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Cirugía de la transposición de las grandes arterias en periodo neonatal
Surgery ot the transposition of great arteries in the neonatal period
Francisco Veraa,
Autor para correspondencia
fran-vera@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Esteban Sarriaa, Almudena Ortizb, Enrique Ruiza
a Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Hospital Materno Infantil (Hospital Regional Universitario), Málaga, España
b Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica. Hospital Materno Infantil (Hospital Regional Universitario), Málaga, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La transposici&#243;n de grandes arterias &#40;D-TGA&#41; es la cardiopat&#237;a cong&#233;nita cianosante m&#225;s frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Se caracteriza por una discordancia ventr&#237;culo-arterial con concordancia aur&#237;culo-ventricular&#46; Representa el 5-7&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> de todas las cardiopat&#237;as cong&#233;nitas y su incidencia en Espa&#241;a es de 4&#44;9&#58; 10&#46;000 reci&#233;n nacidos vivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Es m&#225;s frecuente en varones &#40;2&#58;1&#41; y rara vez se relaciona con cromosomopat&#237;as&#44; aunque s&#237; est&#225; asociada a otras malformaciones cardiacas &#40;comunicaci&#243;n interventricular&#44; obstrucci&#243;n del tracto de salida de ventr&#237;culo derecho y coartaci&#243;n de aorta&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Hasta la aparici&#243;n de la correcci&#243;n anat&#243;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial&#41;&#44; las t&#233;cnicas previamente descritas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> correg&#237;an la cianosis a expensas de transformar el ventr&#237;culo morfol&#243;gicamente derecho en el ventr&#237;culo sist&#233;mico&#44; lo que generaba problemas de disfunci&#243;n ventricular e insuficiencia cardiaca progresivas y arritmias auriculares en la evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Hoy en d&#237;a&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial es la t&#233;cnica de elecci&#243;n para el tratamiento de la D-TGA&#44; por su reproducibilidad y sus excelentes resultados postoperatorios y a largo plazo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Pacientes</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluy&#243; a los pacientes portadores de D-TGA que fueron intervenidos mediante <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial en nuestro centro&#44; entre enero de 2007 y septiembre de 2020&#46; Se midieron variables preoperatorias&#44; as&#237; como los resultados en el postoperatorio inmediato&#46; Se evalu&#243; el estado de los pacientes en el seguimiento mediante revisi&#243;n de historias cl&#237;nicas y pruebas de imagen realizadas&#46; Los datos se trataron de forma an&#243;nima&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">T&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes se sometieron a una cirug&#237;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9</span></a>&#46; La transferencia coronaria se llev&#243; a cabo mediante &#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">trapdoor</span>&#187; en ambos senos de Valsalva de la ra&#237;z neoa&#243;rtica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; procurando situar la anastomosis coronaria derecha en una posici&#243;n m&#225;s craneal que la izquierda&#46; Se emple&#243; rutinariamente la maniobra de Lecompte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; salvo en dos pacientes con disposici&#243;n de los grandes vasos &#171;lado a lado&#187; en los que no fue posible&#46; Los casos de coronaria izquierda con trayecto intramural se resolvieron mediante desinserci&#243;n de la comisura a&#243;rtica&#44; separaci&#243;n de ambos ostium coronarios en dos botones independientes y &#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">unroofing</span>&#187; del ostium coronario izquierdo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; La arteria neopulmonar se reconstruy&#243; con pericardio aut&#243;logo fresco en el 57&#37; de los pacientes y con pericardio aut&#243;logo tratado mediante glutaraldeh&#237;do en el 43&#37; restante&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el manejo de las lesiones asociadas&#44; se utiliz&#243; pericardio bovino&#44; en caso de existir comunicaci&#243;n interventricular &#40;CIV&#41; y pericardio aut&#243;logo tratado con glutaraldeh&#237;do en la reconstrucci&#243;n de la aorta&#46; La cirug&#237;a sobre el arco a&#243;rtico se realiz&#243; en hipotermia a 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span> y bajo perfusi&#243;n cerebral selectiva a trav&#233;s del tronco braquiocef&#225;lico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se llev&#243; a cabo mediante el programa SPSS versi&#243;n 24 &#40;IBM Corp&#46; Released 2016&#46; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Versi&#243;n 24&#46;0&#46; Armonk&#44; NY&#58; IBM Corp&#41;&#46; Los estad&#237;sticos descriptivos utilizados fueron la media &#177; desviaci&#243;n t&#237;pica o mediana &#43; rango intercuart&#237;lico en las variables continuas y la frecuencia y el porcentaje para las variables discretas&#46; El contraste de hip&#243;tesis entre grupos se realiz&#243; mediante <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> de Mann-Whitney en variables continuas y mediante &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> y