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Inicio Clínica e Investigación en Ginecología y Obstetricia Trombocitopenia aislada y gestación
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Vol. 29. Núm. 6.
Páginas 202-218 (enero 2002)
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Vol. 29. Núm. 6.
Páginas 202-218 (enero 2002)
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Trombocitopenia aislada y gestación
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A. Díaz***, C. Espinel***, A. Tejerizo-García***, M.M. Sánchez-Sánchez***, R.M. García-Robles***, A. Leiva***, E. Morán***, L.C. Tejerizo-López***, M.P Conde del Teso*, V. Santamaría**
*** Servicios de Obstetricia y Ginecología. Hospital Virgen de la Vega. Salamanca. España
** Hematologia Hospital Virgen de la Vega. Salamanca. España
** Pediatria. Hospital Virgen de la Vega. Salamanca. España
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Resumen

Se analizan la etiopatogenia y las característicasclínicas e inmunológicas de 52 gestantes con trombocitopenia aislada (cifra de plaquetas < 150 ×109/l),así como la presencia de trombocitopenia o de complicaciones hemorrágicas en los neonatos, y se sugiere el tratamiento adecuado en función del tipo de trombocitopenia.

En todas las gestantes se practicaron: anamnesis, recuento plaquetario (EDTAK3, citrato Na2 y examen microscópico) e investigación de anticuerpos antiplaquetarios (inmunofluorescencia). Para confirmar una macrotrombocitopenia constitucional se procedió al estudio familiar y ultraestructural de las plaquetas. Seaplicó el test de Levine de homogeneidad de variancias para comparar los recuentos plaquetarios medios de cada grupo diagnóstico, así como una regresión lineal entre los recuentos de madres e hijos.

En 31 pacientes (59,61%) con trombocitopenia no se detectaron anticuerpos plaquetarios, ni tampo cohistoria previa de trombocitopenia o de diátesis hemorrágica. Cuatro pacientes (7,69%) fueron diagnosticadas de seudotrombocitopenia dependiente de EDTA, y 7 más (13,46%) de macrotrombocitopeniaconstitucional. Finalmente, en 10 mujeres (19,23%) se sospechó una etiología autoinmune, y en todas losanticuerpos antiplaquetarios resultaron positivos. Nose detectaron diferencias significativas entre los recuentos plaquetarios medios de las madres con trombocitopenia de etiología inmune respecto del resto degrupos. No se observó hemorragia de causa no quirúrgica en ninguna de las pacientes ni en sus hijos. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre los recuentos plaquetarios de las madres y los neonatos. Lapráctica de recuentos plaquetarios obtenidos mediantepunción de la calota craneal indujo la práctica de 2 cesáreas innecesarias.

El porcentaje de trombocitopenias de mecanismoinmune en gestantes es reducido. Este porcentaje contrasta con la elevada prevalencia de trombocitopenias de carácter benigno. Las seudotrombocitopenias y macrotrombocitopenias constitucionales se descubrena menudo con motivo de la gestación, y su correcto diagnóstico puede evitar la adopción de medidas terapéuticas innecesarias.

Summary

We analyze the etiopathogenesis and clinical and immunohematological characteristics of 52 pregnant women with isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 × 109/l), and the frequency of thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic complications in their newborn. We suggest the therapeutic approach for each maternel thrombocytopenia type.

We performed: clinical history, platelet count (EDTA K3, sodium citrate, microscopic exam) and investigation of antiplatelet antibodies (immunofluorescence) in all pregnant women. A familial history and ultrastructure of platelets were studied when hereditary macrothrombocytopenia was suspected. A Levine’s test of homogenicity of variances was applied to compare the mean platelet count in each diagnostic group. A linear regression between maternal and newborn platelet counts was performed.

In 31 thrombocytopenia women (59.61%) no antiplatelet antibodies were found, and the clinical history was negative for previous thrombocytopenia or abnormal bleeding. Four patients (7.69%) were diagnosed as pseudothrombocytopenia EDTA-mediated, and 7 (13.46%) of macrothrombocytopenia. Finally, an autoimmune etiology was suspected in 10 women (19.23%) and antiplatelet antibodies were detected in all. Mean platelet counts of mother with immune thrombocytopenia did not show statistically significant differences with other diagnostic groups. Abnormal bleeding was not observed in any patient or newborn. There was no correlation between platelet counts of mothers and new born. Platelet count obtained by skull bone punction led to unnecessary caesareans in 2 cases.

The frequency of immune thrombocytopenia in pregnant women is low. There is a high prevalence of benign thrombocytopenia. The pseudothrombocytopenia and macrothrombocitopenia are frequent findings, and special care is advisable in the cases to avoid unnecessary therapeutic procedures.

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Copyright © 2002. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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