Información de la revista
Vol. 19. Núm. 8.
Páginas 376-392 (octubre 2001)
Vol. 19. Núm. 8.
Páginas 376-392 (octubre 2001)
Acceso a texto completo
Tratamiento de las infecciones oportunistas en pacientes adultos y adolescentes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era del tratamiento antirretrovírico de gran actividad
Visitas
16096
Daniel Podzamczera,1
, José Ramón Arribasb, José Mallolasc, José María Peñab, Federico Pulidodd, Koldo Aguirrebengoae, Carlos Barrosf, Rosa Blazquezg, José Ramón Costad, Fernando Drondah, Javier Enai, Antonio Guerreroj, Félix Gutiérrezi, Javier Juegaj, Pablo Labargak, Jaime Locutural, José López Aldeguerm, Santiago Morenon, Arturo Nogueradoñ, Imma Ocañao..., Belén Padillap, Elisa Pérez-Ceciliaq, Ma Jesús Pérez Elíash, Joaquín Portillar, Antonio Riveros, Victor RocaqVer más
Autor para correspondencia
dpodzamczer@csub.scs.es
Correspondencia: Dr. D. Podzamczer. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. 08907 Barcelona. Manuscrito recibido el 6-7-2001; aceptado el 6-7-2001. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2001; 19: 376-392
Correspondencia: Dr. D. Podzamczer. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. 08907 Barcelona. Manuscrito recibido el 6-7-2001; aceptado el 6-7-2001. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2001; 19: 376-392
a Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge. Barcelona
b Hospital la Paz. Madrid
c Hospital Clínic. Barcelona
d Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid
e Hospital de Cruces. Vizcaya
f Hospital de Móstoles. Móstoles
g Hospital General Universitario J. M. Morales Meseguer. Murcia
h Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid
i Hospital Marina Baixa. Alicante
j Hospital Juan Canalejo. La Coruña
k Hospital San Millán. Logroño
l Hospital General Yagüe. Burgos
m Hospital La Fe. Valencia. Plan Nacional sobre el sida
n Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid. Plan Nacional sobre el sida
ñ Hospital Canto Blanco, Madrid
o Hospital Vall d’Hebrón. Barcelona
p Hospital Gregorio Marañón. Madrid
q Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid
r Hospital General de Alicante. Alicante
s Hospital Reina Sofía. Cordoba
Ver másEste artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
M. Gottlieb, R. Schroff, H. Schanker, J.D. Weisman, P.T. Fan, R.A. Wolf, et al.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular inmunodeficiency.
N Engl J Med, 305 (1981), pp. 1.425-1.431
[2.]
H. Clifford Lane, B. Laughon, J. Fallon, J.A. Kovacs, R.T. Davey, M.A. Polis, H. Masur.
Recent advances in the management of AIDS-related opportunistic infections.
HIV Conference Ann Intern Med, 120 (1994), pp. 945-955
[3.]
E. Ferrer, D. Podzamczer.
The management of opportunistic infections in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS Rev, 2 (2000), pp. 252-262
[4.]
F. Jr. Palella, K. Delany, A. Moorman, M.O. Loveless, J. Fuhrer, G.A. Satten, et al.
Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human inmunodeficiency virus infection.
N Engl J Med, 338 (1998), pp. 853-860
[5.]
Recomendaciones del Grupo de Estudio del Sida (GESIDA)/Plan Nacional sobre el Sida. Prevención de las infecciones oportunistas en pacientes adultos y adolescentes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era del tratamiento antirretrovírico de gran actividad.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clín, 18 (2000), pp. 457-468
[6.]
M.D. Martins, M. Lozano-Chiu, J.H. Rex.
Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human inmunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
Clin Infect Dis, 27 (1998), pp. 1.291-1.294
[7.]
L. Hoegl, E. Thoma-Greber, M. Rocken, H.C. Korting.
HIV protease inhibitors influence the prevalence of oral candidosis in HIV-infected patients: a 2-year study.
Mycoses, 41 (1998), pp. 321-325
[8.]