test exacto de Fisher para las variables categ&#243;ricas&#46; Los resultados en el seguimiento de los pacientes se analizaron mediante curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier&#46; Para todos los test&#44; el nivel de significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se estableci&#243; a partir de una p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 74 pacientes con D-TGA fueron intervenidos en nuestro centro durante el periodo del estudio&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas basales se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un 33&#44;8&#37; de los pacientes&#44; se hab&#237;a realizado diagn&#243;stico prenatal&#46; El 57&#44;7&#37; de los pacientes se sometieron a atrioseptostom&#237;a de Rashkind preoperatoria&#46; Seis pacientes &#40;8&#44;1&#37;&#41; presentaban D-TGA con tabique interventricular &#237;ntegro y m&#225;s de tres semanas de vida al diagn&#243;stico&#46; El 44&#44;6&#37; presentaba lesiones asociadas &#40;D-TGA compleja&#41;&#58; comunicaci&#243;n interventricular en el 29&#44;7&#37; de los casos y CIV &#43; coartaci&#243;n de aorta en el 14&#44;9&#37; de los casos&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los hallazgos intraoperatorios se resumen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a> muestra los patrones coronarios observados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad hospitalaria en nuestra serie fue de ocho pacientes &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46; La causa de la muerte fue por fen&#243;menos isqu&#233;micos en un 50&#37; de los pacientes y por s&#237;ndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sist&#233;mica en un 25&#37;&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a> muestra la distribuci&#243;n de la mortalidad durante el periodo de estudio&#46; No se ha encontrado relaci&#243;n estad&#237;sticamente significativa entre ninguno de los factores preoperatorios o intraoperatorios analizados y la mortalidad &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a> se resumen las complicaciones durante el postoperatorio inmediato&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mediana de estancia en UCI fue de 10 d&#237;as &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico&#58; 7-17&#41;&#46; La estancia hospitalaria mediana fue de 20 d&#237;as &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico&#58; 14-30&#41;&#46; La mediana de tiempo de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica fue de cinco d&#237;as &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico&#58; 3-7&#41;&#46; Ning&#250;n paciente present&#243; infecci&#243;n profunda de la herida quir&#250;rgica&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto al seguimiento a largo plazo &#40;seguimiento completo en el 94&#37; de los pacientes&#44; media 5&#44;3 &#177; 3&#44;75 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; ning&#250;n paciente falleci&#243;&#46; El 87&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes se encontraban libres de reintervenci&#243;n &#40;quir&#250;rgica o percut&#225;nea&#41; a los 10 a&#241;os &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Los pacientes con CIV &#43; coartaci&#243;n de aorta o anomal&#237;a de Taussig-Bing presentaron mayor necesidad de reintervenci&#243;n que el resto de pacientes evaluados &#40;66&#44;7 y 50&#37; libres de reintervenci&#243;n respectivamente&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Los procedimientos realizados fueron&#58; angioplastia con bal&#243;n en dos pacientes con recoartaci&#243;n de aorta &#40;20&#37; de los pacientes con ampliaci&#243;n del arco a&#243;rtico&#41;&#44; implante de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stent</span> en la arteria pulmonar izquierda en un paciente &#40;1&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; sustituci&#243;n valvular a&#243;rtica en un paciente &#40;1&#44;5&#37;&#41; y reparaci&#243;n de estenosis suba&#243;rtica en un paciente &#40;1&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; El 16&#44;7&#37; de los pacientes ten&#237;an un gradiente m&#225;ximo en el tracto de salida del ventr&#237;culo derecho &#40;TSVD&#41; superior a 25 mmHg&#46; Un 7&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes presentaba insuficiencia a&#243;rtica&#44; al menos moderada&#46; El di&#225;metro medio de la ra&#237;z neoa&#243;rtica fue de 21&#44;6 &#177; 5 mm &#40;Z <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> 2&#44;24 &#177; 1&#44;9&#41;&#46; Cuatro pacientes &#40;13&#44;8&#37; de los pacientes con CIV&#41; ten&#237;an una CIV residual no significativa&#46; Se realiz&#243; tomograf&#237;a axial computarizada para valoraci&#243;n de las arterias pulmonares en nueve casos &#40;13&#44;8&#37;&#41; y gammagraf&#237;a de ventilaci&#243;n&#47;perfusi&#243;n pulmonar en dos casos &#40;3&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Ning&#250;n paciente ha presentado eventos coronarios en el seguimiento&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actualmente&#44; la t&#233;cnica del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial se encuentra muy estandarizada y la mayor&#237;a de centros con alto volumen presentan tasas muy bajas de mortalidad &#40;2-5&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; la mortalidad hospitalaria es algo superior a la de otras series publicadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Al dividirla en dos periodos quir&#250;rgicos&#44; observamos