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Vol. 33. Núm. 92.
Páginas 139-169 (mayo - septiembre 2010)
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Vol. 33. Núm. 92.
Páginas 139-169 (mayo - septiembre 2010)
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La apertura al comercio exterior y sus efectos sobre la productividad en presencia de diferencias intersectoriales
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Antonio Navas Ruiza
Universidad de Alicante
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Resumen

Este artículo estudia los efectos que la apertura de una economía al comercio exterior, tiene sobre la productividad a nivel de empresa y a nivel de industria en un entorno donde existen diferencias intersectoriales en niveles de competencia en autarquía. Cuando la economía se abre al comercio internacional, aquellos sectores que son menos competitivos sufren mucho más la competencia extranjera, por lo cual reducen mucho más sus márgenes, y aumentan mucho más el volumen de producción y el personal dedicado a I+D, aumentando la productividad de sus empresas. En presencia de diferencias importantes en niveles de competencia inicial entre sectores, una apertura global puede generar una reducción del personal dedicado a I+D en aquellos sectores más competitivos debido a un efecto crowding-out por parte de los otros sectores: puesto que los menos competitivos ganan más en eficiencia tras la apertura, estos aumentan la demanda de factores rivales desviando recursos hacia su sector en detrimento de los otros sectores.

Palabras clave:
Comercio Internacional
Innovación
Modelos multisectoriales
Abstract

This paper explores the relationship between trade openness, competition and productivity growth, in a multi-sector R&D endogenous growth model where we allow for sectorial differences in competition levels. A movement from autarky to free trade extends the size of the market but it increases competition within each market. The joint effect rises the output produced per firm, R&D employment and productivity growth. When we allow for sectorial differences, the less competitive sectors obtain larger gains in efficiency, increasing by more R&D investment and productivity growth. Moreover, R&D employment in the most competitive sectors may reduce due to a crowding-out effect from the less competitive sectors: The latter, increases the demand for rival inputs, attracting labor from R&D and production activities of the other sectors.

Keywords:
International trade
Innovation
Multisectorial models
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