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No se observa diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos de estudio.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jonathan Harris-Ricardo, Luis Fang, Alejandra Herrera-Herrera, Natalia Fortich-Mesa, Doris Olier-Castillo, Diana Cavanzo-Rojas, Roberto González-Quintero" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jonathan" "apellidos" => "Harris-Ricardo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luis" "apellidos" => "Fang" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandra" "apellidos" => "Herrera-Herrera" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Natalia" "apellidos" => "Fortich-Mesa" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Doris" "apellidos" => "Olier-Castillo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diana" "apellidos" => "Cavanzo-Rojas" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberto" "apellidos" => "González-Quintero" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2529993X19301157" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimce.2019.04.005" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529993X19301157?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213005X18303732?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/0213005X/0000003700000007/v1_201907280647/S0213005X18303732/v1_201907280647/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief report</span>" "titulo" => "Evaluation of the DNA microarray “AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit” for detection of antimicrobial resistance genes from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolated colonies" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "454" "paginaFinal" => "457" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Ignacio Torres Fink, Nuria Tormo Palop, Rafael Borrás Salvador, Javier Buesa Gómez, Concepción Gimeno Cardona, David Navarro Ortega" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ignacio" "apellidos" => "Torres Fink" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Nuria" "apellidos" => "Tormo Palop" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Borrás Salvador" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Buesa Gómez" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Concepción" "apellidos" => "Gimeno Cardona" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "David" "apellidos" => "Navarro Ortega" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "david.navarro@uv.es" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Fundación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Microbiology Service Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación de una micromatriz de ADN «AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit» para la detección de genes de resistencia antimicrobiana de bacterias grampositivas y gramnegativas a partir de colonias aisladas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1166 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 180156 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prototypical DNA microarray pictures obtained with the AMR Direct Flow Chip assay. The left panel shows the distribution of complementary oligonucleotides targeting specific antibiotic resistance genes sequences. The right panels (A–D) show the results for different bacterial species harbouring one or more antimicrobial resistance genes. B, hybridation control; CI, exogenous amplification control; BG, endogenous amplification control; SA, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>; MRSA, methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Timely detection and characterization of antimicrobial resistance is crucial for both adequate management of bacterial infections and epidemiological control of multi-resistant bacteria spread.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Molecular methods allow rapid and sensitive detection of genetic elements linked with antimicrobial resistance traits. Among these, multiplex PCR combined with DNA microarray chips has emerged as a robust technology to simultaneously screen for the presence of a vast number of target genes in a single test, using either clonal culture material or clinical specimens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In recent years, a number of both in-house and commercially-available DNA microarray assays have been developed and evaluated for detection of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) genes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acinetobacter baumannii</span>, and methicillin-resistance in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–12</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Here, we evaluated the performance of the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Direct Flow Chip (Máster Diagnóstica, Granada, Spain), a DNA microarray-based assay for antimicrobial resistance gene detection from bacterial isolated colonies. This assay has been approved by the European Economic Area as a suitable device for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> diagnosis (CE IVD) using clinical specimens (rectal and nasopharyngeal swabs, blood cultures flagged as positive), but not isolated colonies as starting material.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluation panel consisted of 240 archived clinical isolates of which 160 were isolated at the Microbiology Service of Hospital Clínico Universitario and 50 at the Microbiology Service of Consorcio Hospital General Universitario. The remaining 30 isolates were kindly provided by Dr. Antonio Galiana (Department of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario de Elche) and Professor Álvaro Pascual (Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain). The panel included 210 isolates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) possessing one or more resistance genes potentially detectable by the AMR assay, namely carbapenemase or ESBL-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>104), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. baumannii</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13), methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. aureus</span>-MRSA- (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7), vancomycin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecalis</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3) or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">faecium</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33) – VRE.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included as negative controls 30 isolates displaying either a wild-type resistance phenotype, including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Proteus vulgaris</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella oxytoca</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter aerogenes</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serratia marcescens</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), MSSA (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3), vancomycin-susceptible <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. faecium</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3), or a resistant phenotype mediated by mechanisms undetectable by the assay, namely carbapenem-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) with a negative Rapidec Carba NP test (Biomerieux, L’Etoile, France), β-lactam resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> mediated by plasmidic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amp</span>C (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), or derepressed chromosomal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amp</span>C (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. cloacae</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. casseliflavus</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanC</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1). In addition, the ATCC KPC-producer <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> reference strain (BAA-1705) and the non-KPC producer carbapenem-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> strain (BAA-1706) were also included.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial isolates resistance mechanisms were previously determined by means of a variety of phenotypic and genotypic methods, including among the latter the Eazyplex<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> SuperBug CRE (Amplex, Giessen, Germany), targeted real-time PCR assays,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> and PCR coupled to sequencing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retrieved isolates were cultured overnight onto 5% Columbia blood agar. A single colony was homogenized in 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of sterile distilled water, of which a volume of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl was directly used for AMR testing, without prior DNA extraction. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, previously detailed in Galiana et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> for the Sepsis Flow Chip (Máster Diagnóstica, Granada, Spain), which has the same processing routine as the AMR assay. The AMR assay is based on a multiplex PCR amplification using biotinylated primers followed by an automatic reverse hybridization in membrane containing specific probes to detect 20 known resistance genes in isolated Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci. Specifically, the assay is able to detect class A carbapenemases including GES (allelic variants 1–26), SME (1–5), KPC (1–23), NMC/IMI (1–9), class B carbapenemases including SIM, GIM (allelic variants 1 and 2), SPM, NDM (1 to 16), VIM (1–46), IMP (allelic variants 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41, 42 and 47), class D carbapenemases including OXA23-like (14 allelic variants), OXA24-like (7 allelic variants), OXA48-like (4 allelic variants), OXA51-like (67 allelic variants), OXA58-like (4 allelic variants), ESBLs <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bla</span>SHV (allelic variants detected are not disclosed by the manufacturer), ESBL <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bla</span>CTX-M (allelic variants detected are not disclosed by the manufacturer), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. aureus mecA</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span> genes. The assays do not distinguish between β-lactamases allelic variants. Positive signals are visualized through a colorimetric immunoenzymatic reaction in a chip membrane by the HS24 hybridization platform, which includes a built-in camera that captures the image of the chip and analyzes the dot pattern by means of the hybrisoft software. See image examples in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>. The assay can be completed in 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to Gram-positive bacteria, the AMR microarray correctly identified the presence of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mecA</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span> genes in all isolates (MRSA, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 and VRE, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36, respectively). The control isolates, including one <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. casseliflavus</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanC</span>) isolate, tested negative.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for Gram-negative bacteria, the assay detected all carbapenemase genes carried by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. baumannii</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> isolates in our panel, including GES (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3), SME (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), KPC (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8), NMC/IMI (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6), SIM (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), GIM (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), SPM (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), NDM (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7), VIM (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55), IMP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3) and OXA (OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-48, OXA-51, OXA-58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67), present individually or in combination (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Likewise, results obtained with the AMR assay for ESBLs (CTX-M; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62 and SHV-ESBL; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56) in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> were fully concordant with those expected, irrespective of whether these genes were harboured in isolation, or in combination (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). None of the control isolates tested positive in the assay.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The AMR Direct Flow Chip has been approved by the European Economic Area as a suitable device for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> diagnosis (CE IVD) using clinical specimens, but not isolated colonies as starting material. Although it can be presumed that the performance of the assay with isolated colonies should be at least as good as with clinical samples, validation for indications outside the technical data sheet is warranted.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our experience, the AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit demonstrates 100% sensitivity and specificity for detection of locally-relevant antimicrobial resistance genes from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using isolated colonies. Nevertheless, it must be highlighted the fact that the kit has been designed and validated to detect all variants of SHV, the original SHV-1 and all mutated forms of the gene, without distinction between them. For this reason, detection of SHV by AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit would not necessarily indicate a phenotypic evidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this sense, the AMR assay performs comparably, or even better, than a widely-used series of commercially-available DNA arrays, the Check-MDR array versions CT102, CT103 and CT103XL (Check Point, Wageningen, The Netherlands) designed to detect common and clinically relevant carbapenemase and ESBLs, whose reported sensitivity and specificity values vary between 85% and 100% for both parameters depending upon the targeted resistance gene (lowest values for KPC carbapenemases).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–7,10,12</span></a> A non-negligible advantage of the AMR Direct Flow Chip over the aforementioned microarrays is that it skips the DNA extraction step. In contrast, a noteworthy disadvantage of this assay is its inability to detect certain antibiotic resistance genes widely prevalent among <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> species in our setting (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i.e.</span> TEM-derived ESBL and plasmidic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amp</span>Cs).</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current study has several limitations that deserve comment. First, the distribution of bacterial species in our panel was rather unbalanced with a clear predominance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span> isolates; second, bacterial species harbouring certain resistance genes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i.e.</span> NDM, KPC and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span>) were scarcely represented; third, the isolates in our collection were not subjected to clonality analysis. Although care was taken to include isolates recovered from two different hospitals over a relatively long time span, and displaying a wide variety of antimicrobial resistance phenotypic patterns (not shown) clonality bias cannot be ruled out. All the aforementioned limitations may undermine the robustness of our conclusions. In summary, our data indicate that the AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit is an accurate assay for detecting widely-spread genes conferring resistance to β-lactams and vancomycin from isolated colonies of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Funding</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors report no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1224910" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1138950" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1224909" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1138951" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack419191" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-07-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1138950" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "DNA microarray" 1 => "Genotypic resistance" 2 => "Carbapenemases" 3 => "Extended-spectrum β-lactamases" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mecA</span>" 5 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span>" 6 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span>" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1138951" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "ADN <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">microarray</span>" 1 => "Resistencia genotípica" 2 => "Carbapenemasas" 3 => "β-lactamasas de espectro extendido" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mecA</span>" 5 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span>" 6 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span>" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The AMR Direct Flow Chip assay allows the simultaneous detection of a large variety of antibiotic resistance genetic markers. To assess this kit's performance, we use isolated colonies as starting material. The assay has been approved by the European Economic Area as a suitable device for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> diagnosis (CE IVD) using clinical specimens.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 210 bacterial isolates harbouring either one or more antimicrobial resistance genes including plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamases (SHV, CTX-M) and carbapenemases (GES, SME, KPC, NMC/IMI, SIM, GIM, SPM, NDM, VIM, IMP, and OXA), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mecA</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span>, and 30 controls were included.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The assay displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for all target genes included in the array.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit is an accurate assay for detecting genes which commonly confer resistance to β-lactams and vancomycin from isolated colonies in culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ensayo «AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit» permite detectar simultáneamente la presencia de una gran variedad de marcadores genotípicos de resistencia bacteriana. Evaluamos su rendimiento utilizando colonias aisladas como material de partida. El ensayo aludido ha sido aprobado por el Área Económica Europea como un dispositivo adecuado para el diagnóstico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> (CE IVD) utilizando muestras clínicas.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio ha incluido 210 aislados bacterianos con uno o más genes de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, incluidos genes plasmídicos que codifican β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (SHV y CTX-M) y carbapenemasas (GES, SME, KPC, NMC/IMI, SIM, GIM, SPM, NDM, VIM, IMP y OXA), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mecA</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span>, y 30 controles.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ensayo mostró una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100% para todos los genes diana incluidos en la matriz.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El «AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit» es un ensayo fiable para la detección de genes que comúnmente confieren resistencia a β-lactámicos y vancomicina en bacterias grampositivas y gramnegativas a partir de colonias aisladas en cultivo.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1166 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 180156 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prototypical DNA microarray pictures obtained with the AMR Direct Flow Chip assay. The left panel shows the distribution of complementary oligonucleotides targeting specific antibiotic resistance genes sequences. The right panels (A–D) show the results for different bacterial species harbouring one or more antimicrobial resistance genes. B, hybridation control; CI, exogenous amplification control; BG, endogenous amplification control; SA, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>; MRSA, methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bacterial species (no. of isolates) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resistance genes detected (no. of isolates) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gram-negative</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="12" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> (65)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, CTX-M, OXA-48 (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, CTX-M (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M, OXA-48 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, VIM (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, CTX-M, NDM (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, OXA-48 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, KPC (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NMC/IMI (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VIM (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M, NDM, OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KPC (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> (50)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VIM (43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IMP (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SPM (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">GIM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VIM, OXA-58 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> (14)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KPC, OXA-58 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KPC, NDM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, GES, OXA-48, OXA-51 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SME (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VIM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NDM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M, OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> (13)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NMC/IMI (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KPC (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VIM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M, VIM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, GES, OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M, GES (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, OXA-51 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acinetobacter baumannii</span> (13)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-23, OXA-51 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-24, OXA-51 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-58, OXA-51 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SIM, OXA-51 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SIM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-51 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-23 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serratia marcescens</span> (4)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CTX-M, OXA-48 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SME (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter asburiae</span> (3)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NMC/IMI (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KPC (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Citrobacter freundi</span> (2)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NDM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV, CTX-M, VIM (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Citrobacter amalonaticus</span> (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VIM, OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Morganella morganii</span> (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">OXA-48 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella variicola</span> (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SHV (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gram-positive</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecium</span> (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span> (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecalis</span> (3)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA</span> (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanB</span> (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mecA</span> (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2092283.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Antimicrobial resistance genes profiles of bacterial species included in the study.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical and financial benefits of rapid bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. 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(Madrid, Spain) for the kind donation of the reagents used in this study.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/0213005X/0000003700000007/v1_201907280647/S0213005X1930134X/v1_201907280647/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "8684" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original breve" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/0213005X/0000003700000007/v1_201907280647/S0213005X1930134X/v1_201907280647/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213005X1930134X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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Brief report
Evaluation of the DNA microarray “AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit” for detection of antimicrobial resistance genes from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolated colonies
Evaluación de una micromatriz de ADN «AMR Direct Flow Chip Kit» para la detección de genes de resistencia antimicrobiana de bacterias grampositivas y gramnegativas a partir de colonias aisladas