J.R. Arribas, S. Hernández-Albujar, J.J. González-García, M. Pena J, A. González, T. Canedo, et al.
Impact of protease inhibitor therapy on HIV-related oropharyngeal candidiasis.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. 979-985
[9.]
V. Pons, D. Greenspan, F. Lozada-Nur, E. Gallant J, A. Tunkel, C. Johnson, et al.
Oropharyngeal candidiais in patients with AIDS: randomized comparison of fluconazole versus nystatin oral suspensions.
Clin Infect Dis, 24 (1997), pp. 1.204-1.207
[10.]
V. Pons, C. Greenspan, M. Debruin.
Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. Ther Multicentre Study Group.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 6 (1993), pp. 1.311-1.316
[11.]
J.R. Graybill, J. Vázquez, R.O. Darouiche, R. Morhart, D. Greenspan, C. Tuazon, et al.
Randomized trial of itraconazole oral solution for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients.
Am J Med, 104 (1998), pp. 33-39
[12.]
P. Phillips, K. De Beule, G. Frechette, S. Tchamouroff, B. Vandercam, L. Weitner, et al.
A double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole capsules for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 1.368-1.373
[13.]
S. De Wit, D. Weerts, H. Goossens, N. Clumeck.
Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS.
Lancet, 1 (1989), pp. 746-748
[14.]
W.G. Powderly, J.E. Gallant, M.A. Ghannoum, K.H. Mayer, E.E. Navarro, J.R. Perfert.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV: suggested guidelines for therapy.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 15 (1999), pp. 1.619-1.623
[15.]
C.J. Fichtenbaun, W.G. Powderly.
Refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 556-565
[16.]
Berman S, Ho M. Highly resistant esophageal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. Int Conf AIDS 1993; Abstract 369
[17.]
C.J. Fichtenbaum, R. Zackin, N. Rajicic, W.G. Powderly, L.J. Wheat, B.S. Zingman.
Amphotericin B oral suspension for fluconazole-refractory oral candidiasis in persons with HIV infection.
Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study Team 295. AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. 845-852
[18.]
P. Phillips, J. Zemcov, W. Mahmood, J.S. Montaner, K. Craib, A.M. Clarke.
Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility.
AIDS, 10 (1996), pp. 1.369-1.376
[19.]
S.G. Revankar, W.R. Kirkpatrick, R.K. McAtee, O.P. Dib, A.W. Fothergill, S.W. Redding, et al.
A randomized trial of continuous or intermittent therapy with fluconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: clinical outcomes and development of fluconazole resistance.
Am J Med, 105 (1998), pp. 7-11
[20.]
Laine L, Dretler R, Conteas C, Tuazon C, Squires K, Islam M, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole vs. ketoconazole for candida esophagitis in AIDS. Int Conf AIDS 1991; abstract no 248
[21.]
G. Barbaro, G. Barbarini, G. Di Lorenzo.
Fluconazole compared with itraconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study.
Scand J infect Dis, 27 (1995), pp. 613-617
[22.]
G. Barbaro, G. Barbarini, G. Di Lorenzo.
Fluconazole vs. flucytosine in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Endoscopy, 27 (1995), pp. 377-383
[23.]
G. Barbaro, G. Barbarini, G. Di Lorenzo.
Fluconazole vs itraconazole-flucytosine association in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. A double-blind, multicenter placebo-controlled study. The Candida Esophagitis Multicenter Italian Study (CEMIS) Group.
Chest, 110 (1996), pp. 1.507-1.514
[24.]
C.M. Wilcox, R.O. Darouiche, L. Laine, B.L. Moskovitz, I. Mallegol, J. Wu.
A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis.
J Infect Dis, 176 (1997), pp. 227-232
[25.]
M.G. Agresti, F. de Bernardis, F. Mondello, R. Bellocco, G.P. Carosis, R.M. Caputo, et al.
Clinical and mycological evaluation of fluconazole in the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. An open, multicenter study.
Eur J Epidemiol, 10 (1994), pp. 17-22
[26.]
E. Kutzer, R. Oittner, S. Leodolter, K.W. Branmmer.
A comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole in the oral treatment of vaginal candidiasis; report of a double-blind multicentre trial.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 29 (1988), pp. 305-313
[27.]
C.M. Van der Horst, M.S. Saag, G.A. Cloud, R.J. Hamill, J.R. Graybill, J.D. Sobel, et al.
Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 15-21
[28.]
M.S. Saag, G.A. Cloud, J.R. Graybill, J.D. Sobel, Cu. Tuazon, P.C. Johnson, et al.
A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group.
Clin Infect Dis, (1999), pp. 291-296
[29.]
MS. Saag, W.G. Powderly, G.A. Cloud, P. Robinson, M.H. Grieco, P.K. Sharkey, et al.
Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group.
N Engl J Med, 326 (1992), pp. 83-89
[30.]
F. de Lalla, G. Pellizzer, A. Vaglia, V. Manfrin, M. Franzetti, P. Fabris, et al.
Amphotericin B as primary therapy for cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: reliability of relatively high doses administered over a relatively short period.
Clin Infect Dis, 20 (1995), pp. 263-266
[31.]
R.A. Larsen, M.A. Leal, L.S. Chan.
Fluconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. A randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med, 113 (1990), pp. 183-187
[32.]
J. de Gans, P. Portegies, G. Tiessens, J.K. Eeftinck Schattenkerk, C.J. van Boxtel, R.J. van Ketel, et al.
Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis.
AIDS, 6 (1992), pp. 185-190
[33.]
A.J. Berry, M.G. Rinaldi, J.R. Graybill.
Use of high-fose fluconazole as salvage therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36 (1992), pp. 690-692
[34.]
R.H. Haubrich, D. Haghighat, S.A. Bozzette, J. Tilles, J.A. McCutchan.
Highdose fluconazole for treatment of cryptococcal disease in patients with human inmunodeficiency virus infection. The California Collaborative Treatment Group.
J Infect Dis, 170 (1994), pp. 238-242
[35.]
R.A. Larsen, S.A. Bozzette, B.E. Jones, D. Haghighat, M.A. Leal, D. Forthal, et al.
Fluconazole combined with flucytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS.
Clin Infect Dis, 19 (1994), pp. 741-745
[36.]
Milefchik E, Leal M, Haubrich R, Bozzette S, Tilles J, Leedom J, et al. A phase II dose escalation trial of high dose fluconazole with and without flucytosine for AIDS associated cryptococcal meningitis. 4th Conf Retroviruses Oportunistic Infect 1997; abstract no. 655
[37.]
A.C. Leenders, P. Reiss, P. Portegies, K. Clezy, W.C. Hop, J. Hoy, et al.
Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis.
AIDS, 11 (1997), pp. 1.463-1.471
[38.]
J.R. Grabill, J. Sobel, M. Saag, C. van Der Horst, W. Powderly, G. Cloud, et al.
Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group an AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups.
Clin Infect Dis, 30 (2000), pp. 47-54
[39.]
M.S. Saag, R.J. Graybill, R.A. Larsen, P.G. Pappas, J.R. Perfect, W.G. Powderly, et al.
Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococal disease. Infectious Disease Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis, 30 (2000), pp. 710-718
[40.]
R.J. Whitley, Jr J.W. Gnann.
Acyclovir: A decade later:.
N Engl J Med, 327 (1992), pp. 782-789
[41.]
HH. Balfour.
Antiviral Drugs.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 1.255-1.268
[42.]
T. Schacker, H.L. Hu, D.M. Koelle, J. Zeh, R. Saltzman, R. Boon, et al.
Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons. A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial.
Ann Intern Med, 128 (1998), pp. 21-28
[43.]
S. Safrin, S. Kemmerly, B. Plotkin, T. Smith, N. Weissbach, D. De Veranez, et al.
Foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS.
J Infect Dis, 169 (1994), pp. 193-196
[44.]
H.H. Balfour, C. Benson, J. Braun, B. Cassens, A. Erice, A. Friedman-Kien, et al.
Management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex and varicellazoster virus infections.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 7 (1994), pp. 254-260
[45.]
R. Snoeck, G. Andrei, E. de Clerq.
Current pharmacological approaches to the therapy of varicella zoster virus infections; a guide to treatment.
Drugs, 57 (1999), pp. 187-206
[46.]
R.A. Vere Hodge.
Famciclovir and penciclovir: the mode of action of Famciclovir including its conversion to penciclovir.
Antiviral Chem Chemother, 5 (1993), pp. 67-84
[47.]
C.M. Perry, A.J. Wagstaff.
Famciclovir: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpes virus infection.
Drugs, 50 (1995), pp. 396-415
[48.]
R. Cirelli, K. Herne, M. McCrary, P. Lee, S.K. Tyring.
Famciclovir: Review of clinical efficacy and safety.
Antiviral Res, 29 (1996), pp. 141-151
[49.]
P. Chrisp, S.P. Clissold.
Foscarnet: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Drugs, 41 (1991), pp. 104-129
[50.]
D.F. Martin, B.D. Kuppermann, R.A. Wolitz, A.G. Palestine, H. Li, C.A. Robinson.
Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 1.063-1.070
[51.]
Martin DF. Treatment of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clinical Management. Vol 4. 1999 Medscape, Inc. http://www.medscape.com
[52.]
Mallolas J, Gatell JM, Buira E, Miró JM, Adán A, Morales M, et al. CMV retinitis in AIDS patients: A thrice weekly maintenance therapy. Yokohama: X International Conference on AIDS, 1994; abstract PB0587
[54.]
J.P. Lalezari, G.N. Holland, F. Kramer, G.F. McKinley, C.A. Kemper, D.V. Ives, et al.
Randomized, controlled study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of relapsing cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 17 (1998), pp. 339-344
[55.]
D.N. Rose, H.S. Sacks.
Cost-effectivemeness of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease prevention in patients with AIDS: oral ganciclovir and CMV polymerase chain reaction testing.
AIDS, 11 (1997), pp. 883-887
[56.]
S.A. Spector, R. Wong, K. Hsia, M. Pilcher, M.J. Stempien.
Plasma cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load predicts CMV disease and survival in AIDS patients.
J Clin Invest, 101 (1998), pp. 497-502
[57.]
P. Miralles, J. Berenguer, D. García de Viedma, B. Padilla, J. Cosin, J.C. López Bernaldo de Quiros, et al.
Treatment of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS, 12 (1998), pp. 2.467-2.472
[58.]
M.A. Jacobson, M. French.
Altered natural history of AIDS-related oportunistic infections in the era of potent combination antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS, 12 (1998), pp. 157-163
[59.]
P. Cinque, S. Casari, D. Bertlli.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, HIV, and highly active antiretroviral therapy.
N Engl J Med, 339 (1998), pp. 848-849
[60.]
W. Tantisiriwat, P. Tebas, D.B. Clifford, W.G. Powderly, C.J. Fichtenbaum.
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients with AIDS receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 1.152-1.154
[61.]
S. De Wit, R. Snoeck, C. Rossi, B. Dachy, E. O’Doherty, L. Naesens, et al.
Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with cidofovir in an AIDS patients.
AIDS, 10 (1996), pp. S45
[62.]
A. De Luca, Ml. Giancoli, A. Ammassari, S. Grisetti, A. Cingolani, M.G. Paglia, et al.
Cidofovir added to HAART improves virological and clinical outcome in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. F117-F121
[63.]
CDC. Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis among patients infected with HIV: Principles of therapy and revised Recomendations.
MMWR, 47 (1998), pp. 1-58
[64.]
Grupo de trabajo del PMIT. Incidencia de la tuberculosis en España: Resultados del Proyecto Multicéntrico de Investigación en Tuberculosis (PMIT).
Med Clin (Barc), 114 (2000), pp. 530-537
[65.]
Grupo de Estudio de Tuberculosis Resistente de Madrid. Estudio transversal multihospitalario de tuberculosis y resistencias en Madrid (Octubre 1993-Abril 1994).
Med Clin (Barc), 106 (1996), pp. 1-6
[66.]
N.W. Schluger, T.J. Harkin, W.N. Rom.
Principles of therapy of tuberculosis in the modern era.
Tuberculosis, pp. 751-762
[67.]
F. Pulido, J.A. Iribarren, J.M. Kindelán, S. Moreno.
Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones por micobacterias en pacientes con VIH/sida.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 16 (1988), pp. 20-28
[68.]
F.J. Barbado, J.M. Peña.
Fiebre de origen desconocido e infección por VIH.
Med Clin (Barc), 105 (1995), pp. 615-616
[69.]
A. Alberte, P. Pérez.
Grupo de Microbiólogos de Castilla y León. Resistencias primarias de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en diez hospitales de la Comunidad de Castilla y León.
Rev Clin Esp, 199 (1999), pp. 132-135
[70.]
Grupo de Estudio del Taller de 1999 de la Unidad de Investigación en Tuberculosis de Barcelona. Documento de Consenso sobre tratamientos directamente observados en tuberculosis.
Med Clin (Barc), 115 (2000), pp. 749-757
[71.]
W.M. El-Sadr, D.C. Perlman, E. Denning, J.P. Matts, D.L. Cohn.
A Review of Efficacy Studies of 6-Month Short-Course Therapy for Tuberculosis among Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Differences in Study Outcomes.
Clin Infect Dis, 32 (2001), pp. 623-632
[72.]
W.J. Burman, K. Gallicano, C. Peloquin.
Therapeutic implications of drug interactions in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 419-430
[73.]
A.L. Pozniak, R. Miller, L.P. Ormerod.
The treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients.
AIDS, 13 (1999), pp. 435-445
[74.]
M. Narita, J.J. Stambaugh, E.S. Hollender, D. Jones, A.E. Pitchenik, D. Ashkin.
Use of rifabutin with protease inhbitors for HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 30 (2000), pp. 779-783
[75.]
CDC. Updated Guidelines for the use of rifabutin or rifampin for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
MMWR, 49 (2000), pp. 185-189
[76.]
L.F. López-Cortés, R. Ruiz, P. Viciana, A. Alarcón, E. León, M. Sarasa, et al.
Illinois: Abstract 32, (2001),
[77.]
S. Moreno, D. Podzamczer, R. Blázquez, J.A. Iribarren, E. Ferrer, J. Reparaz, et al.
Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: safety and antiretroviral efficacy of the concomitant use of ritonavir and rifampin.
AIDS, 15 (2001), pp. 1.185-1.187
[78.]
DHHS. Guidelines for the use of Antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescentes. February 5,2001. En: http// www.hivatis.com
[79.]
F. Pulido, R. Rubio.
Infección por Mycobacterium avium complex.
Manual de SIDA. (3a ed), pp. 346-356
[80.]
Benson CA, Cohn C, Willins P, Henry D, Bishai WR, Dupe BM, et al. ACTG 223: An open prospective, randomized, study comparing efficacy and safety of claritromycin plus ethambutol, rifabutin or both for treatment of MAC disease in patients with AIDS. 6th Conference on Retrovirus an Opportunistic Infections. Chicago: 1999; Abstract 249
[81.]
F.M. Gordin, P.M. Sullam, S.D. Shafran, D.P. Zarowny, J. Singer, W. Wallace, et al.
A randomized, placebo-controlled study of rifabutin added to a regimen of claritromycin and ethambutol for treatment of disseminated infection with MAC.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 1.080-1.085
[82.]
S.D. Shafran, J. Singer, D.P. Zarowny, P. Phillips, I. Salit, S.L. Walmsley, et al.
A comparison of two regimens for the treatment o Mycobacterium avium complex bacteriemia in AIDS: Rifabutin, ethambutol and claritromicine versus rifampin, ethambutol, clofazimine and ciprofloxacin.
N Engl J Med, 335 (1996), pp. 337-383
[83.]
N.C. Klein, F.P. Duncanson, Th. Lenox, C. Forszpaniak, C.B. Sherer, H. Quentzel, et al.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: results of a large prospective randomized treatment trial.
AIDS, 6 (1992), pp. 301-306
[84.]
The National Institutes of Health-University of California. Expert panel for corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia. Consensus statement on the use of corticosterids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome.
N Engl J Med, 323 (1990), pp. 1.500-1.504
[85.]
A. Martos, D. Podzamczer, J. Martínez-Lacasa, G. Rufi, M. Santin, F. Gudiol.
Steroids do not enhance the risk of developing tuberculosis or other AIDS-related disease in HIV-infected patients treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AIDS, 9 (1995), pp. 1.037-1.041
[86.]
J.M. Wharton, D.L. Coleman, C.B. Wofsy, J.M. Lure, W. Blumenfeld, W.K. Hadley.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii penumonia in the acquired immunodeficency syndrome: a prospective randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med, 105 (1986), pp. 37-44
[87.]
A.B. Montgomery, D.W. Feigal, F. Sattler, G.R. Mason, A. Catanzaro, R. Edison, et al.
Pentamidine aerosol versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151 (1995), pp. 1.068-1.074
[88.]
J.G. O’Brien, B.J. Dong, R.L. Coleman, L. Gee, K.B. Balano.
A five-year retrospective review of adverse drug reactions and their risk factor in human inmunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were receiving iv pentamidine therapy for PCP.
Clin Infect Dis, 24 (1997), pp. 854-859
[89.]
E. Caumes, G. Guermonprez, C. Leconte, C. Katlama, F. Bricaire.
Efficacy and safety of desensitization with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in 48 previously hypersensitive patients infect with human immunodeficiency virus.
Arch Dermatol, 133 (1997), pp. 465-469
[90.]
S. Safrin, D.M. Finkelstein, J. Feinberg, P. Frame, G. Simpson, A. Wu, et al.
Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate PCP in patients with AIDS.
Ann Intern Med, 124 (1996), pp. 792-802
[91.]
G.W. Soo Hoo, Z. Mohsenifar, R.D. Meyer.
Inhaled or intravenous pentamidine therapy for Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS.
Ann Intern Med, 113 (1990), pp. 195-202
[92.]
W. Hughes, G. Leoung, F. Kramer, S.A. Bozzette, S. Safrin, P. Frame, et al.
Comparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii penumonia in patients with AIDS.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1.521-1.527
[93.]
M.N. Dohn, W.G. Weinberg, R.A. Torres, S.E. Follansbee, P.T. Caldwell, J.D. Scott, et al.
Oral atovaquone compared with intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS.
Ann Intern Med, 121 (1994), pp. 174-180
[94.]
I. Medina, J. Mills, G. Leoung, P.C. Hopewell, B. Lee, G. Modin, et al.
Oral therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-dapsone.
N Engl J Med, 32 (1990), pp. 776-782
[95.]
J.R. Black, J. Feinberg, R.L. Murphy, R.J. Fass, D. Finkelstein, B. Akil, et al.
Clindamycin and primaquine therapy for mild-to-moderate episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 044.
Clin Infect Dis, 18 (1994), pp. 905-913
[96.]
E. Ribera, J. López-Aldeguer, M.J. Pérez-Elías, D. Podzamczer.
Toxoplasmosis cerebral.
Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin, 16 (1998), pp. 45-51
[97.]
B.R. Dannemann, J.A. McCutchan, D. Israelski, D. Antoniskis, C. Leport, B. Luft, et al.
Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in patients with AIDS: a randomized trial comparing pryrimethamine plus clindamycin (PC) to pyrimethamine plus sulfonamides (PS).
Ann Intern Med, 116 (1992), pp. 33-43
[98.]
C. Katlama, S. De Wit, E. O’Doherty, M. Glabeke, N. Clumeck.
Pyrimethamine- clindamycin versus pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine as acute and long-term therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS.
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 268-275
[99.]
F. Derouin, R. Almadany, F. Chau, B. Rouviex, J.J. Pocidalo.
Synergistic activity of azithormycin and pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine in acute experimental toxoplasinosis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36 (1992), pp. 997-1.001
[100.]
F.G. Araujo, P. Prokocimer, T. Lin, J.S. Remigton.
Activity of clarithromycin alone or in combination with other durgs for treatment of murine toxoplasmosis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36 (1992), pp. 2.454-2.457
[101.]
J.A. Kovacs.
Efficacy of atovaquone in treatment of toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS.
Lancet, 340 (1992), pp. 637-638
[102.]
R.A. Torres, W. Weinberg, J. Stansell, G. Leoung, J. Kovacs, M. Rogers, et al.
Atovaquone for salvage treatment and suppression of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS.
Clin Infect Dis, 24 (1997), pp. 422-429
[103.]
A. Canessa, V. Del Bono, P. De Leo, N. Piersantelli, A. Terragna.
Cotrimoxazole therpay of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in AIDS patients.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 11 (1992), pp. 125-130
[104.]
J.W. Pape, R.I. Verdier, Jr W.D. Johnson.
Treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome.
N Engl J Med, 320 (1989), pp. 1.044-1.047
[105.]
D. Dionisio, G. Sterrantino, M. Meli, F. Leoncini, A. Orsi, P. Nicoletti.
Treatment of isosporiasis with combined albendazole and ornidazole in patients with AIDS.
AIDS, 10 (1996), pp. 1.301-1.302
[106.]
R-I. Verdier, D.W. Fitzerald, W.D. Jr. Johnson, J.W. Pape.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin for treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in HIV-infected patients. A randomized, controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med, 132 (2000), pp. 885-888
[107.]
G.J. Dore, D.J. Marriott, M.C. Hig, J.L. Harkness, A.S. Field.
Disseminated microsporidosis due to Septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: response to therapy with albendazole.
Clin Infect Dis, 21 (1995), pp. 70-76
[108.]
D. Sharpstone, A. Rowbottom, N. Francis, G. Tovey, D. Ellis, M. Barret, et al.
Thalidomide a novel therapy for microsporidosis.
Gastroenterology, 112 (1997), pp. 1.829-1.832
[109.]
A.C. White, C.L. Chappel, C.S. Hayat, K.T. Kimball, T.P. Flanigan, R.W. Goodgame.
Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS: a prospective, doubleblind trial.
J Infect Dis, 170 (1994), pp. 419-424
[110.]
N.H. Smith, S. Cron, L.M. Valdez, Cl. Chappell, A.C. White.
Combination drug therapy for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS.
J Infect Dis, 178 (1998), pp. 900-903
[111.]
R.G. Hewitt, C.T. Yiannoutsos, E.S. Higgs, J.T. Carey, P. Jan Geiseler, R. Soave, et al.
Paramomycin: no more effective than placebo for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 1.084-1.092
[112.]
J. Romeu, J.M. Miro, G. Sirera, J. Mallolas, J. Arnal, M.E. Valls, et al.
Efficacy of octreotide in the management of chronic diarrhoea in AIDS.
AIDS, 5 (1991), pp. 1.495
[113.]
A. Carr, D. Marriott, A. Field, E. Vasak, D.A. Cooper.
Treatment of HIV-1 associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 256-261
[114.]
J.W. Pape, R.I. Verdier, M. Boncy, J. Boncy, W.D. Jr. Johnson.
Cyclospora infection in adults infected with HIV. Clinical manifestations, treatment and prophylaxis.
Ann Intern Med, 121 (1994), pp. 654-657
[115.]
J. Alvar, C. Canavate, B. Gutiérrez-Solar, M. Jiménez, F. Laguna, R. López-Vélez, et al.
Leishmania and human imunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 10 (1997), pp. 298-319
[116.]
F. Laguna, R. López-Vélez, F. Pulido, A. Salas, J. Torre-Cisneros, E. Torres, et al.
Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B.
Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group. AIDS, 13 (1999), pp. 1.063-1.069
[117.]
R.N. Davidson, L. di Martino, L. Gradoni, R. Giacchino, G.B. Gaeta, R. Pempinello, et al.
Short-Course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome).
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 938-943
[118.]
Laguna F, Videla S, Jiménez-Mejías E, Sirera G, Torres-Cisneros J, Ribera E, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex vs meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a multicenter, open label, blinded, randomization, parallel controlled clinical trial. 8th CROI, Chicago, 4-8 febrero 2001 (abstract 33)
[119.]
J. Canora Lebrato, E. Troncoso García, T. Escobar, J. Hernández Quero.
Tratamiento de la coinfección VIH-leishmaniasis visceral con un nuevo régimen de anfotericina B liposomal (AMB-L).
Med Clín, 116 (2001), pp. 395
[120.]
B. Autran, G. Carcelaint, T.S. Li, G. Gorochov, C. Blanc, M. Renaud, et al.
Restoration of the immune system with anti-retroviral therapy.
Immuno Lett, 66 (1999), pp. 207-211
[121.]
J.A. DeSimone, R.J. Pomerantz, T.J. Babinchak.
Inflammatory reactions in HIV-1- infected persons after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Ann Intern Med, 133 (2000), pp. 447-454
[122.]
M.A. Jacobson, M. Zegans, P.R. Pavan, J.J. O’Donnell, F. Sattler, N. Rao, et al.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Lancet, 349 (1997), pp. 1.443-1.445
[123.]
M.P. Karavellas, D.J. Plummer, J.C. Macdonal, F.J. Torriani, C.L. Shufelt, S.P. Azen, et al.
Incidence of inmune recovery vitritis in cytomegalovirus retinitis patients following institution of successfull highly active antiretroviral therapy.
J Infect Dis, 179 (1999), pp. 697-700
[124.]
E. Martínez, J. Gatell, Y. Moran, E. Aznar, E. Buira, A. Guelar, et al.
High incidence of herpes zoster in patients with AIDS soon after therapy with protease inhibitors.
Clin Infect Dis, 27 (1998), pp. 1.510-1.513
[125.]
E.M. Race, J. Adelson-Mitty, G.R. Kriegel, T.F. Barlam, K.A. Reimann, N.L. Letvin, et al.
Focal mycobacterial limphadenitis following initiation of protease- inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 252-255
[126.]
P. Phillips, M.B. Kwiatkowski, M. Copland, K. Craib, J. Montaner.
Mycobacterial lymphadenitis associated with the initiation of combination.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 20 (1999), pp. 122-128
[127.]
M. Narita, D. Ashkin, E.S. Hollender, A.E. Pitchenik.
AE. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158 (1998), pp. 157-161
[128.]
J.E. Fishman, E. Saraf-Lavi, M. Narita, E.S. Hollender, R. Ramsinghani, D. Ashkin.
Pulmonary tuberculosis in AIDS patients: transient chest radiographic worsening after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.
Am J Roentgenol, 174 (2000), pp. 43-49
[129.]
Miralles P, Berengeuer J, Lacruz C, López JC, Cosin J, Padilla B, et al. Paradoxical Worsening of AIDS-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Following HAART. En: Program and abstracts of the 8 th Conference on Retroviruses an Opportunistic Infections, Chicago: 4-8 February 2001 (abstract 598)
[130.]
M. John, J. Flexman, M.A. Rueda.
Hepatitis C virus associated hepatitis following treatment of HIV-infecte patients with HIV protease inhibitors: an immune restoration disease?.
AIDS, 12 (1998), pp. 2.289-2.293
[131.]
S. Vento, T. Garofano, C. Renzini, F. Casali, T. Ferraro, E. Concia.
Enhancemet of hepatitis C virus replication and liver damage in HIV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS, 12 (1998), pp. 116-117
[132.]
A. Weir, M. Wansbrough-Jones.
Mucosal Kaposi’s sarcoma following protease inhibitor therapy in an HIV-infected patient.
AIDS, 11 (1997), pp. 1.895-1.896
Copyright © 2001. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados