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Durabilidad de la bioprótesis Trifecta™ a medio plazo: experiencia de un centro
Midterm durability of the Trifecta™ bioprosthesis: A single experience
Lourdes Montero-Cruces
Autor para correspondencia
l.monterocr@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Manuel Carnero-Alcázar, Daniel Pérez-Camargo, Fernando José Reguillo Lacruz, Francisco J. Cobiella-Carnicer, Luis C. Maroto-Castellanos
Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La elecci&#243;n del implante de un determinado tipo de pr&#243;tesis&#44; ya sea biol&#243;gica o mec&#225;nica&#44; se debe realizar de manera individualizada atendiendo a la edad&#44; las comorbilidades asociadas y las preferencias de cada paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Las pr&#243;tesis biol&#243;gicas presentan la ventaja de no requerir anticoagulaci&#243;n a largo plazo&#44; siendo su principal inconveniente la mayor susceptibilidad al deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico&#44; que resulta en una mayor necesidad de reintervenci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La biopr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; &#40;Abbott Vascular&#44; Santa Clara&#44; California&#41; es una pr&#243;tesis biol&#243;gica formada por tres velos de pericardio bovino montados externamente sobre un stent de titanio que obtuvo la marca de conformidad europea &#40;CE&#41; en 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Se trata de una pr&#243;tesis dise&#241;ada para un implante supraanular y con un tratamiento anticalcificante con etanol que reduce la calcificaci&#243;n del tejido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se ha demostrado que la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; presenta un excelente comportamiento hemodin&#225;mico a corto plazo&#44; se ha observado una incidencia de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico precoz mayor a lo esperado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El principal objetivo de nuestro estudio es presentar la experiencia de nuestro centro con la biopr&#243;tesis a&#243;rtica Trifecta&#8482;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis retrospectivo de todos los pacientes sometidos a cirug&#237;a de sustituci&#243;n valvular a&#243;rtica por pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; desde julio de 2013 a julio de 2021 en nuestro centro&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las intervenciones fueron realizadas por todos los cirujanos miembros del equipo de cirug&#237;a cardiaca de nuestro centro siguiendo la misma t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica&#46; El implante de la pr&#243;tesis se realiz&#243; con sutura doble de polifilamento trenzado irreabsorbible de 2&#47;0 apoyado en parche de tefl&#243;n en la cara ventricular&#46; Los puntos se anudaron en todos los casos tras la retirada del soporte de la pr&#243;tesis&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas basales preoperatorias&#44; intraoperatorias y postoperatorias se extrajeron de la base de datos de nuestro servicio&#46; En todos los pacientes se realiz&#243; un ecocardiograma al alta&#44; a los 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#44; al a&#241;o de seguimiento y posteriormente anualmente&#46; Se evalu&#243; el &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma realizado en nuestro centro durante el seguimiento de cada uno de los pacientes&#46; La mortalidad se obtuvo del &#205;ndice Nacional de Defunciones &#40;INDEF&#41;&#46; El objetivo primario fue analizar la supervivencia libre de deterioro estructural moderado-severo&#46; Los objetivos secundarios fueron analizar la supervivencia global de la muestra y la supervivencia libre del evento combinado de muerte&#44; reoperaci&#243;n&#44; infarto agudo de miocardio &#40;IAM&#41;&#44; accidente cerebrovascular &#40;ACV&#41; y endocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico se defini&#243; ecocardiogr&#225;ficamente seg&#250;n el documento de consenso de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery</span> &#40;EACTS&#41; y la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Society of Cardiology</span> &#40;ESC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; El deterioro estructural moderado se defini&#243; como la presencia de un gradiente medio &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 y &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; cambios de &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 y &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg del ecocardiograma de base posquir&#250;rgico o la presencia de un jet de regurgitaci&#243;n intraprot&#233;sico moderado&#46; El deterioro estructural severo se defini&#243; como la presencia de un gradiente medio &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; cambios en el gradiente medio del ecocardiograma de base &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y&#47;o la presencia de un jet de regurgitaci&#243;n severo intraprot&#233;sico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico del hospital y se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de todos los pacientes&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se aplic&#243; el test de normalidad de Shapiro Wilk a todas las variables continuas&#46; Las variables continuas se expresaron como media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar o mediana e IQR seg&#250;n la normalidad de la distribuci&#243;n&#46; Las variables categ&#243;ricas se expresaron con frecuencia absoluta y relativa &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; La comparaci&#243;n de variables cuantitativas se realiz&#243; mediante un an&#225;lisis de la varianza &#40;ANOVA&#41; o con el test de Kruskal-Wallis para muestras independientes&#46; Se consideraron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas aquellas con una p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; La supervivencia se estim&#243; utilizando el m&#233;todo de Kaplan Meier&#46; Se realiz&#243; un modelo de regresi&#243;n de riesgos competitivos de Fine-Gray utilizando el deterioro estructural y la muerte como eventos competitivos&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n se estim&#243; a partir de la funci&#243;n de incidencia acumulada del deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico&#46; La edad se estratific&#243; en cuatro subgrupos de edad&#46; Las variables en la que se obtuvo una p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;2 en el an&#225;lisis univariable se incluyeron en el an&#225;lisis multivariable&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se llev&#243; a cabo utilizando el programa Stata 15 &#40;StataCorp 2015&#44; College Station&#44; TX&#44; Estados Unidos&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el periodo de estudio un total de 453 pacientes fueron sometidos a sustituci&#243;n valvular a&#243;rtica por una pr&#243;tesis a&#243;rtica Trifecta&#8482; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; La media de edad fue de 71&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;1 a&#241;os&#44; y el 55&#44;4&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>251&#41; eran varones&#46; La media del EuroScore<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I y<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II fue de 7&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&#37; y de 6&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;8&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; Se realiz&#243; una cirug&#237;a programada en el 66&#44;2&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300&#41; de los pacientes&#46; Setenta y un pacientes &#40;15&#44;7&#37;&#41; fueron sometidos a cirug&#237;a coronaria concomitante&#46; Se realiz&#243; cirug&#237;a valvular m&#250;ltiple en el 19&#44;4&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#41; de los pacientes y cirug&#237;a de la aorta tor&#225;cica en el 15&#44;7&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>71&#41;&#46; El tama&#241;o de pr&#243;tesis m&#225;s utilizado fue 21 &#40;34&#44;9&#37;&#41; y 23 &#40;34&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mediana de seguimiento fue de 40 &#40;IQR 20-58&#41; meses&#46; Las principales caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas durante el seguimiento se resumen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; La media del gradiente a&#243;rtico medio fue de 9&#44;5 &#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de deterioro estructural moderado-severo fue del 5&#44;5&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; Con respecto a la presencia de regurgitaci&#243;n intraprot&#233;sica&#44; el 4&#44;9&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#41; presentaron regurgitaci&#243;n intraprot&#233;sica leve y el 1&#44;8&#37;&#44; moderada-severa&#46; La incidencia de regurgitaci&#243;n periprot&#233;sica moderada-severa fue del 0&#44;66&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> muestra una pr&#243;tesis biol&#243;gica Trifecta&#8482; degenerada&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tama&#241;o prot&#233;sico de las biopr&#243;tesis degeneradas fue&#58; 19 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44; 20&#37;&#41;&#44; 21 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44; 36&#37;&#41;&#44; 23 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44; 24&#37;&#41; y 25 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44; 20&#37;&#41;&#46; La mediana de tiempo de desarrollo de deterioro estructural moderado-severo fue de 38&#44;4 &#40;IQR 20&#44;3-58&#44;5&#41; meses&#46; La supervivencia libre de deterioro estructural moderado-severo al a&#241;o&#44; a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os fue del 99&#44;7&#37;&#44; del 97&#44;5&#37; y del 92&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis de riesgos competitivos de Fine-Gray utilizando la variable muerte como factor competitivo&#46; De las variables analizadas&#44; se obtuvieron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas en los pacientes mayores de 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">figura 3</a>A representa la incidencia acumulada de deterioro estructural moderado-severo a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os del 2&#44;5&#37; y del 7&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">figura 3</a>B muestra la incidencia de deterioro estructural estratificado por subgrupos de edad&#46; Podemos observar dos patrones de curva diferenciados entre los pacientes menores de 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y los mayores de 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y c&#243;mo los menores de 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os presentaban una mayor incidencia acumulada de deterioro estructural&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La supervivencia global al a&#241;o&#44; a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os fue del 90&#44;8&#37;&#44; del 87&#44;5&#37; y del 78&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el seguimiento&#44; 13 pacientes &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41; presentaron un IAM&#44; 43 pacientes &#40;9&#44;5&#37;&#41; presentaron alg&#250;n evento cerebrovascular&#44; 14 pacientes &#40;3&#44;1&#37;&#41; desarrollaron una endocarditis y 11 pacientes &#40;2&#44;4&#37;&#41; tuvieron que ser reoperados&#46; Las principales causas de reintervenci&#243;n fue endocarditis en 8 &#40;72&#44;7&#37;&#41; pacientes y deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico en 3 &#40;27&#44;3&#37;&#41; pacientes&#46; La supervivencia libre del evento combinado de muerte&#44; endocarditis&#44; reintervenci&#243;n&#44; ACV e IAM fue del 87&#44;1&#37;&#44; del 80&#44;9&#37; y del 71&#44;0&#37; al a&#241;o&#44; a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">fig&#46; 5</a>A&#41;&#46; La supervivencia libre de reintervenci&#243;n valvular al a&#241;o&#44; a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os fue del 98&#44;9&#37;&#44; del 98&#44;4&#37; y del 96&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">fig&#46; 5</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La primera generaci&#243;n de la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; obtuvo su certificado CE en 2009&#46; La segunda generaci&#243;n de la biopr&#243;tesis&#44; el modelo Trifecta&#8482; GT&#44; comercializada en 2016&#44; introdujo cambios para facilitar de implante y mejor&#243; el sistema anticalcificante&#46; La tercera generaci&#243;n de la pr&#243;tesis&#44; que comenz&#243; a utilizarse en 2020&#44; present&#243; un nuevo soporte con un perfil menor que optimiz&#243; el comportamiento funcional del dispositivo&#44; y se a&#241;adi&#243; un tratamiento anticalcificante basado en la tecnolog&#237;a Lynx que produce una estabilizaci&#243;n del col&#225;geno&#44; minimiza el consumo de colesterol y reduce los aldeh&#237;dos libres<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Una de las primeras grandes series publicadas sobre el seguimiento de las primeras pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; implantadas fue el estudio de Goldman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Se trataba de un estudio multic&#233;ntrico prospectivo no aleatorizado realizado entre 2007 y 2009 que inclu&#237;a a 710 pacientes con pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;&#46; Se obtuvo una supervivencia libre de deterioro estructural del 95&#44;7&#37; a los 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os tras la intervenci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro estudio con resultados a medio plazo sobre las pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; fue el realizado por Kilic et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> con un total de 1&#46;953 pacientes&#46; Mostraron una supervivencia global del 69&#44;8&#37; a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; con una supervivencia libre de deterioro estructural del 98&#44;7&#37; a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se ha demostrado que la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; presenta un buen comportamiento hemodin&#225;mico tras el implante&#44; en t&#233;rminos de durabilidad se ha asociado una mayor tasa de deterioro estructural&#44; con incrementos precoces de los gradientes transprot&#233;sicos y con tasas de reintervenci&#243;n m&#225;s altas que otras biopr&#243;tesis a&#243;rticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 2014&#44; Saxena et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> describieron los primeros casos de recambio valvular por deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico de la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En su estudio de 1&#46;058 pacientes que comparaba la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; frente a otras biopr&#243;tesis a&#243;rticas&#44; Fukuhara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> obtuvieron una incidencia acumulada de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico del 2&#44;1&#37; en el grupo Trifecta&#8482; frente al 0&#44;7&#37; en el grupo de otras biopr&#243;tesis a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os del implante&#46; A los 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de la intervenci&#243;n se produjo un incremento mayor de las cifras de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico&#44; con una incidencia acumulada del 13&#44;3&#37; en el grupo Trifecta&#8482; frente al 4&#44;6&#37; en el grupo de otras biopr&#243;tesis&#44; con diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro de los grupos que presentaron una alta incidencia de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico ha sido el descrito por Werner et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> en su serie de 347 pacientes con pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;&#44; quienes presentaron una incidencia de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico del 7&#37; a los 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os del implante&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio&#44; la supervivencia libre de deterioro estructural moderado-severo fue al a&#241;o&#44; a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os del 99&#44;7&#37;&#44; del 97&#44;5&#37; y del 92&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; Estos datos comparables con lo obtenido en otras series<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; se ha descrito un mayor riesgo de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico precoz en pacientes j&#243;venes con pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;20</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; ser mayor de 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os result&#243; ser un factor protector independiente de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico&#46; Podemos observar que en nuestros resultados los pacientes menores de 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os presentaron una mayor incidencia acumulada de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico precoz en comparaci&#243;n con los mayores a 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No est&#225;n definidos los mecanismos exactos implicados en el desarrollo del deterioro estructural de la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;&#46; La causa m&#225;s com&#250;n descrita es el desgarro de uno de los velos valvulares&#44; especialmente del velo no coronariano&#46; El estr&#233;s mec&#225;nico al que son sometidos los tejidos de los velos de la pr&#243;tesis podr&#237;a ser el mecanismo implicado en este proceso&#46; El propio fabricante ha reconocido que debido al dise&#241;o de la pr&#243;tesis&#44; en el cual los velos est&#225;n suturados externamente al stent&#44; junto con la caracter&#237;stica de que el stent puede deformarse durante el implante&#44; produce un aumento de deterioro estructural precoz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; La fibrosis y la calcificaci&#243;n de los velos de la pr&#243;tesis alrededor de los postes tambi&#233;n contribuyen al deterioro estructural de la misma&#44; provocando restricci&#243;n del movimiento de los velos que se manifiesta en estenosis o en regurgitaci&#243;n prot&#233;sica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;25-27</span></a>&#46; Aunque estas observaciones se basan principalmente en la primera generaci&#243;n de la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;&#44; las modificaciones en el dise&#241;o realizadas en los modelos m&#225;s actuales parecen no ser capaces de prevenir en su totalidad el desarrollo de deterioro estructural precoz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las gu&#237;as brit&#225;nicas de manejo de las valvulopat&#237;as&#44; junto con la Agencia Reguladora de productos M&#233;dicos y Sanitarios Brit&#225;nicos &#40;MHRA&#41;&#44; recomiendan realizar un ecocardiograma anual de control en pacientes portadores de pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; de primera generaci&#243;n o Trifecta&#8482; GT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Esto se debe a que desde el a&#241;o 2010 la MHRA ha recibido m&#225;s de 65 eventos adversos de degeneraci&#243;n precoz de la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los eventos ocurrieron entre los 2 y los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os tras la intervenci&#243;n&#44; y se debieron principalmente al deterioro de uno de los velos valvulares&#44; o a la presencia de insuficiencia intraprot&#233;sica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el tama&#241;o valvular no se asoci&#243; con el deterioro prot&#233;sico precoz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Limitaciones</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La principal limitaci&#243;n de nuestro estudio es que se trata de un estudio retrospectivo realizado en un &#250;nico centro&#46; Los resultados obtenidos podr&#237;an no ser comparables con los obtenidos en otros centros&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque la pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; garantiza un buen comportamiento hemodin&#225;mico precoz tras el implante&#44; se ha observado una alta tasa de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico precoz a medio plazo&#46; De esta manera&#44; en pacientes con pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; se deber&#237;a realizar un estrecho seguimiento con ecocardiogramas anuales de rutina&#46;</p></span><span id="sec1040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1100">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><p id="par1155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; del Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Carlos y se obtuvo el consentimiento informado por escrito de todos los pacientes participantes en el mismo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio no recibi&#243; ning&#250;n tipo de financiaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que no existe ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque la biopr&#243;tesis a&#243;rtica Trifecta&#8482; &#40;Abbott Vascular&#44; Santa Clara&#44; California&#41; presenta un buen comportamiento hemodin&#225;mico a corto plazo&#44; se ha descrito un aumento de deterioro estructural precoz&#46; El objetivo principal de nuestro estudio es analizar la incidencia de degeneraci&#243;n prot&#233;sica precoz en nuestro centro&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis retrospectivo de todos los pacientes sometidos a cirug&#237;a de sustituci&#243;n valvular a&#243;rtica por pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; desde julio de 2013 a julio de 2021 en nuestro centro&#46; Se analiz&#243; la incidencia de deterioro estructural prot&#233;sico mediante un an&#225;lisis de riesgos competitivos de Fine &#38; Gray&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 453 pacientes fueron sometidos a sustituci&#243;n valvular a&#243;rtica por una pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482;&#46; La media de edad fue de 71&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;1 a&#241;os&#44; y el 55&#44;4&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>251&#41; eran varones&#46; La mediana de seguimiento fue de 40 &#40;IQR 20-58&#41; meses&#46; La incidencia de deterioro estructural moderado-severo fue del 5&#44;5&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&#46; La supervivencia libre de deterioro estructural moderado-severo al a&#241;o&#44; a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os fue del 99&#44;7&#37;&#44; del 97&#44;5&#37; y del 92&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariable se detect&#243; como factor protector independiente de deterioro precoz la edad mayor a 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;sHR 0&#44;21 &#91;0&#44;05-0&#44;86&#93;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#46; No detectamos una mayor incidencia en tama&#241;os prot&#233;sicos menor o igual a 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;sHR 0&#44;46 &#91;0&#44;21-1&#44;01&#93;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;054&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; presenta una tasa de deterioro estructural precoz mayor a la esperada&#46; Los pacientes con pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; deber&#237;an ser sometidos a un estrecho seguimiento con ecocardiogramas anuales&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and background</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although most studies have shown that the Trifecta&#8482; bioprosthesis &#40;Abbott Vascular&#44; Santa Clara&#44; California&#41; has an excellent hemodynamic performance&#44; there have been an increase of premature structural failure of the Trifecta&#8482; bioprosthesis&#46; The main objective of this study weas to report our single-center experience&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a retrospective analysis including all patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with Trifecta&#8482; prosthesis from 2013 July to 2021 July in our center&#46; Fine-Gray regression model was created with structural valve degeneration and death as competing risk events&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">453 patients underwent an aortic valve replacement with a Trifecta&#8482; aortic bioprosthesis&#46; Mean age was 71&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;1 years&#44; with 55&#46;4&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>251&#41; men&#46; Median follow-up was 40 &#40;IQR 20-58&#41; months&#46; The incidence of moderate-severe structural valve deterioration was 5&#46;5&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&#46; Overall freedom from moderate-severe structural valve degeneration at 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>year&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years was 99&#46;7&#37;&#44; 97&#46;5&#37; and 92&#46;7&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; The multivariable analysis age over 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years was detected as an independent protective factor for early structural valve deterioration &#40;sHR 0&#46;21 &#91;0&#46;05-0&#46;86&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41;&#46; A higher incidence in prosthetic sizes less than or equal to 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm was not detected &#40;sHR 0&#46;46 &#91;0&#46;21-1&#46;01&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;054&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Trifecta&#8482; bioprosthesis presented a rate of early structural deterioration higher than expected&#46; Patients with Trifecta&#8482; prostheses should be closely followed-up with yearly echocardiograms&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pr&#243;tesis Trifecta&#8482; degenerada&#46; Biopr&#243;tesis a&#243;rtica Trifecta&#8482; explantada por degeneraci&#243;n precoz&#46; Pueden observarse engrosamiento y calcificaci&#243;n de los velos valvulares&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gr&#225;fico de supervivencia global de Kaplan-Meier&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Supervivencia libre del evento combinado y de reintervenci&#243;n valvular&#46; A&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Supervivencia libre del evento combinado de muerte&#44; accidente cerebrovascular&#44; infarto agudo de miocardio&#44; endocarditis y reintervenci&#243;n&#46; B&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Supervivencia libre de reintervenci&#243;n valvular por todas las causas&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las variables continuas se presentan con la media y la desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar o la mediana e IQR&#44; y las variables categ&#243;ricas se presentan con la frecuencia relativa y la absoluta&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACV&#58; accidente cerebrovascular&#59; CABG&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">coronary artery bypass grafting</span>&#59; CEC&#58; circulaci&#243;n extracorp&#243;rea&#59; EPOC&#58; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&#59; FEVI&#58; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#59; IAM&#58; infarto agudo de miocardio&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; NYHA&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New York Heart Association</span>&#59; PSAP&#58; presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de la arteria pulmonar&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135 &#40;29&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumador</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">283 &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EPOC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;9&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad renal &#40;aclaramiento &#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">60</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ml&#47;1&#44;73</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;13&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NYHA III-IV</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">162 &#40;35&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirug&#237;a programada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">300 &#40;66&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirug&#237;a durante el ingreso</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">143 &#40;31&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirug&#237;a emergente</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACV previo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;6&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IAM previo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;11&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shock cardiog&#233;nico preoperatorio</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;1&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EUROSCORE I &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EUROSCORE II &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Degenerativa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">225 &#40;49&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bic&#250;spide</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;13&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Endocarditis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;9&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reum&#225;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;9&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disfunci&#243;n prot&#233;sica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;9&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anulectasia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;7&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prolapso</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fallo plastia previa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estenosis a&#243;rtica moderada-severa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">318 &#40;70&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insuficiencia a&#243;rtica moderada-severa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">209 &#40;46&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a mitral concomitante</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;11&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a tric&#250;spide concomitante</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;4&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patolog&#237;a a&#243;rtica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;16&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSAP</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">55</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mmHg</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;7&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEVI</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">335 &#40;74&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51-60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;13&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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