metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Epidemiología y etiología de la infección urinaria comunitaria. Sensibilidad ...
Información de la revista
Vol. 23. Núm. S1.
Infección del tracto urinario en la comunidad
Páginas 3-8 (diciembre 2005)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 23. Núm. S1.
Infección del tracto urinario en la comunidad
Páginas 3-8 (diciembre 2005)
Infección del tracto urinario en la comunidad
Acceso a texto completo
Epidemiología y etiología de la infección urinaria comunitaria. Sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los principales patógenos y significado clínico de la resistencia
Epidemiology and etiology of urinary tract infections in the community. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the main pathogens and clinical significance of resistance
Visitas
26818
Juan Ignacio Alós
Autor para correspondencia
nachoalos@microb.net

Correspondencia: Dr. J.I. Alós. Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital de Móstoles. Río Júcar, s/n. 28935 Móstoles. Madrid. España.
Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital de Móstoles. Móstoles. Madrid. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son un problema frecuente en atención primaria. Se dan principalmente en mujeres sin enfermedades de base y sin anomalías funcionales o estructurales del tracto urinario, por lo que la mayoría de los casos se consideran ITU no complicadas. La etiología se ve modificada por factores como la edad, la diabetes, las lesiones de médula espinal, la cateterización urinaria u otros. Escherichia coli causa entre el 80 y el 85% de los episodios de cistitis aguda no complicada. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus agalactiae y especies de Klebsiella son responsables de la gran mayoría de los episodios restantes. El espectro de bacterias que causan ITU complicada es mucho más amplio.

Las tasas de resistencia han experimentado importantes variaciones, por lo que el tratamiento empírico de las ITU requiere la constante actualización de la sensibilidad antibiótica de los principales uropatógenos de la zona, país o institución donde se trabaje. Para una correcta interpretación de los datos globales de sensibilidad hay que tener en cuenta en cada paciente el tipo de ITU (no complicada frente a complicada), el sexo, la edad y la antibioterapia previa.

La resistencia en ITU no complicada tiene implicaciones clínicas relevantes (aunque no tanto como en otras infecciones sistémicas como la bacteriemia), superiores en la pielonefritis pero que también afectan a pacientes con cistitis.

Palabras clave:
Infección urinaria
Resistencia antimicrobiana
Antibióticos
Epidemiología

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a frequent problem in primary care. They occur mainly in women without underlying diseases and with no functional or structural anomalies of the urinary tract; consequently most cases are considered uncomplicated UTI.

Etiology is influenced by factors such as age, diabetes, spinal cord injury, urinary catheterization, and other factors. Escherichia coli causes 80-85% of acute episodes of uncomplicated cystitis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Klebsiella spp. are responsible for most of the remaining episodes. The spectrum of bacteria that causes complicated UTI is much broader.

Rates of resistance have undergone considerable variations, and consequently the empirical treatment of UTI requires constant updating of the antibiotic sensitivity of the main uropathogens of the area, country or institution. To correctly interpret the global data on sensitivity, the type of UTI (uncomplicated versus complicated), sex, age and previous antibiotic therapy in each patient must be taken into account. Resistance in uncomplicated UTI has clinical significance (although less than in systemic infections such as bacteremia), which depends on whether the infection is cystitis or pyelonephritis.

Key words:
Urinary infection
Antimicrobial resistance
Antibiotics
Epidemiology
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
T.M. Hooton, D. Scholes, J.P. Hughes, C. Winter, P.L. Roberts, A.E. Stapleton, et al.
A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women.
N Engl J Med, 335 (1996), pp. 468-474
[2.]
B. Foxman.
Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs.
Am J Med, 113 (2002), pp. S5-S13
[3.]
B. Foxman, R. Barlow, H. D’Arcy, B. Gillespie, J.D. Sobel.
Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs.
Ann Epidemiol, 10 (2000), pp. 509-515
[4.]
B. Foxman, B. Gillespie, J. Koopman, L. Zhang, K. Palin, P. Tallman, et al.
Risk factors for second urinary tract infection among college women.
Am J Epidemiol, 151 (2000), pp. 1194-1205
[5.]
T.M. Hooton, R. Besser, B. Foxman, T.R. Fritsche, L.E. Nicolle.
Acute uncomplicated cystitis in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance: a proposed approach to empirical therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 75-80
[6.]
J. Sheinfeld, A.J. Schaeffer, C. Cordon-Cardo, A. Rogatko, W.R. Fair.
Association of the Lewis blood-group phenotype with recurrent urinary tract infections in women.
N Engl J Med, 320 (1989), pp. 773-777
[7.]
B. Foxman.
Recurring urinary tract infection: incidence and risk factors.
Am J Public Health, 80 (1990), pp. 331-333
[8.]
R. Ikaheimo, A. Siitonen, T. Heiskanen, U. Karkkainen, P. Kuosmanen, P. Lipponen, et al.
Recurrence of urinary tract infection in a primary care setting: analysis of a 1-year follow-up of 179 women.
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 91-99
[9.]
D. Scholes, T.M. Hooton, P.L. Roberts, K. Gupta, A.E. Stapleton, W.E. Stamm.
Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women.
Ann Intern Med, 142 (2005), pp. 20-27
[10.]
M. Ki, T. Park, B. Choi, B. Foxman.
The epidemiology of acute pyelonephritis in South Korea, 1997-1999.
Am J Epidemiol, 160 (2004), pp. 985-993
[11.]
L.M. Shortliffe, J.D. McCue.
Urinary tract infection at the age extremes: pediatrics and geriatrics.
Am J Med, 113 (2002), pp. S55-S66
[12.]
E.J. Boyko, S.D. Fihn, D. Scholes, L. Abraham, B. Monsey.
Risk of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria among diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women.
Am J Epidemiol, 161 (2005), pp. 557-564
[13.]
K.K. Hu, E.J. Boyko, D. Scholes, E. Normand, C.L. Chen, J. Grafton, et al.
Risk factors for urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women.
Arch Intern Med, 164 (2004), pp. 989-993
[14.]
S.L. Jackson, E.J. Boyko, D. Scholes, L. Abraham, K. Gupta, S.D. Fihn.
Predictors of urinary tract infection after menopause: a prospective study.
Am J Med, 117 (2004), pp. 903-911
[15.]
L.H. Vorland, K. Carlson, O. Aalen.
An epidemiological survey of urinary tract infections among outpatients in Northern Norway.
Scand J Infect Dis, 17 (1985), pp. 277-283
[16.]
J.R. Johnson, F. Scheutz, P. Ulleryd, M.A. Kuskowski, T.T. O’Bryan, T. Sandberg.
Host-pathogen relationships among Escherichia coli isolates recovered from men with febrile urinary tract infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 40 (2005), pp. 813-822
[17.]
R.C. Barnes, R. Daifuku, R.E. Roddy, W.E. Stamm.
Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men.
Lancet, 1 (1986), pp. 171-173
[18.]
J. Abardanel, D. Engelstein, D. Lask, P.M. Livme.
Urinary tract infection in men younger than 45 years of age: is there a need for urologic investigation?.
Urology, 62 (2003), pp. 27-29
[19.]
T.M. Hooton, D. Scholes, K. Gupta, A.E. Stapleton, P.L. Roberts, W.E. Stamm.
Amoxicillin-clavulanate vs ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women: a randomized trial.
JAMA, 293 (2005), pp. 949-955
[20.]
R. Raz, R. Colodner, C.M. Kunin.
Who are you – Staphylococcus saprophyticus?.
Clin Infect Dis, 40 (2005), pp. 896-898
[21.]
A. Andreu, J.I. Alós, M. Gobernado, F. Marco, M. De la Rosa, J.A. García-Rodríguez, et al.
Etiología y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de los uropatógenos causantes de la infección urinaria baja adquirida en la comunidad. Estudio nacional multicéntrico.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 23 (2005), pp. 4-9
[22.]
G. Kahlmeter.
An international survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The ECO-SENS Project.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 51 (2003), pp. 69-76
[23.]
A. Ronald.
The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens.
Am J Med, 113 (2002), pp. S14-S19
[24.]
J.D. Sobel, D. Kaye.
Urinary tract infections.
Principles and practice of infectious diseases, pp. 875-905
[25.]
K. Gupta, D.F. Sahm, D. Mayfield, W.E. Stamm.
Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 89-94
[26.]
H. Goossens, M. Ferech, R. Vander Stichele, M. Elseviers, ESAC Project Group.
Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study.
[27.]
J. Garau, M. Xercavins, M. Rodríguez-Carballeira, J.R. Gómez-Vera, I. Coll, D. Vidal, et al.
Emergence and dissemination of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the community.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 2736-2741
[28.]
J.W. Warren, E. Abrutyn, J.R. Hebel, J.R. Johnson, A.J. Schaeffer, W.E. Stamm.
Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
Clin Infect Dis, 29 (1999), pp. 745-758
[29.]
J.I. Alós, M.G. Serrano, J.L. Gómez-Garcés, J. Perianes.
Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections in relation to demographic and clinical data.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 11 (2005), pp. 199-203
[30.]
J.I. Alós, D. Balas, J.L. Gómez-Garcés, Grupo de Estudio de Infección en Atención Primaria.
Prevalencia de susceptibilidad a quinolonas y otros antibióticos en microorganismos aislados de bacteriurias extrahospitalarias de Madrid en 1995.
Rev Clin Esp, 197 (1997), pp. 167-171
[31.]
M. Alonso Sanz, M.I. Abad Bécquer.
Fenotipos de resistencia en aislamientos urinarios de Escherichia coli en la comunidad: implicaciones terapéuticas.
Med Clin (Barc), 120 (2003), pp. 361-364
[32.]
S. Junquera, E. Loza, F. Baquero.
Changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from nosocomial versus community-acquired urinary tract infections.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 23 (2005), pp. 197-201
[33.]
J.A. Lorente Garín, J. Placer Santos, M. Salvadó Costa, C. Segura Álvarez, A. Gelabert-Mas.
Evolución de la resistencia antibiótica en las infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad.
Rev Clin Esp, 205 (2005), pp. 259-264
[34.]
T.Y. Ti, G. Kumarasinghe, M.B. Taylor, S.L. Tan, A. Ee, C. Chua, et al.
What is true community-acquired urinary tract infection? Comparison of pathogens identified in urine from routine outpatient specimens and from community clinics in a prospective study.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 22 (2003), pp. 242-245
[35.]
D.A. Richards, L.J. Toop, S.T. Chambers, M.G. Sutherland, B.H. Harris, R.B. Ikram, et al.
Antibiotic resistance in uncomplicated urinary tract infection: problems with interpreting cumulative resistance rates from local community laboratories.
N Z Med J, 115 (2002), pp. 12-14
[36.]
E. Hummers-Pradier, M. Koch, A.M. Ohse, W.R. Heizmann, M.M. Kochen.
Antibiotic resistance of urinary pathogens in female general practice patients.
Scand J Infect Dis, 37 (2005), pp. 256-261
[37.]
J. Ena, C. Amador, C. Martínez, V. Ortiz de la Tabla.
Risk factors for acquisition of urinary tract infections caused by ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli.
J Urol, 153 (1995), pp. 117-120
[38.]
P.D. Brown, A. Freeman, B. Foxman.
Prevalence and predictors of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in Michigan.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 1061-1066
[39.]
G. Brigante, F. Luzzaro, M. Perilli, G. Lombardi, A. Coli, G.M. Rossolini, et al.
Evolution of CTX-M-type beta-lactamases in isolates of Escherichia coli infecting hospital and community patients.
Int J Antimicrob Agents, 25 (2005), pp. 157-162
[40.]
J. Rodríguez-Baño, M.D. Navarro, L. Romero, L. Martínez-Martínez, M.A. Muniain, E.J. Perea, et al.
Epidemiology and clinical features of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in nonhospitalized patients.
J Clin Microbiol, 42 (2004), pp. 1089-1094
[41.]
S.A. Ferry, S.E. Holm, H. Stenlund, R. Lundholm, T.J. Monsen.
The natural course of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women illustrated by a randomized placebo controlled study.
Scand J Infect Dis, 36 (2004), pp. 296-301
[42.]
T.C. Christiaens, M. De Meyere, G. Verschraegen, W. Peersman, S. Heytens, J.M. De Maeseneer.
Randomised controlled trial of nitrofurantoin versus placebo in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adult women.
Br J Gen Pract, 52 (2002), pp. 729-734
[43.]
R.B. Patel, P.G. Welling.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole).
Clin Pharmacokinet, 5 (1980), pp. 405-423
[44.]
R. Raz, B. Chazan, Y. Kennes, R. Colodner, E. Rottensterich, M. Dan, et al.
Empiric use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in the treatment of women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections, in a geographical area with a high prevalence of TMP-SMX-resistant uropathogens.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 1165-1169
[45.]
D.A. Talan, W.E. Stamm, T.M. Hooton, G.J. Moran, T. Burke, A. Iravani, et al.
Comparison of ciprofloxacin (7 days) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14 days) for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women: a randomized trial.
JAMA, 283 (2000), pp. 1583-1590
Copyright © 2005. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos

Quizás le interese:
10.1016/j.eimc.2024.08.011
No mostrar más