una menor mortalidad en el segundo periodo &#40;7&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; aunque esta diferencia no ha resultado ser significativa &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;24&#41;&#46; El porcentaje de pacientes con D-TGA compleja &#40;44&#44;6&#37;&#41; es tambi&#233;n mayor al de otras series<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; En otros trabajos se describen factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#44; como los patrones coronarios an&#243;malos&#44; la presencia de otras malformaciones cardiacas o la cirug&#237;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial sobre D-TGA con septo &#237;ntegro transcurridas m&#225;s de tres semanas desde el nacimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Ninguno de estos factores ha demostrado incrementar significativamente la mortalidad en nuestra serie&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto al seguimiento&#44; nuestro estudio muestra resultados similares a los ya publicados &#40;87&#44;6&#37; de libertad de reintervenci&#243;n a los 10 a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Los pacientes que han presentado tasas de reintervenci&#243;n significativamente mayores han sido los que asociaban coartaci&#243;n de aorta &#43; CIV &#40;66&#44;7&#37; libres de reintervenci&#243;n&#41; o anomal&#237;a de Taussig-Bing &#40;50&#37; libres de reintervenci&#243;n&#41;&#46; Estos datos son concordantes con la literatura existente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Estenosis del TSVD</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La estenosis del tracto de salida del ventr&#237;culo derecho es la causa m&#225;s frecuente de reintervenci&#243;n en los pacientes operados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; La localizaci&#243;n m&#225;s habitual suele ser la anastomosis entre la neoarteria pulmonar y las ramas pulmonares&#46; Se postulan como posibles causas el bajo potencial de crecimiento del pericardio aut&#243;logo&#44; utilizado para la reconstrucci&#243;n y la distorsi&#243;n producida por la neoaorta sobre la bifurcaci&#243;n pulmonar secundaria a la maniobra de Lecompte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; el 16&#44;7&#37; de los pacientes presentaba estenosis significativa del TSVD&#44; cifras similares a las de otros art&#237;culos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la necesidad de reintervenci&#243;n sobre el TSVD ha sido inferior a la de otras publicaciones &#40;1&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; probablemente debido al menor tiempo de seguimiento de nuestra serie&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con otros estudios&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Dilataci&#243;n e insuficiencia neoa&#243;rtica</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los hallazgos m&#225;s comunes en la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes es la aparici&#243;n de insuficiencia neoa&#243;rtica y aneurismas de aorta&#46; Los datos de nuestra serie se corresponden con los descritos por otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; el 48&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes presentaba insuficiencia a&#243;rtica en el seguimiento&#44; aunque s&#243;lo en cinco pacientes&#44; el grado de insuficiencia a&#243;rtica era II&#47;IV o mayor&#46; Un paciente requiri&#243; cirug&#237;a sobre la v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica&#46; El Z <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de la ra&#237;z a&#243;rtica a nivel de los senos de Valsalva era superior a tres en el 32&#37; de los pacientes&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la progresi&#243;n de la dilataci&#243;n a&#243;rtica y la necesidad de reintervenci&#243;n en el futuro es todav&#237;a incierta&#46; En el estudio de Schwartz et al<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; se objetiv&#243; una tendencia a la estabilizaci&#243;n en el aumento del di&#225;metro a&#243;rtico a partir del d&#233;cimo a&#241;o postoperatorio&#46; Se han descubierto distintos factores de riesgo que favorecen la aparici&#243;n de insuficiencia neoa&#243;rtica y aneurismas de aorta&#44; como la realizaci&#243;n previa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">banding</span> de la arteria pulmonar &#40;cirug&#237;a en dos tiempos&#44; entrenamiento del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#41;&#44; la asociaci&#243;n con CIV&#44; la obstrucci&#243;n del tracto de salida del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo y la edad mayor de un a&#241;o en el momento de la cirug&#237;a&#46; El empleo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">trapdoor</span> de manera sistem&#225;tica puede tener relaci&#243;n con la dilataci&#243;n de la neoaorta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; aunque otros estudios no confirman esa hip&#243;tesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Lesiones coronarias e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Una causa descrita de mortalidad tard&#237;a son los eventos coronarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; La prevalencia estimada de lesiones coronarias es de un 6-8&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; no ha habido fallecimientos durante el periodo de estudio y ning&#250;n paciente ha presentado datos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica&#46; Sin embargo&#44; dado que estas lesiones pueden ser asintom&#225;ticas&#44; se recomienda un seguimiento estrecho de los pacientes y la realizaci&#243;n de pruebas de imagen para descartar estenosis coronaria&#44; especialmente cuando existan signos cl&#237;nicos&#44; electrocardiogr&#225;ficos o ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica o patrones coronarios desfavorables &#40;coronaria intramural&#44; coronaria &#250;nica&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La reintervenci&#243;n estar&#225; indicada cuando exista evidencia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio presenta limitaciones&#44; al ser retrospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico&#46; Un tiempo de seguimiento mayor permitir&#237;a evaluar mejor la aparici&#243;n de eventos tard&#237;os y necesidad de reintervenci&#243;n&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial es actualmente el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n para la D-TGA&#44; por sus buenos resultados postoperatorios inmediatos y a largo plazo&#46; La evoluci&#243;n futura de los pacientes es a&#250;n poco conocida&#44; por lo que se requiere un seguimiento estricto para detectar lesiones residuales que deban ser reparadas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Introduction"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico"
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              "titulo" => "Estenosis del TSVD"
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              "titulo" => "Dilataci&#243;n e insuficiencia neoa&#243;rtica"
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              "titulo" => "Lesiones coronarias e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-10-16"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Transposici&#243;n de grandes arterias"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Switch</span> arterial"
            2 => "Cardiopat&#237;a cong&#233;nita"
            3 => "Anomal&#237;a de Taussig-Bing"
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            0 => "Transposition of the great arteries"
            1 => "Arterial switch operation"
            2 => "Congenital heart disease"
            3 => "Taussig-Bing anomaly"
            4 => "Coarctation of the aorta"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La transposici&#243;n de grandes arterias &#40;D-TGA&#41; es una de las cardiopat&#237;as cong&#233;nitas m&#225;s frecuentes&#46; La aparici&#243;n del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial supuso un antes y un despu&#233;s en el manejo de esta patolog&#237;a&#46; Hoy en d&#237;a es una t&#233;cnica estandarizada y con excelentes resultados&#46; En este estudio buscamos analizar el estado actual de la cirug&#237;a de D-TGA en periodo neonatal mediante revisi&#243;n de nuestra experiencia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional retrospectivo&#46; Se incluy&#243; a los pacientes intervenidos mediante <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial en nuestro centro entre enero de 2007 y septiembre de 2020&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Setenta y cuatro pacientes intervenidos&#46; La mortalidad global fue del 10&#44;8&#37; &#40;15&#44;6&#37; en 2007-2012 y 7&#44;1&#37; en 2013-2020&#41;&#46; El 44&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes presentaban D-TGA compleja&#46; La presencia de patrones coronarios an&#243;malos&#44; lesiones asociadas o cirug&#237;a tard&#237;a no elev&#243; significativamente la mortalidad&#46; El tiempo de estancia en cuidados intensivos y hospitalario &#40;mediana &#43; rango intercuart&#237;lico&#41; fue de 10 &#40;7-17&#41; y 20 &#40;14-30&#41; d&#237;as&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Con un seguimiento medio de 5&#44;3 &#177; 3&#44;75 a&#241;os&#44; la supervivencia fue del 100&#37;&#46; La supervivencia libre de reintervenci&#243;n fue de 87&#44;6&#37; a 10 a&#241;os&#46; La tasa de reintervenci&#243;n fue mayor &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;01&#41; en los pacientes con anomal&#237;a de Taussig-Bing o coartaci&#243;n de aorta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">switch</span> arterial se considera de elecci&#243;n para el tratamiento de la D-TGA en periodo neonatal&#44; por sus buenos resultados perioperatorios y a largo plazo&#46; Los pacientes sometidos a esta t&#233;cnica pueden requerir reintervenciones&#44; fundamentalmente por obstrucci&#243;n del tracto de salida de ventr&#237;culo derecho o patolog&#237;a de la v&#225;lvula y la ra&#237;z neoa&#243;rtica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transposition of the great arteries &#40;D-TGA&#41; is one of the most common congenital heart diseases&#46; The development of the arterial switch operation supposed a great achivement in the management of this pathology&#46; Today it is a standardized technique with excellent results&#46; In this study we seek to analyze the current status of the surgery for D-TGA in the neonatal period by reviewing our experience&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective observational study&#46; We included all patients who underwent arterial switch operation in our center between January 2007 and September 2020&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">74 patients underwent arterial switch operation&#46; Overall mortality was 10&#46;8&#37; &#40;15&#46;6&#37; in 2007-2012 and 7&#46;1&#37; in 2013-2020&#41;&#46; 44&#46;6&#37; of the patients presented complex D-TGA&#46; The presence of abnormal coronary patterns&#44; associated malformations&#44; or late surgery did not significantly increase mortality&#46; The length of stay in ICU and hospital &#40;median &#43; interquartile range&#41; was 10 &#40;7-17&#41; and 20 &#40;14-30&#41; days respectively&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During the follow up period &#40;mean follow-up of 5&#46;3 &#177; 3&#46;75 years&#41; survival rate was 100&#37;&#46; Reoperation-free survival was 87&#46;6&#37; at 10 years&#46; Reoperation rate was higher &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;01&#41; in patients with Taussig-Bing anomaly or coarctation of the aorta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The arterial switch operation is considered of choice for the treatment of D-TGA in the neonatal period&#44; due to its good perioperative and long-term results&#46; These patients may require reinterventions&#44; mainly due to right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and pathology of the neo-aortic valve and root&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;5&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trayecto intramural</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;4&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardioplej&#237;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hem&#225;tica 4&#58;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;48&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;51&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">192 &#177;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo de clampaje a&#243;rtico</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">103 &#177;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cx&#58; arteria circunfleja&#46; CIV&#58; comunicaci&#243;n interventricular&#46; D-TGA&#58; D-transposici&#243;n de grandes arterias&#46; L&#58; arteria descendente anterior&#46; R&#58; arteria coronaria derecha&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">D-TGA septo &#237;ntegro mayor de 21 d&#237;as de vida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-TGA simple&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;12&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-TGA &#43; CIV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-TGA &#43; CIV &#43; coartaci&#243;n de aorta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;9&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patr&#243;n coronario</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yacoub A &#40;1LCx-2R&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;6&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Coronaria &#250;nica &#40;1 LCxR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2LCx&#42;&#44; R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yacoub D &#40;1L-2CxR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yacoub E &#40;1LR-2Cx&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cierre diferido de t&#243;rax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;60&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Parada cardiorrespiratoria recuperada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;13&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ECMO postoperatorio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Complicaciones neurol&#243;gicas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reintervenci&#243;n por sangrado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Di&#225;lisis peritoneal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;44&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#62; 48 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;86&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda &#40;transitoria&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;20&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sepsis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;14&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infecci&#243;n del tracto urinario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;6&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infecci&#243;n superficial de la herida quir&#250;rgica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Quilot&#243;rax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;8&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Par&#225;lisis diafragm&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;4&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Arritmias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;37&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Marcapasos definitivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 11340096
Idioma original: Español
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2023 Junio 317 24 341
2023 Mayo 330 47 377
2023 Abril 252 24 276
2023 Marzo 274 58 332
2023 Febrero 154 60 214
2023 Enero 151 35 186
2022 Diciembre 136 42 178
2022 Noviembre 178 27 205
2022 Octubre 195 35 230
2022 Septiembre 161 62 223
2022 Agosto 161 40 201
2022 Julio 107 33 140
2022 Junio 89 20 109
2022 Mayo 88 28 116
2022 Abril 69 18 87
2022 Marzo 85 16 101
2022 Febrero 91 9 100
2022 Enero 120 9 129
2021 Diciembre 76 17 93
2021 Noviembre 80 27 107
2021 Octubre 94 32 126
2021 Septiembre 75 21 96
2021 Agosto 85 17 102
2021 Julio 38 12 50
2021 Junio 36 22 58
2021 Mayo 53 15 68
2021 Abril 44 13 57
2021 Marzo 67 37 104
2021 Febrero 23 12 35
2021 Enero 25 7 32
2020 Diciembre 3 3 6
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos