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Endocarditis de la válvula tricúspide: evolución de las técnicas quirúrgicas y las opciones
Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis: Evolution of Surgical Techniques and Options
Charles Yankaha
a Professor of surgery. Charite Medical University Berlin. Consultant. German Heart Institute Berlin. Germany. Special Professor. Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery. University of the Free State Bloemfontein. Sudáfrica
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#171;La anuloplastia De Vega es una ingeniosa y exitosa t&#233;cnica&#46; Solo puede fallar cuando se utiliza indiscriminadamente ante una inadecuada enfermedad tric&#250;spide&#187;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCCI&#211;N</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Despu&#233;s de la primera descripci&#243;n en autopsia de la endocarditis infecciosa realizada por Lazaire Riviere en 1723&#44; Osler present&#243; la endocarditis en 1885 en sus conferencias en el Real Colegio de M&#233;dicos como una enfermedad maligna considerada en todas sus formas como un proceso mic&#243;tico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; La enfermedad ten&#237;a un alto riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad&#44; pero afortunadamente se pudo empezar a tratar cuando Alexander Fleming descubri&#243; la penicilina en septiembre de 1928&#46; Posteriormente&#44; Lerner y Weinstein presentaron en 1966 una serie de publicaciones en el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New England Journal of Medicine </span>sobre la &#171;endocarditis infecciosa en la era de los antibi&#243;ticos&#187;&#44; mostrando mejor supervivencia en el curso de la enfermedad con la terapia antimicrobiana<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aunque la introducci&#243;n de la terapia antimicrobiana ha cambiado significativamente el curso de la endocarditis aguda&#44; la resecci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica o la desinfecci&#243;n local de la v&#225;lvula infectada y su reparaci&#243;n sigui&#243; siendo necesaria para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaban resistencia a los antibi&#243;ticos&#46; Posteriormente&#44; y en base a los trabajos pioneros de Wallace en 1963 y Robiscek en 1967 con el reemplazamiento de v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica y mitral infectadas&#44; respectivamente&#44; otros cirujanos siguieron su ejemplo reemplazando v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas infectadas resistentes al tratamiento con antibi&#243;ticos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En 1978&#44; Chandraratna&#44; et al&#46; describen en los casos de endocarditis de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con afectaci&#243;n localizada&#44; la escisi&#243;n de los puntos infectados y la reconstrucci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula como una opci&#243;n posible de tratamiento<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>&#59; y los principios t&#233;cnicos para esta reparaci&#243;n fueron expuestos posteriormente por Yee y Khonsari<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; La endocarditis infecciosa del lado derecho representa el 5-10&#37; de todas las endocarditis infecciosas seg&#250;n nos muestran diversas series<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> &#40;Tabla I&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="TABLA I&#46; EVOLUCI&#211;N DE LA CIRUG&#205;A DE LA ENDOCARDITIS VALVULAR" src="358v19n04-90187912fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ENDOCARDITIS TRIC&#218;SPIDE</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Criterios diagn&#243;sticos de duke para la endocarditis infecciosa</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Los criterios para el diagn&#243;stico de endocarditis infecciosa fueron desarrollados por Durack&#44; et al&#46; y se basan en las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; microbiol&#243;gicas&#44; anatomopatol&#243;gicas y ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de cada paciente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Factores predisponentes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Los usuarios de drogas endovenosas &#40;adictos a drogas&#41;&#44; cat&#233;teres y dispositivos endovenosos &#40;marcapasos&#44; cat&#233;teres centrales venosos&#41; en el lado derecho del coraz&#243;n&#59; sepsis&#44; alcoholismo&#44; enfermedades cong&#233;nitas del coraz&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Manifestaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Fiebre persistente&#44; bacteriemia&#44; neumon&#237;a &#40;70-100&#37; de los pacientes&#41;&#44; embolia pulmonar s&#233;ptica m&#250;ltiple &#40;70-100&#37; de los pacientes&#41;&#44; dolor de pecho&#44; disnea&#44; tos&#44; hemoptisis&#44; s&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos por embolia parad&#243;jica ante la presencia de foramen oval permeable<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Indicaciones quir&#250;rgicas y el momento para la cirug&#237;a</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Fiebre persistente durante m&#225;s de tres semanas de tratamiento antibi&#243;tico adecuado&#44; la insuficiencia card&#237;aca derecha intratable a pesar de una apropiada terapia m&#233;dica&#44; sepsis no controlada a pesar del tratamiento antibi&#243;tico adecuado&#44; absceso paravalvular&#44; endocarditis f&#250;ngica&#44; endocarditis concomitante del lado izquierdo&#44; vegetaci&#243;n de gran tama&#241;o &#40;di&#225;metro &#62; 10 mm&#41; e historia de la embolia s&#233;ptica pulmonar recurrente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Enfermedad de la v&#225;lvula</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Vegetaciones grandes&#44; formaci&#243;n de absceso perianular&#44; perforaci&#243;n de velo&#44; destrucci&#243;n total o parcial de los velos&#44; rotura de cuerdas tendinosas&#44; v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide fr&#225;gil con moderada o grave regurgitaci&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19-25</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estructuras importantes alrededor de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tri&#225;ngulo de Koch</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es un &#225;rea m&#225;s o menos triangular en la pared septal de la aur&#237;cula derecha&#44; limitada por la base de la valva septal de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#44; el margen anteromedial del orificio del seno coronario &#40;o la v&#225;lvula Tebesio&#41;&#44; y el tend&#243;n de Todaro &#40;extensi&#243;n anterior de la v&#225;lvula de Eustaquio&#41;&#46; El tend&#243;n de Todaro marca el sitio del nodo auriculoventricular y el haz de His&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tend&#243;n de Todaro</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Un palpable haz subendoc&#225;rdico de col&#225;geno en la pared de la aur&#237;cula derecha&#44; que se extiende desde el cuerpo fibroso central a trav&#233;s de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aorticus torus</span> hacia el extremo medial de la v&#225;lvula de la vena cava inferior&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Principios del manejo quir&#250;rgico </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Resumido en la tabla II&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="TABLA II&#46; OPCIONES QUIR&#218;RGICAS PARA LA ENDOCARDITIS DE LA V&#193;LVULA TRIC&#218;SPIDE&#58; T&#201;CNICAS Y RESULTADOS" src="358v19n04-90187912fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Esternotom&#237;a media o toracotom&#237;a anterolateral derecha &#40;o minitoracotom&#237;a lateral derecha&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - La valvulectom&#237;a sin reemplazo ha sido el m&#233;todo escogido para los pacientes drogadictos persistentes o en los que no se puede excluir el uso recurrente de drogas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - La extirpaci&#243;n completa y la sustituci&#243;n por una v&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;sica o mec&#225;nica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Resecci&#243;n en bloque de las cuerdas y los m&#250;sculos papilares&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Homoinjerto compuesto para el reemplazo de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Resecci&#243;n parcial del velo anterior y las cuerdas tendinosas&#44; y reemplazo con un pericardio aut&#243;logo y cuerdas artificiales &#40;Goretex&#41;&#44; respectivamente &#40;Figs&#46; 1 A-E&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; A&#58; dibujo de una v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con endocarditis aguda predominantemente de la valva anterior&#46; B&#58; escisi&#243;n del velo anterior infectado y las cuerdas correspondientes&#46; C&#58; t&#233;cnica para la sustituci&#243;n del velo anterior tricusp&#237;deo con pericardio aut&#243;logo descrito por Garc&#237;a-Rinaldi24&#58; con ayuda de un medidor&#44; se diseca y corta un fragmento apropiado de pericardio aut&#243;logo&#59; la base del segmento que corresponder&#225; con el velo anterior resecado es referenciado con suturas de sujeci&#243;n&#46; D&#58; el parche de peric&#225;rdico se cose sobre el anillo anterior de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con sutura continua&#46; Despu&#233;s de la implantaci&#243;n del velo&#44; la longitud de las neocuerdas se mide y se inserta para garantizar la adecuada neocoaptaci&#243;n de los velos&#46; E&#58; completada la sustituci&#243;n de la valva anterior de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#46; En presencia de dilataci&#243;n anular sin hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; se considera necesaria la anuloplastia de De Vega con una tira peric&#225;rdica&#46; Esta t&#233;cnica implica un m&#237;nimo de material extra&#241;o&#44; asegura un &#225;rea de orificio efectivo no regurgitante y un buen funcionamiento de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#44; lo que permite una recuperaci&#243;n r&#225;pida de la funci&#243;n ventricular derecha y una baja tasa en recurrencia de endocarditis&#46;" src="358v19n04-90187912fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; A&#58; </span>dibujo de una v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con endocarditis aguda predominantemente de la valva anterior&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#58;</span> escisi&#243;n del velo anterior infectado y las cuerdas correspondientes&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> C&#58;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> t&#233;cnica para la sustituci&#243;n del velo anterior tricusp&#237;deo con pericardio aut&#243;logo descrito por Garc&#237;a-Rinaldi</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">24</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#58; con ayuda de un medidor&#44; se diseca y corta un fragmento apropiado de pericardio aut&#243;logo&#59; la base del segmento que corresponder&#225; con el velo anterior resecado es referenciado con suturas de sujeci&#243;n&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">D&#58;</span> el parche de peric&#225;rdico se cose sobre el anillo anterior de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con sutura continua&#46; Despu&#233;s de la implantaci&#243;n del velo&#44; la longitud de las neocuerdas se mide y se inserta para garantizar la adecuada neocoaptaci&#243;n de los velos&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">E&#58;</span> completada la sustituci&#243;n de la valva anterior de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#46; En presencia de dilataci&#243;n anular sin hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; se considera necesaria la anuloplastia de De Vega con una tira peric&#225;rdica&#46; Esta t&#233;cnica implica un m&#237;nimo de material extra&#241;o&#44; asegura un &#225;rea de orificio efectivo no regurgitante y un buen funcionamiento de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#44; lo que permite una recuperaci&#243;n r&#225;pida de la funci&#243;n ventricular derecha y una baja tasa en recurrencia de endocarditis&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Resecci&#243;n cuadrangular y reparaci&#243;n del velo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Bicuspidizaci&#243;n y anillo de anuloplastia &#40;anillo prot&#233;sico en la endocarditis curada&#59; preferiblemente anuloplastia con peric&#225;rdico para las endocarditis activas&#41; en presencia de dilataci&#243;n del anillo para restablecer un &#225;rea normal de orificio efectivo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> - Reconstrucci&#243;n peric&#225;rdica en las perforaciones de velo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19-25</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultados</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En las grandes series con reparaci&#243;n de la endocarditis de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide la supervivencia &#40;curvas de Kaplan-Meier&#41; a los 5&#44; 10 y 20 a&#241;os de seguimiento est&#225; en unos rangos del 69&#44;4 &#177; 8&#44;8 al 73&#44;5&#37;&#44; del 64&#44;5 &#177; 9&#44;5 al 70&#44;4&#37;&#44; y del 57&#37;&#44; respectivamente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46; En esta serie libre de reoperaci&#243;n a los 5 y 10 a&#241;os fue del 92&#44;2 &#177; 3&#44;4 y 88&#44;6 &#177; 4&#44;8&#37;&#44; mientras que la tasa de reinfecci&#243;n fue significativamente mayor en los consumidores de drogas por v&#237;a parenteral &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;0001&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En los estudios cl&#237;nicos que comparan el reemplazo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus </span>la reparaci&#243;n se muestra una supervivencia a los 10 a&#241;os de 68&#44;1 y 57&#44;6&#37;&#44; y a los 20 a&#241;os de 20&#44;0 y 20&#44;0&#37; &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;43&#41;&#59; libres de reoperaci&#243;n en el mismo periodo fue del 88&#44;6&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSI&#211;N</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La anuloplastia tric&#250;spide de De Vega tiene su lugar en la reparaci&#243;n de la endocarditis curada de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con moderada regurgitaci&#243;n y dilataci&#243;n moderada del anillo en presencia de presiones pulmonares normales&#46; Desde su introducci&#243;n en la cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca esta t&#233;cnica ha salvado miles de vidas de pacientes&#46; El procedimiento ha sentado los principios de la anuloplastia para la dilataci&#243;n anular de la v&#225;lvula auriculoventricular&#44; y ha sido modificada por muchos cirujanos&#44; quienes la han perfeccionado<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-28</span>&#46; La comunidad quir&#250;rgica mundial ha reconocido el trabajo ingenioso y pionero de Gonz&#225;lez de Vega N y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; merece una felicitaci&#243;n por el 40 aniversario de este procedimiento&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El reemplazo de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con homoinjertos a&#250;n est&#225; en manos de unos pocos cirujanos expertos&#46; La reparaci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide se puede realizar bajo supervisi&#243;n tutelada con buenos resultados en centros con moderado volumen de cirug&#237;as&#46; La cirug&#237;a reconstructiva y la sustituci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula con homoinjerto en pacientes con VIH y en los consumidores de drogas por v&#237;a endovenosa requiere de un control postoperatorio especial para minimizar la recurrencia en estos pacientes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28-30&#44;32&#44;33</span>&#46; Los velos perforados son fisiol&#243;gicamente reparados mediante un parche de pericardio aut&#243;logo&#44; y los destruidos se sustituyen por pericardio aut&#243;logo utilizando la t&#233;cnica de Garc&#237;a-Rinaldi con sustituci&#243;n neocordal&#44; para restaurar la altura fisiol&#243;gica de coaptaci&#243;n de las valvas y una r&#225;pida recuperaci&#243;n funcional de la hemodin&#225;mica del ventr&#237;culo derecho<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> &#40;Fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46; En presencia de endocarditis curadas con o sin v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide fr&#225;gil y dilataci&#243;n anular&#44; las t&#233;cnicas de comisuroplastia y bicuspidizaci&#243;n pueden proporcionar durabilidad a largo plazo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;31&#44;33&#44;34</span>&#46; La aplicaci&#243;n de un anillo de anuloplastia asegurar&#237;a la estabilidad del anillo valvular en presencia de hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar cr&#243;nica moderada&#46; La terapia farmacol&#243;gica antihipertensiva pulmonar se considera necesaria en estos pacientes&#46; Desafortunadamente&#44; no hay resultados espec&#237;ficos a largo plazo para las diferentes t&#233;cnicas quir&#250;rgicas descritas en la literatura debido al bajo n&#250;mero de pacientes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En presencia de hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar es preferible el reemplazo prot&#233;sico de la v&#225;lvula&#46; La sustituci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula por biopr&#243;tesis u homoinjerto puede ser considerada en los pacientes con alguna contraindicaci&#243;n para la anticoagulaci&#243;n a largo plazo o con una mala situaci&#243;n socioecon&#243;mica&#46; La experiencia cl&#237;nica en el adulto tras 20 a&#241;os de seguimiento con sustituci&#243;n valvular mec&#225;nica y biopr&#243;tesis en posici&#243;n tricusp&#237;dea muestra que ambas tienen similares n&#250;meros de eventos relacionados con las pr&#243;tesis&#46; Las curvas actuariales de supervivencia a 20 a&#241;os de seguimiento considerando en el an&#225;lisis cualquier tipo de pr&#243;tesis valvulares tric&#250;spides &#40;mec&#225;nicas y biopr&#243;tesis&#41; fue del 65&#44;1 &#177; 9&#44;3&#37;&#58; 68&#44;3 &#177; 10&#44;6&#37; para las mec&#225;nicas y 54&#44;8 &#177; 12&#44;1&#37; para las pr&#243;tesis biol&#243;gicas&#59; a los 20 a&#241;os&#44; en el grupo de v&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;sica est&#225;n libre de degeneraci&#243;n estructural el 90 &#177; 5&#44;5&#37;&#59; y en el grupo de v&#225;lvula mec&#225;nica&#44; libres de deterioro&#44; endocarditis y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">leak</span> perivalvular el 97&#44;8 &#177; 4&#44;2&#37;&#44; y la ausencia de tromboembolismo el 92&#44;6 &#177; 6&#44;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>&#46; Estar libre de reoperaci&#243;n a los 5 y 10 a&#241;os fue similar entre las mec&#225;nicas &#40;86 y 76&#37;&#41; y las biopr&#243;tesis &#40;97 y 83&#37;&#41; en otras series<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSI&#211;N</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La cirug&#237;a de la endocarditis de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide requiere de un manejo quir&#250;rgico adecuado para comprender y dominar la compleja enfermedad de todo el aparato valvular tricusp&#237;deo&#44; y pueden ser necesarias t&#233;cnicas reconstructivas extensas&#46; La selecci&#243;n de una t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica adecuada restaurar&#225; la funci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo derecho y la circulaci&#243;n venosa visceral&#46; Una reconstrucci&#243;n fisiol&#243;gica de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide asegura una durabilidad funcional a medio y largo plazo&#44; con una baja tasa de infecci&#243;n recurrente&#46; Un estricto control postoperatorio de los pacientes&#44; especialmente consumidores de drogas por v&#237;a endovenosa&#44; es una parte integral del tratamiento&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis&#58; Evolution of Surgical Techniques and Options </span></span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#34;The De Vega annuloplasty is an ingenious and successful technique&#46; It can only fail when you use it indiscriminately in an improper tricuspid pathology&#34; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Following the first description of infective endocarditis from autopsy findings by Lazaire Riviere in 1723&#44;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Sir William Osler presented in 1885&#44; in his Gulstonian lectures at the Royal college of Physicians&#44; endocarditis as a malignant disease that is in all its forms a mycotic process<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; The disease carried high risk of morbidity and mortality&#44; but fortunately became treatable when penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in September 1928&#46; Lemer and Weinstein presented in their series of publications on &#34;Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era&#34;&#44; in 1966 in the New England Journal of Medicine&#44; the impact of the live-saving antimicrobial therapy on the course of the disease<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Although introduction of antimicrobial therapy has significantly changed the course of acute endocarditis&#44; surgical resection or local disinfection of the infected valve and repair has been required&#44; with success in patients in whom resistance to antibiotics developed&#46; Based on the pioneering work by Wallace in 1963 and Robiscek in 1967 to replace infected aortic and mitral valves&#44; respectively&#44; other surgeons followed suit to replace infected cardiac valves which are resistant to antibiotic therapy<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In 1978&#44; Chandraratna&#44; et al&#46; described the excision of infected sites and valve reconstruction as a treatment option in cases of localized endocarditis involvement of the tricuspid valve<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> and the technical principles were outlined by Yee and Khonsari<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Right-sided infective endocarditis accounts for 5-10&#37; of all infective endocarditis according to population-based surveys<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> &#40;Table I&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="TABLE I&#46; EVOLUTION OF SURGERY OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS OF CARDIAC VALVES" src="358v19n04-90187912fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DUKE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSING INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis were developed by Durack&#44; et al&#46; and they are based on the clinical&#44; microbiological&#44; pathological&#44; and echocardiographic characteristics of the individual patient<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Predisposing factors</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Intravenous drug users&#44; indwelling catheters and devices &#40;pacemakers&#44; central venous lines&#41; to the right heart&#44; sepsis&#44; alcoholism&#44; and congenital heart diseases<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Clinical manifestation</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Persistent fever&#44; bacteremia&#44; pneumonia &#40;70-100&#37; of patients&#41;&#44; multiple septic pulmonary emboli &#40;70-100&#37; of patients&#41;&#44; chest pains&#44; dyspnea&#44; cough&#44; hemoptysis&#44; neurological symptoms following paradoxical embolism in presence of foramen ovale<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Indications and timing for surgery</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Persisting fever for more than three weeks of adequate antibiotic therapy&#44; intractable right heart failure despite appropriate anti-failure medical therapy&#44; uncontrolled sepsis despite adequate antibiotic treatment&#44; paravalvular abscess&#44; fungal endocarditis&#44; concomitant left-sided endocarditis&#44; large vegetation size &#40;diameter &#62; 10-20 mm&#41; and history of recurrent septic pulmonary embolism<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Valve pathology</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Large vegetations &#40;&#60; 10-22 mm&#41;&#44; periannular abscess formation&#44; leaflet perforation&#47;s or complete or partial destruction&#44; chordal rupture&#44; frail tricuspid valve with moderate-to-severe regurgitation<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19-25</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Important structures around the tricuspid valve </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triangle of Koch</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A roughly triangular area on the septal wall of the right atrium&#44; bounded by the base of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve&#44; the anteromedial margin of the orifice of the coronary sinus &#40;or the Thebesian valve&#41;&#44; and the Eustachian valve along with its anterior extension&#44; the tendon of Todaro&#59; it marks the site of the atrioventricular node and bundle of His&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tendon of Todaro</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A palpable subendocardial collagen bundle in the wall of the right atrium&#44; extending from the central fibrous body across the torus aorticus toward the medial extremity of the valve of the inferior vena cava<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Surgical approach and principles</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Median sternotomy or right anterolateral thoracotomy &#40;or right lateral mini-thoracotomy&#41;&#46; Valvulectomy without replacement was the chosen method for those where persistent or recurrent drug abuse could not be excluded&#46; Complete excision and replacement with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">En bloc</span> resection of the chordate and the papillary muscles&#46; Composite homograft tricuspid valve replacement&#46; Partial excision of anterior leaflet and chordae and replacement with an autologous pericardium and artificial chordae &#40;Goretex&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;Figs&#46; 1 A-E&#41;&#46; Quadrangular resection and leaflet repair&#46; Bicuspidalization and ring annuloplasty &#40;synthetic for a healed endocarditis&#44; preferably pericardial for active infective endocarditis&#41; in presence of annulus dilatation to achieve a normal effective orifice area&#44; pericardial reconstruction of a perforated leaflet<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19-25</span> &#40;Table II&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="TABLA II&#46; SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR TRICUSPID VALVE ENDOCARDITIS&#58; TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS" src="358v19n04-90187912fig5.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The Kaplan-Meir estimates of survival at five&#44; 10&#44; and 20 years ranges from 69&#46;4 &#177; 8&#46;8 to 73&#46;5&#37;&#44; and 64&#46;5 &#177; 9&#46;5&#37; to 70&#46;4&#37;&#44; and 57&#37; in tricuspid valve repair in large series &#40;Musci&#44; et al&#46;&#41;&#46; Freedom from reoperation at five and 10 years was 86&#46;0 &#177; 6&#46;6 and 86&#46;0 &#177; 6&#46;6&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; for tricuspid valve repair in similar series&#44; while reinfection rate was significantly higher in intravenous drug abusers &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In comparative clinical studies&#44; repair versus replacement at 10 and 20 years revealed a survival of 68&#46;1 and 57&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 20&#46;0 and 20&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;43&#41;&#46; Freedom from reoperation in the same periods was 88&#46;6&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The de Vega tricuspid annuloplasty has its place in the repair of healed tricuspid valve endocarditis&#44; with a moderate annulus dilatation and regurgitation in the presence of normal pulmonary pressures&#46; The technique has saved the lives of thousands of patients since its introduction into cardiac surgery&#46; The procedure has posed the principles of annuloplasty for a-v valve annular dilatation and has been modified by many surgeons for its perfection<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-28</span>&#46; The global surgical community has recognized the ingenious and pioneering work of Dr&#46; Norberto de Vega and therefore deserves congratulations on the 50<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> anniversary of this procedure&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Homograft tricuspid valve replacement still remains in the hands of a few skilled surgeons&#46; Tricuspid valve repair under tutorial guidance can be mastered in moderate-volume centers with good results&#46; Following reconstructive surgery and homograft valve replacement in patients with HIV and in intravenous drug abusers&#44; special postoperative counseling would be required to minimize recurrence in these patients<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28-30&#44;32&#44;33</span>&#46; Perforated leaflets are physiologically repaired by autologous pericardial patch closure and destroyed leaflets are replaced by autologous pericardium using the technique of Garcia-Rinaldi and neo-chordal replacement to restore physiological leaflet coaptation heights and the right ventricular hemodynamics for a rapid functional recovery<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> &#40;Fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46; In the presence of healed endocarditis with or without failed tricuspid valve and annular dilatation&#44; commissuroplasty and bicuspidization techniques can provide long-term durability<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;31&#44;33&#44;34</span>&#46; Application of a ring annuloplasty would secure annulus stability in presence of chronic moderate pulmonary hypertension&#46; Postoperative anti-pulmonary hypertensive therapy is deemed necessary in these patients&#46; Unfortunately&#44; there are no exclusive long-term results for the different surgical techniques described in the literature because of the low number of patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 1&#46; A&#58; artist drawings of a tricuspid valve with an acute endocarditis&#44; predominantly the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet&#46; B&#58; excision of the infected anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve and the corresponding chordate&#46; C&#58; technique for replacing the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet with an autologous pericardium as described by Garcia-Rinaldi24&#46; The base of the excised infected anterior tricuspid valve leaflet is marked with stay sutures and the leaflet size is determined by using the obturator&#46; An appropriate size of autologous pericardium is dissected&#46; An appropriate autologous pericardial leaflet replacement is cut out from the pericardial sheet using the obturator&#46; D&#58; the pericardial sheet is sewn onto the anterior annulus of the tricuspid valve in a running suture technique&#46; After the implantation&#44; the length of the neo-chordae is measured and inserted to ensure proper neo-leaflet coaptation&#46; E&#58; completed replacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve&#46; In the presence of annular dilatation without pulmonary hypertension&#44; De Vega annuloplasty with a pericardial strip is deemed necessary&#46; This technique entails minimal foreign material&#44; ensures sustained effective orifice area and good functioning tricuspid valve for a rapid right ventricular recovery and low rate of recurrent endocarditis&#46;" src="358v19n04-90187912fig6.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 1&#46; A&#58;</span> artist drawings of a tricuspid valve with an acute endocarditis&#44; predominantly the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#58;</span> excision of the infected anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve and the corresponding chordate&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">C&#58; </span>technique for replacing the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet with an autologous pericardium as described by Garcia-Rinaldi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; The base of the excised infected anterior tricuspid valve leaflet is marked with stay sutures and the leaflet size is determined by using the obturator&#46; An appropriate size of autologous pericardium is dissected&#46; An appropriate autologous pericardial leaflet replacement is cut out from the pericardial sheet using the obturator&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">D&#58;</span> the pericardial sheet is sewn onto the anterior annulus of the tricuspid valve in a running suture technique&#46; After the implantation&#44; the length of the neo-chordae is measured and inserted to ensure proper neo-leaflet coaptation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">E&#58;</span> completed replacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve&#46; In the presence of annular dilatation without pulmonary hypertension&#44; De Vega annuloplasty with a pericardial strip is deemed necessary&#46; This technique entails minimal foreign material&#44; ensures sustained effective orifice area and good functioning tricuspid valve for a rapid right ventricular recovery and low rate of recurrent endocarditis&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In presence of pulmonary hypertension&#44; prosthetic valve replacement is preferred&#46; Bioprosthetic or homo-graft valve replacement can be considered in patients in whom contraindication for a long-term anticoagulation is present or with a poor socioeconomic background&#46; In the adult experience&#44; both mechanical and bioprosthetic valves in tricuspid position have similar 20-year valve-related events&#46; Actuarial estimates of survival in 20 years of follow-up for all tricuspid prosthetic valves&#44; mechanical valves&#44; and bioprosthetic valves were 65&#46;1 &#177; 9&#46;3&#37;&#44; 68&#46;3 &#177; 10&#46;6&#37;&#44; and 54&#46;8 &#177; 12&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; For the bioprosthetic valve group&#44; freedom from structural valve degeneration was 90 &#177; 5&#46;5&#37;&#59; for the mechanical valve group&#44; freedom from deterioration&#44; endocarditis&#44; and leakage was 97&#46;8 &#177; 4&#46;2&#37;&#44; and freedom from thromboembolism was 92&#46;6 &#177; 6&#46;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>&#46; Freedom from reoperation at five and 10 years was similar between mechanical &#40;86 and 76&#37;&#41; and bioprostheses &#40;97 and 83&#37;&#41; in other series<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Surgery of tricuspid valve endocarditis requires proper surgical skills to understand and to master the complex pathology of the entire tricuspid valve apparatus&#46; Extended reconstructive techniques might be required&#46; Selection of an appropriate surgical technique will restore the right ventricular function and the visceral organs venous circulation&#46; A physiologic reconstruction of the tricuspid valve will ensure mid- and long-term functional durability with a low rate of recurrent infection&#46; Intensive postoperative counseling of the patients&#44; especially intravenous drug abusers&#44; is an integral part of the treatment&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Correspondencia&#58;<br></br> Charles Yankah<br></br> German Heart Institute Berlin <br></br> Charite Medical University Berl&#237;n 13353 <br></br> Alemania<br></br> E-mail&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;cyankah&#64;web&#46;de" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">cyankah&#64;web&#46;de</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Recibido&#58; 9 de octubre de 2012 <br></br> Aceptado&#58; 14 de octubre de 2012</p>"
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          "es" => "II&#46; OPCIONES QUIR&#218;RGICAS PARA LA ENDOCARDITIS DE LA V&#193;LVULA TRIC&#218;SPIDE&#58; T&#201;CNICAS Y RESULTADOS"
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          "es" => "A&#58; dibujo de una v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con endocarditis aguda predominantemente de la valva anterior&#46; B&#58; escisi&#243;n del velo anterior infectado y las cuerdas correspondientes&#46; C&#58; t&#233;cnica para la sustituci&#243;n del velo anterior tricusp&#237;deo con pericardio aut&#243;logo descrito por Garc&#237;a-Rinaldi24&#58; con ayuda de un medidor&#44; se diseca y corta un fragmento apropiado de pericardio aut&#243;logo&#59; la base del segmento que corresponder&#225; con el velo anterior resecado es referenciado con suturas de sujeci&#243;n&#46; D&#58; el parche de peric&#225;rdico se cose sobre el anillo anterior de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide con sutura continua&#46; Despu&#233;s de la implantaci&#243;n del velo&#44; la longitud de las neocuerdas se mide y se inserta para garantizar la adecuada neocoaptaci&#243;n de los velos&#46; E&#58; completada la sustituci&#243;n de la valva anterior de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#46; En presencia de dilataci&#243;n anular sin hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; se considera necesaria la anuloplastia de De Vega con una tira peric&#225;rdica&#46; Esta t&#233;cnica implica un m&#237;nimo de material extra&#241;o&#44; asegura un &#225;rea de orificio efectivo no regurgitante y un buen funcionamiento de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide&#44; lo que permite una recuperaci&#243;n r&#225;pida de la funci&#243;n ventricular derecha y una baja tasa en recurrencia de endocarditis&#46;"
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          "es" => "II&#46; SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR TRICUSPID VALVE ENDOCARDITIS&#58; TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS"
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          "es" => "A&#58; artist drawings of a tricuspid valve with an acute endocarditis&#44; predominantly the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet&#46; B&#58; excision of the infected anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve and the corresponding chordate&#46; C&#58; technique for replacing the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet with an autologous pericardium as described by Garcia-Rinaldi24&#46; The base of the excised infected anterior tricuspid valve leaflet is marked with stay sutures and the leaflet size is determined by using the obturator&#46; An appropriate size of autologous pericardium is dissected&#46; An appropriate autologous pericardial leaflet replacement is cut out from the pericardial sheet using the obturator&#46; D&#58; the pericardial sheet is sewn onto the anterior annulus of the tricuspid valve in a running suture technique&#46; After the implantation&#44; the length of the neo-chordae is measured and inserted to ensure proper neo-leaflet coaptation&#46; E&#58; completed replacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve&#46; In the presence of annular dilatation without pulmonary hypertension&#44; De Vega annuloplasty with a pericardial strip is deemed necessary&#46; This technique entails minimal foreign material&#44; ensures sustained effective orifice area and good functioning tricuspid valve for a rapid right ventricular recovery and low rate of recurrent endocarditis&#46;"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 11340096
Idioma original: Español
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