metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Uso prudente de antibióticos y propuestas de mejora en los centros sociosanitar...
Información de la revista
Vol. 28. Núm. S4.
Uso prudente de antimicrobianos
Páginas 32-35 (noviembre 2010)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
English PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 28. Núm. S4.
Uso prudente de antimicrobianos
Páginas 32-35 (noviembre 2010)
Acceso a texto completo
Uso prudente de antibióticos y propuestas de mejora en los centros sociosanitarios
Prudent use of antibiotics and suggestions for improvement in long-term-care facilities
Visitas
4235
Francesc Gudiol
Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Bellvitge, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen

Los antibióticos están entre los fármacos más prescritos en los centros sociosanitarios, representando alrededor del 40% del total. Se estima que la probabilidad de que un residente reciba como mínimo una pauta de antibióticos al año es del 70%. La prevalencia se sitúa entre el 4 y el 10%, y la incidencia entre 3 y 14 tratamientos por 1.000 estancias, aunque hay una gran variabilidad en la intensidad de consumo entre centros aparentemente similares. Por otra parte, un alto porcentaje de tratamientos antibióticos se considera inapropiado, especialmente porque la mayoría de tratamientos son empíricos, se indican a menudo para tratar colonizaciones y se utilizan en exceso antibióticos de amplio espectro durante demasiado tiempo. Las principales consecuencias del uso inapropiado son el incremento de las resistencias microbianas y de los efectos adversos en esta población de ancianos frágiles. Gran parte de las dificultades para mejorar el uso de antibióticos reside en las propias características de los centros, con escasos recursos para realizar actividades organizadas de control de infecciones y políticas de antibióticos. Las posibilidades de mejora pasan por organizar programas locales enfocados a resolver los aspectos más básicos del uso prudente de antibióticos, desde el diagnóstico de infección y elaboración de protocolos de tratamiento empírico y dirigido, hasta la puesta en marcha de unas actividades mínimas de análisis y control. Los centros con mayores recursos y experiencia deben avanzar en la implementación y evaluación de intervenciones educativas y proyectos de investigación.

Palabras clave:
Centros sociosanitarios
Antibióticos
Uso prudente
Resistencias microbianas
Abstract

Antibiotics are among the most prescribed drugs in long-term-care facilities, accounting for nearly 40% of all prescribed drugs. It is estimated that the likelihood that a resident patient will receive at least one course of antibiotics per year is 70%. Prevalence is 4%–10%, and incidence between 3 and 4 treatments per 1,000 stays, though there is great variability between apparently similar centres in terms of consumption. On the other hand, a high percentage of antibiotic treatments are considered inappropriate because most are empirical, often prescribed to treat bacterial colonisation and too many broad-spectrum antibiotics are used for too long. The main consequences of inappropriate use are the increase of microbial resistance and side effects in this frail, elderly population. The challenges of improving the use of antibiotics lie in the basic characteristics of these centres, with limited resources to carry out organised activities to control infections and antibiotic policies. Some possibilities for improvement include organising local programmes focused on the most basic aspects of appropriate use of antibiotics, from the diagnosis of infection and the development of empirical and targeted treatment protocols, to the implementation of minimal activities of analysis and surveillance. Centers with more resources and greater experience should lead the implementation and evaluation of educational interventions and research projects.

