metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española Profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en cirugía general
Información de la revista
Vol. 69. Núm. 1.
Páginas 49-55 (enero 2001)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 69. Núm. 1.
Páginas 49-55 (enero 2001)
Acceso a texto completo
Profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en cirugía general
Prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolic disease in general surgery
Visitas
16878
J.L. García Sabrido1
Autor para correspondencia
jlgsabrido@cgiii.hggm.es

Correspondencia: Prof. J.L. García Sabrido. Servicio de Cirugía General III. Área 2300. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Dr. Esquerdo, 46. 28007 Madrid.
, D. Pacheco Sánchez
Servicio de Cirugía General III. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen
Objetivo

Revisar el estado actual de la incidencia, factores de riesgo y profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal.

Métodos

Esta revisión está basada en una búsqueda de la bibliografía en la base de datos MEDLINE, sobre la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en pacientes sometidos a cirugía general y del aparato digestivo, así como en la experiencia de los autores.

Resultados

La incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda en pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal sin profilaxis antitrombótica oscila entre el 20 y el 30% y la del embolismo pulmonar entre el 0,3 y el 0,8%. Los factores de riesgo más importantes son: edad mayor a 40 años, obesidad, antecedente de enfermedad tromboembólica y ciertas enfermedades asociadas. La profilaxis con heparina no fraccionada disminuye la incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda y embolismo pulmonar al 7 y 0,1, respectivamente. Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular son tan efectivas como la no fraccionada y se asocian con menor riesgo de hemorragia y hematomas en la zona de punción.

Conclusiones

La profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en cirugía general está indicada en los pacientes de riesgo moderado y alto. Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular se consideran los fármacos de elección para dicha profilaxis. Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular de segunda generación, entre ellas la bemiparina, se perfilan como el futuro de la profilaxis, si bien se precisan más estudios prospectivos que corroboren los resultados de los ya realizados.

Palabras clave:
Profilaxis antitrombótica
Heparina
Cirugía general
Objective

To review the current incidence, risk factors and prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

Methods

This review is based on a literature search in the Medline database of articles concerned with perioperative thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing abdominal and gastrointestinal surgery and on the experience of the authors.

Results

The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in patients subjected to abdominal surgery who receive no antithrombotic prophylaxis ranges between 20% and 30%, and that of pulmonary embolism ranges from 0.3% to 0.8%. The major risk factors are age over 40 years, obesity and a history of thromboembolic disease and certain associated diseases. Prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin reduces the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism to 7% and 0.1%, respectively. Low-molecular-weight heparins are as effective as unfractionated heparin and are associated with a lower risk of hemorrhage and hematomas at the injection site.

Conclusions

Prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolic disease in general surgery is indicated in moderate and highrisk patients. Low-molecular-weight heparins are considered the drugs of choice for this prophylaxis. Second generation lowmolecular- weight heparins, among them bemiparin, would appear to be the alternative for prophylaxis in the future, although further prospective studies corroborating the findings reported to date will be necessary.

Key words:
Antithrombotic prophylaxis
Heparin
General surgery
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
E. Ros Díez, J. Latorre, J.A. Jiménez Cossio.
Nociones y epidemiología. Comité de profilaxis de la ETE.
Fundación Sanofi para la investigación de la trombosis, 1 (1991), pp. 5-18
[2.]
G.D.O. Lowe.
Regular review: risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients.
Br Med J, 305 (1992), pp. 567-574
[3.]
R. Collins, A. Scrimgeous, S. Yusef, R. Peto.
Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin.
N Engl J Med, 318 (1988), pp. 1162-1173
[4.]
H. Deconsus, C. Marchal, J.P. Bonnardot, A. Elias.
Fréquence de la maladie thromboembolique en fonction des types de chirurgie. Conference de Consensus.
Ann Fr Anesth Réanim, 11 (1992), pp. 244-251
[5.]
J.I. Arcelus Martínez, C.I. Traverso Blanco, M. López-Cantarero Ballesteros, F. Navarro Freire, F. Pérez Benítez, J.M. García Gil.
Actitud ante la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa postoperatoria en los servicios de cirugía general españoles. Resultados preliminares de una encuesta nacional.
Cir Esp, 44 (1988), pp. 394-401
[6.]
B. Lindblad, A. Enksson, D. Bergquist.
Autopsy-verified pulmonary embolism in a surgical department: analysis of the period from 1951 to 1988.
Br J Surg, 78 (1991), pp. 849-852
[7.]
V.V. Kakkar, T.P. Corrigan, D.P. Fossard.
Prevention of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin: an international multicentre trial.
Lancet, 2 (1975), pp. 45-51
[8.]
O. Huber, H. Bounameaux, K. Borst, A. Rohner.
Postoperative pulmonary embolism after hospital discharge.
Arch Surg, 127 (1992), pp. 310-313
[9.]
B. Lindblad.
Prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolism with low dose heparin alone or in combination with dihydroergotamine. A review.
Act Chir Scand, 543 (1988), pp. 31-42
[10.]
M. Patel, D. Hardman, D. Nicholls, C.M. Fichor, M. Appleber.
The incidence of deep venous thrombosis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
MJA, 161 (1996), pp. 652-655
[11.]
L.R. Kavoussi, E. Sosa, D. Chandhoke, G. Chodak, R.V. Glayman, H.R. Hadley, et al.
Complications of laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection.
J Urol, 149 (1993), pp. 322-325
[12.]
H. Bounameaux, D. Didier, O. Polat, S. Desmarais, P. Moerloose, O. Huber.
Antithrombotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Thromb Res, 86 (1997), pp. 271-273
[13.]
A. Nicolaides, J. Arcelus, G. Belcaro, D. Bergquist, L.C. Borris, H.R. Buller, et al.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism.
Int Angiol, 11 (1992), pp. 151-159
[14.]
C. Howe, A.N. Nicolaides, J.T. Renney, M.B. Clarke.
Deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Is there a “high risk” group?.
Am J Surg, 120 (1970), pp. 527-530
[15.]
G.D.O. Lowe, B.M. McArdle, D.C. Carles, D. McLaren, D.M. Osborne, A. Smith, et al.
Prediction and selective prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in elective gastrointestinal surgery.
Lancet, 1 (1982), pp. 409-412
[16.]
M.M. Sue-Ling, D. Jhonston, M.J. McMahon, R. Philips, J.A. Davies.
Preoperative identification of patients at high risk of deep venous thrombosis after elective major abdominal surgery.
Lancet, 1 (1986), pp. 1173-1176
[17.]
P.A. Fernández.
Profilaxis farmacológica de la enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía abdominal. Estado actual en cirugía general y del aparato digestivo. En: Tamames Escobar S, Martínez C, editores. Avances, controversias y actualizaciones en cirugía general y del aparato digestivo.
Tomo I. Madrid: EMISA, (1994), pp. 31-46
[18.]
Royal College of General Practitioners. Oral contraceptives venous thrombosis and veins varicoses.
J Coll Gen Pract, 28 (1978), pp. 393-397
[19.]
P. Webb, J. Fox, W. Kakkar.
Venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing emergency surgery.
Br J Surg, 68 (1981), pp. 807
[20.]
Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients.
Br Med J, 305 (1992), pp. 567-574
[21.]
R.D. Hull, V.V. Kakkar, G.E. Raskob.
Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. En: Fuster V, Verraete M, editores. Thrombosis in cardiovascular disorders.
Filadelfia: Saunders, (1992), pp. 451-464
[22.]
A.W. Bradbury, Y.C. Chan, A. Darzi, G. Stansby.
Thromboembolism prophylaxis during laparoscopic cholecistectomy.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 962-964
[23.]
G. Macanillard, G. Janvier, M.R. Boisseau.
Benefices et risques des différentes methodes de prophylaxie avec ou sans dextrans.
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 11 (1992), pp. 291-297
[24.]
U.F. Grüber, T. Saldeen, T. Brokup, B. Eklog, I. Eriksson, I. Goudie, et al.
Incidences of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism after prophylaxis with dextran 70 and low dose heparin: international multicenter study.
Br Med J, 281 (1980), pp. 69-72
[25.]
J. Rosell, J.A. Guerrero, O.I. Morales, M. Ruiz Morales, J.L. Tovar, K.L. Mekinassi, et al.
Dextrano versus heparina en la profilaxis de la trombosis venosa profunda tras cirugía de la cadera.
Cir Esp, 44 (1988), pp. 254-259
[26.]
G.P. Caglett, J.S. Reisch.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients. Results of metanalysis.
Ann Surg, 208 (1988), pp. 227-240
[27.]
L. Poller, A. Makernan, J.M. Thomson, M. Elsten, P.I. Hirsch.
Prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after major surgery.
Br Med J, 295 (1987), pp. 1309-1312
[28.]
R.D. Rosenberg, L. Lam.
Correlation between structure and function of heparin.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76 (1979), pp. 1218-1222
