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Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Importancia del soporte nutricional en adultos con fibrosis quística
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Vol. 53. Núm. 5.
Páginas 326-334 (mayo 2006)
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Vol. 53. Núm. 5.
Páginas 326-334 (mayo 2006)
Actualización en nutrición clínica
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Importancia del soporte nutricional en adultos con fibrosis quística
Importance of nutritional support in adults with cystic fibrosis
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Gabriel Olveira Fuster, María Laínez López
Unidad de Nutrición Clínica. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya. Red de Centros de Metabolismo y Nutrición. Málaga. España
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La fibrosis quística (FQ) es la enfermedad letal, de herencia mendeliana recesiva, más frecuente en la población caucásica. Durante las últimas 4 décadas se ha incrementado notablemente la supervivencia de las personas con fibrosis quística, y ha pasado de ser una enfermedad propia “de niños y mortal” a convertirse en una enfermedad “crónica multisistémica”. Uno de los factores que han favorecido este cambio es el correcto seguimiento nutricional. La prevalencia de desnutrición en la FQ es elevada y se comporta como un factor predictor de morbimortalidad, de forma independiente del grado de afección de la función pulmonar. La interacción entre nutrición y función pulmonar, por tanto, posee gran relevancia porque, al descender de forma paralela, influirían en la calidad de vida y el pronóstico de supervivencia del paciente. La intervención nutricional, además de mejorar los parámetros nutricionales, podría enlentecer la disminución progresiva de la función pulmonar. Por ello, la Sociedad Europea de FQ, en su documento de consenso acerca de los estándares asistenciales para las personas con FQ, indica que el equipo multidisciplinario debe contar con un dietista o especialista en nutrición que debe ser el responsable de la valoración, la educación y la asistencia nutricionales. Para los pacientes con FQ, se recomienda que la ingesta habitual aporte entre el 120 y el 150% de las calorías recomendadas para las personas sanas y que sea de alto contenido en grasas. Para los pacientes con insuficiencia pancreática, se recomienda la suplementación sistemática con vitaminas liposolubles. Si con las modificaciones de la dieta no se consigue alcanzar o mantener los objetivos nutricionales previstos, se pueden adicionar suplementos artificiales y, si estas medidas fallan, indicar la nutrición enteral por sonda (generalmente mediante gastrostomías).

Palabras clave:
Nutrición
Fibrosis quística
Nutrición enteral

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the lethal most frequent autosomal recessive disease among Caucasians. Over the last four decades, survival has markedly increased in patients with CF, which used to be a “lethal disease of children” and has now become a “chronic multisystemic” disease. One of the factors that has contributed to this change is proper nutritional follow-up. The prevalence of malnutrition in CF is high and malnutrition is a predictor of morbidity and mortality independently of the severity of pulmonary function deterioration. The interaction between nutrition and pulmonary function is therefore highly important, since deterioration in both factors will negatively affect both the patient’s quality of life and prognosis for survival. Moreover, in addition to improving nutritional status, nutritional intervention could also slow the progressive decrease in pulmonary function. Consequently, the consensus document on standards of care for people with CF of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society stipulates that multidisciplinary teams should include a dietitian or specialist in nutrition who should be responsible for the patient’s nutritional evaluation, education and management. In patients with CF, a routine calorie intake of between 120 and 150% of that recommended in healthy individuals as well as a high fat content are recommended. In patients with pancreatic insufficiency, systematic supplementation with liposoluble vitamins is advisable. If dietary modifications to not achieve or maintain the established nutritional goals, artificial supplements can be added and, if these measures fail, enteral nutrition through a tube (generally through gastrostomy) is indicated.

Key words:
Nutrition
Cystic fibrosis
Enteral nutrition
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Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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