas afectadas por un flujo sanguíneo estancado. Dicha estasis se produce en individuos con variantes anatómicas de flujo venoso cerebral saliente, lo cual puede explicar por qué estos episodios se aprecian primeramente en las venas cerebrales. Se ha comprobado que la proteína pico de SARS-CoV-2 puede evocar la liberación de NETs. También está la cuestión de si pueden evitarse los episodios trombóticos tras la administración de las vacunas frente a COVID-19 basadas en vectores adenovirales. Dichas vacunas seguirán siendo necesarias si queremos doblegar la COVID-19 a nivel mundial, ya que no requieren transporte ni almacenamiento a muy bajas temperaturas. Quizás la vacunación con estas vacunas debería realizarse en combinación con la administración profiláctica de dipiridamol, que es un agente farmacéutico económico que reduce la liberación de NETs.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos
Proteína pico
Trombosis
Vacuna

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