Keywords:
Medical and social services centres
Antibiotics
Prudent use
Microbial resistance
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
American Health Care Association National Center for Assisted Living. Consumer information about long-term care – glossary of terms [consultado 7-2010]. Disponible en: http://longtermcareliving.com/glossary/
[2.]
M. Serrano, F. Barcenilla, F. Toribio, A. Barceló, M. Gabernet, B. Sánchez, et al.
Registro de infección sociosanitaria-Lleida (RISS-Lleida).
Rev Mult Gerontol, 13 (2003), pp. 7-14
[3.]
P.W. Smith, G. Bennett, S. Bradley, P. Drinka, E. Lautenbach, J. Marx, et al.
SHEA/APIC Guideline: Infection prevention and control in the long-term care facility.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 29 (2008), pp. 785-814
[4.]
L.E. Nicolle.
Infection control in long-term care facilities.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 752-756
[5.]
L.J. Strausbaugh, C.L. Joseph.
The burden of infection in long-term care.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 21 (2000), pp. 674-679
[6.]
M. Utsumi, K. Makimoto, N. Quroshi, N. Ashida.
Types of infectious outbreaks and their impact in elderly care facilities: a review of the literature.
Age Ageing, 39 (2010), pp. 299-305
[7.]
L.J. Strausbaugh, S.R. Sukumar, C.L. Joseph.
Infectious disease outbreaks in nursing homes: an unappreciated hazard for frail elderly persons.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 870-876
[8.]
J.M. Boyce.
Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus in hospitals and long-term care facilities: microbiology, epidemiology, and preventive measures.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 13 (1992), pp. 725-737
[9.]
A. Manzur, L. Gavaldà, E. Ruiz de Gopegui, D. Mariscal, M.A. Domínguez, J.L. Pérez, The group of the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases, et al.
Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and factors associated with colonization among residents in community long-term-care facilities in Spain.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 14 (2008), pp. 867-872
[10.]
A. Manzur, F. Gudiol.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-tern-care facilities.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 15 (2009), pp. 26-30
[11.]
J. Wiener, J.P. Quinn, P.A. Bradford, R.V. Goering, C. Nathan, K. Bush, et al.
Multiple antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella and Escherichia coli in nursing homes.
JAMA, 281 (1999), pp. 517-523
[12.]
M. Viray, D. Linkin, J.N. Maslow, D.D. Stieritz, L.S. Carson, W.B. Bilker, et al.
Longitudinal trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities across long-term-care facilities: emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 26 (2005), pp. 56-62
[13.]
E. Lautenbach, R. Marsicano, P. Tolomeo, M. Heard, S. Serrano, D.D. Stieritz.
Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative organisms recovered from patients in a multistate network of long-term care facilities.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 30 (2009), pp. 790-793
[14.]
E. O’Fallon, R. Schreiber, R. Kandel, E. D’Agata.
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative at a long-term care facility: assessment of residents, healthcare workers, and inanimate surfaces.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 30 (2009), pp. 1172-1179
[15.]
W.R. Jarvis, J. Schlosser, A.A. Jarvis, R.Y. Chinn.
National point prevalence of Clostridium difficile in US health care facility inpatients, 2008.
Am J Infect Control, 37 (2009), pp. 263-270
[16.]
M.B. Loeb, S. Craven, A. McGeer, A.E. Simor, S.F. Bradley, D.E. Low, et al.
Risk factors for resistance to antimicrobial agents among nursing home residents.
Am J Epidemiol, 157 (2003), pp. 40-47
[17.]
L.E. Nicolle, D.W. Bentley, R. Garibaldi, et al.
Antimicrobial use in long-term care facilities.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 21 (2000), pp. 527-545
[18.]
M. Loeb, A.E. Simor, L. Landry, et al.
Antibiotic use in Ontario facilities that provide chronic care.
J Gen Intern Med, 16 (2001), pp. 376-383
[19.]
J.G. Zimmer, D.W. Bentley, W.M. Valenti, N.M. Watson.
Systemic antibiotic use in nursing homes a quality assessment.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 34 (1986), pp. 703-710
[20.]
J.M. Mylotte, J. Keagle.
Benchmarks for antibiotic use and cost in longterm care.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 53 (2005), pp. 1117-1122
[21.]
European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption [consultado 7-2010]. Disponible en: www.esac.ua.ac.be
[22.]
J.W. Warren, F.B. Palumbo, L. Fitterman, S.M. Speedie.
Incidence and characteristics of antibiotic use in aged nursing home patients.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 39 (1991), pp. 963-972
[23.]
S.R. Benoit, W. Nsa, C.L. Richards, D.W. Bratzler, A.M. Shefer, L.M. Steele, et al.
Factors associated with antimicrobial use in nursing homes: a multilevel model.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 56 (2008), pp. 2039-2044
[24.]
E. D’Agata, S.L. Mitchell.
Patterns of antimicrobial use among nursing home residents with advance dementia.
Arch Intern Med, 168 (2008), pp. 357-362
[25.]
M. Vaqueiro, A. Morón, M. Sampere, J. Niño, F. Segura.
Evolución del uso de antibióticos en un centro sociosanitario de ámbito hospitalario en Cataluña.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20 (2002), pp. 384-387
[26.]
D.C. Norman, S.D. Toledo.
Infections in elderly persons: an altered clinical presentation.
Clin Geriatr Med, 8 (1992), pp. 713-719
[27.]
S.C. Castle, D.C. Norman, M. Yeh, D. Miller, T.T. Yoshikawa.
Fever response in elderly nursing home residents: are the older truly colder?.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 39 (1991), pp. 853-857
[28.]
P.W. Smith, P.G. Rusnak.
Infection prevention and control in the long-term-care facility. SHEA long-term-care committee and APIC Guidelines Committee.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 18 (1997), pp. 831-849
[29.]
P. Gahr, J. Harper, B. Kieke Jr, K. Como-Sabetti, R. Christianson, D. Williams, et al.
Healthcare professional surveys: judicious antibiotic use in Minnesota long-term care facilities.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 55 (2007), pp. 473-474
[30.]
S.E. Cosgrove, A. Pate, X. Song, R.E. Miller, K. Speck, A. Banowetz, et al.
Impact of different methods of feedback to clinicians after postprescription antimicrobial review based on the centers for disease control and prevention's 12 steps to prevent ntimicrobial resistance among hospitalized adults.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28 (2007), pp. 641-646
[31.]
T.H. Dellit, R.C. Owns, J.E. McGowan Jr, D.N. Gerding, R.A. Weinstein, J.P. Burke, et al.
Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.
Clin Infect Dis, 44 (2007), pp. 159-177
[32.]
M. Loeb, D.W. Bentley, S. Bradley, K. Crossley, R. Garibaldi, N. Gantz, et al.
Development of minimum criteria for the initiation of antibiotics in residents of longterm-care facilities: results of a consensus conference.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 22 (2001), pp. 120-124
[33.]
K.P. High, S.F. Bradley, S. Gravenstein, D.R. Mehr, V.J. Quagliarello, C. Richards, et al.
Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of fever and infection in older adult residents of long-term care facilities: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 57 (2009), pp. 375-394
[34.]
Documento SEFH. Atención farmacéutica especializada en centros sociosanitarios y residencias asistidas. Disponible en: www.sefh.es/normas/atencion
[35.]
M. Loeb, K. Brazil, L. Lohfeld, et al.
Effect of a multifaceted intervention on number of antimicrobial prescriptions for suspected urinary tract infections in residents of nursing homes: culture randomized controlled trial.
[36.]
J. Monette, M.A. Miller, M. Monette, et al.
Effect of an educational intervention in optimizing antibiotic prescribing in long-term care facilities.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 55 (2007), pp. 1231-1235
[37.]
D.N. Schwartz, H. Abiad, P.L. DeMarais, et al.
An educational intervention to improve antimicrobial use in a hospital-based long-term care facility.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 55 (2007), pp. 1236-1242
[38.]
L. Mody.
Optimizing antimicrobial use in nursing homes: no longer optional.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 55 (2007), pp. 1301-1302
Copyright © 2010. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos