Valoración de pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) con el diagnóstico de cetoacidosis diabética (CAD).
MétodoRevisión de los casos ingresados durante 5 años. Se analizan características clínicas, factores contribuyentes, datos de laboratorio y factores pronósticos.
ResultadosTreinta pacientes han justificado 38 episodios de CAD. Hay un predominio de los varones, de los ingresos en primavera y otoño y de antecedentes de diabetes mellitus. Los factores precipitantes son: desconocidos (28,9%), infecciosos (28,9%), omisión o inadecuado tratamiento con insulina (15,8%), drogadicción (15,8%) y enfermedad intercurrente (10,4%). Ningún paciente presentó al ingreso un índice de Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) <9. Un 7,9% presentó hipotensión, sin necesidad de fármacos vasoactivos. Los valores bioquímicos medios al ingreso fueron: glucemia, 649±304mg/dl; pH, 7,04±0,12; bicarbonato, 6,26±3,9mEq/l; leucocitos, 16.532±6.948μl; sodio, 135±8mEq/l; potasio, 4,9±1,2mEq/l; creatinina, 1,9±0,9 mg/dl. Los días de estancia media en UCI fueron 3, con menos de 2 días en la mitad de los pacientes. Las complicaciones graves más frecuentes fueron edema cerebral (2,6%), accidente cerebrovascular agudo (ACVA) (2,6%), pancreatitis (2,6%) e insuficiencia respiratoria (5,3%). Falleció el 13,2% de los ingresados. Los pacientes que desarrollaron edema cerebral, insuficiencia respiratoria y ACVA justifican el 80% de las muertes. Otras variables relacionadas fueron edad, potasio y pH al ingreso, y días de estancia.
ConclusionesEn nuestro entorno la CAD predomina en varones, y en primavera y otoño. La mayoría de los pacientes son diabéticos conocidos con una causa conocida de precipitación. El control de los pacientes es bueno y la evolución, adecuada, salvo que aparezcan complicaciones como edema cerebral/ACVA o insuficiencia respiratoria.
To determine the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
MethodWe performed a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to our ICU over a 5-year period with a diagnosis of DKA. The medical records were analyzed to identify clinical presentations, contributory factors, laboratory data, and outcomes.
ResultsData on 30 patients with 38 DKA episodes were included. Patients were predominantly men. Episodes were more frequent in the spring and fall. Most patients had established diabetes. Precipitating factors of DKA were unknown in 28.9%, infections in 28.9%, omission of insulin therapy or inadequate insulin therapy in 15.8%, polysubstance abuse in 15.8%, and medical illness in 10.4%. All patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale ≥ 9. Mild hypotension was found in 7.9%, without the need for vasoactive drugs. The mean laboratory values at admission were as follows: glucose 649±304 mg/dl; pH 7.04±0.12; bicarbonate 6.26±3.9mEq/l; white blood cell count 16,532±6,948μ(l; sodium 135±8mEq/l; potassium 4.9±1.2mEq/l; creatinine 1.9±0.9mg/dl. The mean length of stay in the ICU was 3 days and more than half the patients were admitted for less than 2 days. The most frequent severe complications were cerebral edema in 2.6%, ischemic cerebrovascular disease in 2.6%, pancreatitis in 2.6%, and respiratory failure in 5.3%. A total of 13.2% of the patients died in the ICU. The main predictors of mortality were cerebral edema, respiratory failure and ischemic cerebrovascular disease, accounting for 80% of deaths. Mortality was also influenced by age, potassium levels, pH, and length of stay.
ConclusionsIn our environment, DKA was more frequent in men and in the spring and fall. Most patients had established diabetes and a known precipitating factor. Outcome was favorable in patients without complications such as cerebral edema, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, or respiratory failure.