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Vol. 23. Núm. S1.
Infección del tracto urinario en la comunidad
Páginas 3-8 (diciembre 2005)
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Vol. 23. Núm. S1.
Infección del tracto urinario en la comunidad
Páginas 3-8 (diciembre 2005)
Infección del tracto urinario en la comunidad
Acceso a texto completo
Epidemiología y etiología de la infección urinaria comunitaria. Sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los principales patógenos y significado clínico de la resistencia
Epidemiology and etiology of urinary tract infections in the community. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the main pathogens and clinical significance of resistance
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26896
Juan Ignacio Alós
Autor para correspondencia
nachoalos@microb.net

Correspondencia: Dr. J.I. Alós. Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital de Móstoles. Río Júcar, s/n. 28935 Móstoles. Madrid. España.
Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital de Móstoles. Móstoles. Madrid. España
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Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son un problema frecuente en atención primaria. Se dan principalmente en mujeres sin enfermedades de base y sin anomalías funcionales o estructurales del tracto urinario, por lo que la mayoría de los casos se consideran ITU no complicadas. La etiología se ve modificada por factores como la edad, la diabetes, las lesiones de médula espinal, la cateterización urinaria u otros. Escherichia coli causa entre el 80 y el 85% de los episodios de cistitis aguda no complicada. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus agalactiae y especies de Klebsiella son responsables de la gran mayoría de los episodios restantes. El espectro de bacterias que causan ITU complicada es mucho más amplio.

Las tasas de resistencia han experimentado importantes variaciones, por lo que el tratamiento empírico de las ITU requiere la constante actualización de la sensibilidad antibiótica de los principales uropatógenos de la zona, país o institución donde se trabaje. Para una correcta interpretación de los datos globales de sensibilidad hay que tener en cuenta en cada paciente el tipo de ITU (no complicada frente a complicada), el sexo, la edad y la antibioterapia previa.

La resistencia en ITU no complicada tiene implicaciones clínicas relevantes (aunque no tanto como en otras infecciones sistémicas como la bacteriemia), superiores en la pielonefritis pero que también afectan a pacientes con cistitis.

Palabras clave:
Infección urinaria
Resistencia antimicrobiana
Antibióticos
Epidemiología

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a frequent problem in primary care. They occur mainly in women without underlying diseases and with no functional or structural anomalies of the urinary tract; consequently most cases are considered uncomplicated UTI.

Etiology is influenced by factors such as age, diabetes, spinal cord injury, urinary catheterization, and other factors. Escherichia coli causes 80-85% of acute episodes of uncomplicated cystitis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Klebsiella spp. are responsible for most of the remaining episodes. The spectrum of bacteria that causes complicated UTI is much broader.

Rates of resistance have undergone considerable variations, and consequently the empirical treatment of UTI requires constant updating of the antibiotic sensitivity of the main uropathogens of the area, country or institution. To correctly interpret the global data on sensitivity, the type of UTI (uncomplicated versus complicated), sex, age and previous antibiotic therapy in each patient must be taken into account. Resistance in uncomplicated UTI has clinical significance (although less than in systemic infections such as bacteremia), which depends on whether the infection is cystitis or pyelonephritis.

Key words:
Urinary infection
Antimicrobial resistance
Antibiotics
Epidemiology
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Bibliografía
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Copyright © 2005. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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