[29.]
R.D. Rosenberg, A. Banerk.
The heparin-antithrombin system: a natural anticoagulant mechanism. En: Colman RW, Hirsch J, Marder VS, Salzman EW, editores.
Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice (3.a ed, (1994), pp. 837-860
[30.]
A. Danielson, E. Raub, U. Lindahh.
Role of ternary complexes in which heparin binds both antithrombin and proteinase, in the acceleration of the reactions between antithrombin and thrombin or factor Xa.
J Biol Chem, 261 (1986), pp. 15467-15473
[31.]
P. Briel-Edwars, J.S. Giniberg, M. Johnston.
Establishing a therapeutic range for heparin therapy.
Ann Intern Med, 119 (1993), pp. 104-109
[32.]
J. Hirsch, T. Warkentin, R. Ranschke, C. Granger, E.M. Ohman, J.E. Dalen.
Heparin and low-molecular weight heparin. Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, considerations, monitoring, efficacy and safety.
Chest, 114 (1998), pp. 4895-5105
[33.]
M. Pini, C. Pattachini, R. Quintavalla.
Subcutaneous versus intravenous heparin in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. A randomized clinical trial.
Thromb Haemost, 64 (1990), pp. 222-226
[34.]
I.L. Rosemberg, M. Evans, A.V. Pollock.
Prophylaxis of postoperative leg vein thrombosis by low dose subcutaneous heparin or postoperative calf stimulation: a controlled clinical trial.
Br Med J, 1 (1975), pp. 649-651
[35.]
G.A. Colditz, R.L. Tuden, G. Oster.
Rate of venous thrombosis after general surgery. Combined results of randomized clinical trials.
Lancet, 19 (1986), pp. 143-146
[36.]
J. Harenberg.
Pharmacology of low molecular weight heparins.
Semin Thromb Hemost, 16 (1990), pp. 12-18
[37.]
R.E. Jordan, G.M. Oosta, W.T. Gardner, R.A. Resenberg.
The kinetics of hemostasis enzyme-antithrombine interactions in the presence of low molecular weight heparin.
J Biol Chem, 225 (1980), pp. 10081-10090
[38.]
P.M. Sandset, U. Abildgaard, M.L. Larsen.
Heparin induces release of extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor.
Thromb Res, 50 (1988), pp. 803-813
[39.]
L. Bara, M.M. Samama.
Pharmacokinetics of low molecular weight heparins.
Acta Chir Scand, 543 iSupl (1988), pp. 65-72
[40.]
H.C. Hemker.
Semin Trhomb Haemost, 17 (1991), pp. 28-34
[41.]
C.J. Carter, J.G. Kelton, J. Hirsch, A.L. Cerskus, A.V. Santos, M. Gent.
The relationship between the hemorrhagic and antithrombotic properties of low molecular weight heparins and heparin.
Blood, 59 (1982), pp. 1239-1245
[42.]
R.D. Hull, R.F. Brant, F.R. Grahamm.
Pre-operative versus postoperative initiation of low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing elective hip replacement.
Arch Int Med, 159 (1999), pp. 137-141
[43.]
T.E. Spiro, G.S. Johnson, M.J. Christie.
Efficacy and safety of enoxaprin to prevent deep venous thrombosis after hip replacement surgery.
Ann Intern Med, 121 (1994), pp. 81-89
[44.]
J.A. Dours, J.M. Schved, I. Momas, J.C. Gril, P. Azoulhy, F. Gremi.
Metaanalysis sur les essais randomisés comparant les résultats des héparins de bas poids moleculares à ceux des héparins fractionneces dans la prévention des thromboses veineuses profondes.
Epidémiol Santé Publique, 37 (1989), pp. 363-369
[45.]
A. Leizorovicz, M.C. Haugh, F.R. Chapuis, M.M. Samama, J.P. Boissel.
Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of perioperative thrombosis.
Br Med J, 305 (1992), pp. 913-920
[46.]
M. Nurmohamed, F.R. Rosendal, Hr. Büller, E. Dekker, D. Hommes, J.P. Vandenbroucke, et al.
Low molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery: a meta-analysis.
Lancet, 340 (1992), pp. 152-156
[47.]
A.J. Palmer, W. Schramm, B. Kirchhof, R. Bergemann.
Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin for prevention of thrombo- embolism in general surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.
Haemostasis, 27 (1997), pp. 65-74
[48.]
J. Weitz.
Drug therapy: low molecular weight heparins.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 688-698
[49.]
V.V. Kakkar.
Presente y futuro de la profilaxis con heparinas de bajo peso molecular.
Biomecánica, 7 (1999), pp. 14-20
[50.]
L. Falkon, M. Garí, M. Barbanoj, J. Almiral, J. Fontcuberta.
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor and anti FXa kinetic profiles of a new low-molecular- mass heparin, Bemiparin at therapeutics subcutaneous doses.
Blood Coag Fibrinol, 9 (1998), pp. 137-141
[51.]
L. Falkon, D. Sáenz-Campos, R. Antonijoan, J. Martin, M. Barbanoj, J. Fontcuberta.
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a new low molecular weight heparin (RO-11), a three way cross-over study in healthy volunteers.
Thromb Res, 78 (1995), pp. 77-86
[52.]
L. Falkon, M. Bayes, G. Frontera, M. Garí, M. Barbanoj, J. Fontcuberta.
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new low molecular mass heparin (RO-11) in healthy volunteers, a dose-finding study within the therapeutical range.
Thromb Haemost, 77 (1997), pp. 133-136
[53.]
W. Kakkar.
Effectiveness and safety of low molecular weight heparins in the prevention of venous thromboembolism.
Thromb Haemost, 74 (1995), pp. 364-368
[54.]
L.D. Brace, J. Fareed, J. Tomeo, S. Ilsslecb.
Biochemical and pharmacological studies on the interaction of PK10169 and its subfractions with human platelets.
Haemostasis, 16 (1986), pp. 93-105
[55.]
G.E. Moreno, J. Fontcuberta, F. de la Llama.
Prophylaxis of thromboembolic disease with RO-11 (ROVI), during abdominal surgery. EURO 1 (grupo multicéntrico RO-11.
Hepatogastroenterology, 43 (1996), pp. 744-747
Copyright © 2001. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos