metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infecciones en el paciente inmunodeprimido
Información de la revista
Vol. 26. Núm. S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Páginas 58-65 (julio 2008)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 26. Núm. S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Páginas 58-65 (julio 2008)
Acceso a texto completo
Infecciones en el paciente inmunodeprimido
Infections in immunosuppressed patients
Visitas
16523
María Ángeles Marcosa,
Autor para correspondencia
mmarcos@clinic.ub.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Clínic. Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona. España.
, Miriam J. Álvarez-Martíneza, Jordi Niubób, Tomàs Pumarolaa
a Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona. España
b Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

Las técnicas de biología molecular han representado un importante avance en el diagnóstico microbiológico de las enfermedades infecciosas, al ser capaces de detectar el microorganismo causal con elevada sensibilidad y establecer marcadores pronósticos y de eficacia terapéutica, en un tiempo lo suficientemente breve para que los resultados generados tengan un impacto determinante en la evolución clínica del paciente inmunodeprimido. Sin embargo, continúan teniendo importantes limitaciones que deberán solucionarse en el futuro, de tal forma que no son excluyentes de otras metodologías utilizadas en microbiología: falta de estandarización, variabilidad intraanálisis e interanálisis, dificultad de comparar resultados entre diferentes laboratorios y bajo valor predictivo positivo, debido a su elevada sensibilidad, que dificultan la interpretación de los resultados. En el presente trabajo, se revisa la utilidad de las técnicas de biología molecular para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infección en el paciente inmunodeprimido por citomegalovirus humano, virus de Epstein-Barr, virus del herpes simple 6 y 7, virus JC y BK, Toxoplasma gondii y Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Palabras clave:
Diagnóstico microbiológico
Biología molecular
Paciente inmunodeprimido
Trasplante
Infección oportunista

Molecular biology techniques represent a major advance in the microbiologic diagnosis of infectious diseases, since these methods are able to detect etiological microorganisms with high sensitivity. Moreover, these procedures can also establish prognostic and therapeutic efficacy markers with a sufficiently short turnaround time for the results to have a real impact on the clinical management of immunosuppressed patients. However, these techniques still have substantial limitations that should be solved in the near future: lack of standardization, inter- and intra-assay variability, the difficulty of comparing results among different laboratories and low positive predictive value, due to their high sensitivity, leading to problems in the interpretation of results. The present article reviews the usefulness of molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis and clinical management of infectious diseases caused by human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, JC and BK viruses, Toxoplasma gondii and Pneumocystis jiroveci in immunosuppressed patients.

Key words:
Microbiologic diagnosis
Molecular biology techniques
Immunosuppressed patient
Transplant
Opportunistic infections
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
C. Lengerke, T. Ljubicic, C. Meisner, J. Loeffler, G. Sinzger, H. Einsele, et al.
Evaluation of the COBAS Amplicor HCMV Monitor for early detection and monitoring of human cytomegalovirus infection after allogenic stem cell transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 38 (2006), pp. 53-60
[2.]
T. Allice, M. Enrietto, F. Pittaluga, S. Varetto, A. Franchello, G. Colucci, et al.
Quantitation of cytomegalovirus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood specimens of patients with solid organ transplants: comparison with end-point PCR and pp65 antigen test.
J Med Virol, 78 (2006), pp. 915-922
[3.]
M. Pumannova, K. Roubalova, A. Vitek, J. Sajdova.
Comparison of quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with LightCycler-based polymerase chain reaction for measuring cytomegalovirus DNA in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 54 (2006), pp. 115-120
[4.]
R.F. Chemaly, B. Yen-Lieberman, J. Chapman, A. Reilly, B.N. Bekele, S.M. Gordon, et al.
Clinical utility of cytomegalovirus viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage in lung transplant recipients.
Am J Transplant, 5 (2005), pp. 544-548
[5.]
S. Chou, N.S. Lurain, K.D. Thompson, R.C. Miner, W.L. Drew.
Viral DNA polymerase mutations associated with drug resistance in human cytomegalovirus.
J Infect Dis, 188 (2003), pp. 32-39
[6.]
D.A. Jabs, B.K. Martin, M.O. Ricks, M.S. Forman, Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance study group.
Detection of ganciclovir resistance in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis: correlation of genotypic methods with viral phenotype and clinical outcome.
J Infect Dis, 193 (2006), pp. 1728-1737
[7.]
C.V. Paya, J.J. Fung, M.A. Nalesnik, E. Kieff, M. Green, G. Gores, et al.
Epstein Barr virus-induced post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. ASTS/ASTP EBV-PTLD task force and the Mayo clinic organized international consensus development meeting.
Transplantation, 68 (1999), pp. 1517-1525
[8.]
H. Hakim, C. Gibson, J. Pan, K. Srivastava, Z. Gu, M.J. Bankowki, et al.
Comparison of various blood compartments and reporting units for detection and quantification of Epstein-Barr virus in peripheral blood.
J Clin Microb, 45 (2007), pp. 2151-2155
[9.]
A. Meerbach, P. Wutzler, R. Häfer, F. Zintl, B. Gruhn.
Monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus load after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for early intervention in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.
J Med Virol, 80 (2008), pp. 441-454
[10.]
M.D. Fellner, K. Durand, M. Correa, D. Bes, L.V. Alonso, A.R. Teyssié, et al.
A semiquantitative PCR method (SQ-PCR) to measure Epstein-Barr virus load: its application in trasplant patients.
J Clin Virol, 28 (2003), pp. 323-330
[11.]
B.C. Gärtner, H. Schäfer, K. Marggraff, G. Eisele, M. Schäfer, D. Dilloo, et al.
Evaluation of use of Epstein-Barr viral load in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation to diagnose and monitor posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 351-358
[12.]
J. Yancoski, S. Danielian, J. Ibanez, A. Turconi, M. Cuarterolo, M. Zelazko, et al.
Quantification of Epstein-Barr virus load in Argentinean transplant recipients using real-time PCR.
J Clin Virol, 31 (2004), pp. 58-65
[13.]
J.W. Van Esser, H.G. Niesters, E. Van der Holt, E. Meijer, A.D. Osterhaus, J.W. Gratama, et al.
Prevention of Epstein-Barr virus lymphoproliferative disease by molecular monitoring and preemptive rituximab in high-risk patients after allogenic stem cell transplantation.
Blood, 99 (2002), pp. 4364-4369
[14.]
C. Cervera, M.A. Marcos, L. Linares, E. Roig, N. Benito, T. Pumarola, et al.
A prospective survey of human herpesvirus-6 primary infection in solid organ transplant recipients.
Transplantation, 82 (2006), pp. 979-984
[15.]
A. Anton, C. Cervera, T. Pumarola, A. Moreno, N. Benito, L. Linares, et al.
Human herpesvirus 7 primary infection in kidney transplant recipients.
Transplantation, 85 (2008), pp. 298-302
[16.]
D.H. Dockrell, C.V. Paya.
Human herpesvirus-6 and -7 in transplantation.
Rev Med Virol, 11 (2001), pp. 23-36
[17.]
Dm. Zerr, L. Corey, H.W. Kim, M.L. Huang, L. Nquy, M. Boeckh, et al.
Clinical outcomes of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Clin Infect Dis, 40 (2005), pp. 932-940
[18.]
G. Bouvin.
Diagnosis of herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system.
Herpes, 11 (2004), pp. 48A-56A
[19.]
A. Nagate, J.H. Ohyashiki, I. Kasuga, K. Minemura, K. Abe, K. Yamamoto, et al.
Detection and quantification of human herpesvirus 6 genome using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in immunocompromised patients with intersticial pneumonia.
Int J Mol Med, 8 (2001), pp. 379-383
[20.]
Z. Földes-Papp, R. Egerer, E. Birch-Hirschfeld, H.M. Striebel, U. Demel, G.P. Tilz, et al.
Detection of multiple human herpes viruses by DNA microarray technology.
Mol Diagn, 8 (2004), pp. 1-9
[21.]
M. Stöcher, G. Hölzl, H. Stekel, J. Berg.
Automated detection of five human herpes virus DNAs by a set of LightCycler PCRs complemented with a single multiple internal control.
J Clin Virol, 29 (2004), pp. 171-178
[22.]
C. Deback, F. Agbalika, C. Scieux, A.G. Marcelin, A. Gautheret-Dejean, J. Cherot, et al.
Detection of herpesvirus HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8 in whole blood by real-time PCR using the new CMV, HHV-6, 7, 8 R-gene kit.
J Virol Methods, 149 (2008), pp. 285-291
[23.]
I.M. Kidd, D.A. Clark, C.A. Sabin, D. Andrew, F. Hassan-Walker, P. Sweny, et al.
Prospective study of human betaherpesviruses after renal transplantation: association of human herpesvirus 7 and cytomegalovirus co-infection with cytomegalovirus disease and increased rejection.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2400-2404
[24.]
C. Polo, J.L. Perez, A. Mielnichuck, C.G. Fedele, J. Niubo, A. Tenorio.
Prevalence and patterns of polyomavirus excretion in inmunocompetent adults and children.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 10 (2005), pp. 640-644
[25.]
H.H. Hirsch, D.C. Brennan, C.B. Drachenberg, G. Ginevri, J. Gordon, A.P. Limaye, et al.
Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations.
Transplantation, 79 (2005), pp. 1277-1286
[26.]
A. Ferreira-González, R. Sidiqui.
BK virus in the transplant patient.
Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 29 (2007), pp. 121-128
[27.]
C.B. Drachenberg, H.H. Hirsch, J.C. Papadimitriou, R. Gosert, R.K. Wali, R. Munivenkatappa, et al.
Polyomavirus BK versus JC replication and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients: a prospective evaluation.
Transplantation, 84 (2007), pp. 323-330
[28.]
P. Priftakis, G. Bogdanovic, P. Kokhaei, H. Mellstedt, T. Dalianis.
BK virus (BKV) quantification in urine samples of bone marrow transplanted patients is helpful for diagnosis of hemmorragic cystitis, although wide individual variations exist.
J Clin Virol, 26 (2003), pp. 71-77
[29.]
Edvinsson, B. Molecular diagnosis of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in inmunocompromised patients. Dissertationts from Karolinska Institutet. 2006. Disponible en: http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-877-0/
[30.]
J.G. Montoya.
Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis.
J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), pp. S73-S82
[31.]
P. Bastien.
Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 96 (2002), pp. S205-S215
[32.]
J.S. Remington, P. Thulliez, J.G. Montoya.
Recent developments for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.
J Clin Microbiol, 42 (2004), pp. 941-945
[33.]
K. Switaj, A. Master, M. Skrzypczak, P. Zaborowski.
Recent trends in molecular diagnostics for Toxoplasma gondii infections.
Clin Microb Infect, 11 (2005), pp. 170-176
[34.]
Beard CB. Molecular typing and epidemiological insights. En: Walzer PD, Cushion MT. Pneumocystis pneumonia. Marcel Dekkers eds; 2005; p. 479-504.
[35.]
Alvarez-Martínez MJ, Moreno A, Miró JM, Valls ME, Rivas PV, De Lazzari E, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Spanish HIV-Infected Patients in the Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Prevalence of DHPS Mutations and Prognostic Factors of Mortality. Diag Microb Infec Dis. 2008 (En prensa).
[36.]
M.J. Alvarez-Martinez, J.M. Miró, M.E. Valls, A. Moreno, P.V. Rivas, M. Solé, et al.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Nested and Real-time PCR in the detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in clinical specimens.
Diag Microb Infec Dis, 56 (2006), pp. 153-160
[37.]
J.J.S. Helweg-Larsen, T. Jensen Benfield, U.G. Svendsen, J.D. Lundgren, B. Lundgren.
Diagnostic use of PCR for detection of Pneumocystis carinii in oral wash samples.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 2068-2072
[38.]
H.H. Larsen, H. Masur, J.A. Kovacs, V.J. Gill, V.A. Silcott, P. Kogulan, et al.
Development and evaluation of Quantitative, Touch-Down Real-Time PCR assay for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 490-494
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos