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Vol. 73. Núm. 1.
Páginas 52-57 (enero 2003)
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Vol. 73. Núm. 1.
Páginas 52-57 (enero 2003)
Acceso a texto completo
Función defecatoria y calidad de vida con la cirugía preservadora de esfínteres en el cáncer de recto
Defecatory function and quality of life with sphincter-preserving surgery in rectal cancer
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8076
Mario de Miguel1
Autor para correspondencia
Mario-demiguel@cfnavarra.es

Correspondencia: Dr. M. de Miguel. Unidad de Coloproctología. Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital Virgen del Camino. Irunlarrea, 4. 31008 Pamplona.
, Pedro Armendáriz, Héctor Ortiz
Unidad de Coloproctología. Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital Virgen del Camino. Pamplona. España.
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Resumen

La cirugía preservadora de esfínteres para el tratamiento del cáncer de recto se propuso como alternativa a la amputación abdominoperineal con colostomía definitiva por el rechazo que generaba en los pacientes. Sin embargo, estos pacientes van a presentar una serie de alteraciones de la función defecatoria, consistentes en urgencia, tenesmo, aumento de la frecuencia deposicional, sensación de evacuación incompleta, ritmo defecatorio errático y grados variables de incontinencia anal. Este conjunto de problemas se han agrupado bajo el nombre de síndrome de la resección anterior, que puede afectar a más del 60% de los pacientes y cuyas causas no están suficientemente explicadas.

La anastomosis coloanal con reservorio se ha propuesto como una solución para incrementar la capacidad del colon anastomosado, consiguiendo mejorar la frecuencia defecatoria, pero no el resto de problemas del síndrome de la resección anterior. Incluso presenta problemas nuevos, como dificultad de evacuación, por lo que se aconsejan reservorios más pequeños.

Por tanto, la cirugía del cáncer de recto, tanto sea una resección anterior baja como una amputación abdominoperineal, produce una serie de alteraciones físicas, psíquicas y sociales que van a tener una influencia sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Así, los primeros estudios que compararon ambas operaciones encontraban que las dos alteraban la calidad de vida, si bien la presencia de un estoma definitivo la alteraba más. Con la introducción de instrumentos específicos para valorar la calidad de vida en pacientes con cáncer (EORTC-C30) y con cáncer colorrectal (EORTC-C38) se ha confirmado cómo tanto la amputación abdominoperineal como la cirugía preservadora de esfínteres alteran la calidad de vida, pero no se han demostrado claras diferencias entre una u otra operación. Igualmente, las puntuaciones de las diferentes escalas mejoran con el transcurso del tiempo.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de recto
Función defecatoria
Reservorios coloanales
Calidad de vida

The sphincter- saving surgery for the treatment of the cancer of rectum, was proposed as alternative to the abdominoperineal resection with definitive colostomy for the rejection that generated in the patients. However, these patients will present a number of alterations of the defecatory function, consistent in: urgency, tenesmus, increase of the bowel movement per day, sensation of incomplete evacuation, erratic defecatory rhythm, and several degrees of fecal incontinence. These of problems have been grouped under the name of the anterior resection syndrome (ARS) that can affect to more than 60% of the patients. The causes of ARS have not sufficiently explained.

The coloanal anastomosis and colonic J pouch has proposed like a solution to increase the capacity of the colon, being able to improve the defecatory frequency, but not the rest of problems of the syndrome of the previous resection. It even presents new problems, as difficulty to evacuation.

Therefore preserving surgery like an abdominoperineal resection, produce several physical, psychic and social alterations that they will have an influence on the quality of life of the patients. The initial studies comparing both operations found that both altered the quality of life, although the presence of a definitive stoma altered it more. The introduction of specific instruments to value the quality of life in patient with cancer (EORTC-C30) and with cancer colorrectal (EORTC-C38) have confirmed that both operation alter the quality of life, but without showing signifcative differences. The scores of the different scales improve with the course of the time.

Key words:
Rectal cancer
Defecatory function
Colonic pouch
Quality of life
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