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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) Executive summary: Consensus document of GEHEP of the Spanish Society of Infecti...
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Vol. 38. Núm. 3.
Páginas 127-131 (marzo 2020)
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Vol. 38. Núm. 3.
Páginas 127-131 (marzo 2020)
Consensus statement
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Executive summary: Consensus document of GEHEP of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), along with SOCIDROGALCOHOL, SEPD and SOMAPA on hepatitis C virus infection management in drug users
Resumen ejecutivo: Documento de consenso de GEHEP, perteneciente a la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), junto a SOCIDROGALCOHOL, SEPD y SOMAPA, sobre el manejo de la infección por virus de la hepatitis C en usuarios de drogas
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Juan A. Pinedaa,
Autor para correspondencia
japineda@telefonica.net

Corresponding author.
, Benjamín Climentb, Federico Garcíac, Miguel García Deltorod, Rafael Granadose, Fernanda Gómezf, Juan Macíasa, Álvaro Menag, Nicolás Merchantea, Enriqueta Ochoah, Carlos Ronceroi, Juan Jesús Ruizf, Francisco Téllezj, Luis Moranok
a Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
b Unidad Toxicología Clínica, Servicio Medicina Interna, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
c Departamento de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
d Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas, Spain
f Centro de Atención de Adicciones de Marbella, Ayuntamiento de Marbella, Marbella, Spain
g Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUA), A Coruña, Spain
h Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
i Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (España), Instituto de Biomedicina de Salamanca, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
j Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz. Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Spain
k Unidad de Patología Infecciosa, Hospital Universitario Álvaro Cunqueiro, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain
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Table 1. DAA combinations recommended in patients without previous DAA treatment.
Table 2. DAA combinations recommended in patients with previous failure to DAA therapy when a resistance test is not available.
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Abstract

The micro-elimination of HCV infection in drug users (DU) in our area is a priority in order to achieve the overall elimination of this disease. Coordinated action between specialists in addiction treatment, microbiologists and physicians who treat HCV infection is required to implement infection screening, to achieve universal access to treatment and to prevent new infections and reinfections. The objective of this document was to come to a consensus on the screening, hospital referral, treatment, follow-up and prevention of HCV infection in DU by an expert panel from GEHEP/SEIMC and three scientific societies of addiction treating physicians: SEPD, SOCIDROGALCOHOL and SOMAPA.

Keywords:
Hepatitis C virus
Drug use
Addiction
Direct acting antivirals
Elimination
Harm reduction
Resumen

La microeliminación de la infección por VHC en pacientes usuarios de drogas (UD) es una prioridad para lograr la eliminación global de esta enfermedad. Se requiere una acción coordinada de especialistas en el tratamiento de adicciones, microbiólogos y médicos que tratan la infección por VHC para realizar el cribado de los pacientes, garantizar el acceso al tratamiento y prevenir nuevas infecciones y reinfecciones. El objetivo de este documento fue consensuar las medidas de cribado, envío a unidades hospitalarias, tratamiento, seguimiento y prevención de la infección por VHC en UD, por parte de un panel de expertos de GEHEP/SEIMC y 3 sociedades científicas implicadas en el tratamiento de las adicciones: SEPD, SOCIDROGALCOHOL y SOMAPA.

Palabras clave:
Virus de la hepatitis C
Uso de drogas
Adicción
Antivirales de acción directa
Eliminación
Reducción de daños
Texto completo
Introduction and aims

The World Health Organization has established the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as a goal to be reached in 2030. Drug users (DU), particularly people who inject drugs (PWID), are the subjects with the highest prevalence of HCV infection in Spain. Because of this, the micro-elimination of this infection in DU in our area is a priority. To accomplish this objective, three conditions are required: (1) all drug users should be screened for HCV; (2) all patients with active infection should be treated, which implies that linkage to care and adherence need to be warranted, and (3) harm reduction programs aimed at preventing new infections and reinfections have to be implemented. Carrying out the above actions demands a coordinated strategy by specialists in addiction treatment and physicians who diagnose and treat HCV infection. These were the reasons why a document on HCV infection management in DU was undertaken. The specific objective of this document was to come to a consensus on the screening, hospital referral, treatment, follow-up and prevention of HCV infection in DU by an expert panel from scientific societies involved in the care of HCV infection in DU.

Methods

The document deals with six topics: (1) general issues in the management of HCV infected DU; (2) HCV screening in DU; (3) interactions between addiction treatment centers (ATC) and hospital units: linkage to care; (4) drug therapy of HCV infection in DU; (5) drug–drug interactions between direct-anting antiviral agents (DAA) and commonly used medicines or illicit drugs, and (6) harm reduction and prevention of HCV infection. The recommendations included in the full version of the document are displayed in the below sections of this executive summary.

The document was developed by a expert panel including members of the Viral Hepatitis Study Group (GEHEP) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), as the organization promoting the document, the Scientific Spanish Society for Studies on Alcohol, Alcoholism and other addictions (SOCIDROGALCOHOL), the Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD) and the Andalusian Medical Society of Addictions and Associated Disorders (SOMAPA).

For evidence grading, a system akin to that employed in other SEIMC guidelines was used. Thus, a capital letter and a roman number follow each recommendation. The letter refers to the strength of the recommendation: A: it should be always offered; B: it should be generally offered, and C: it should be optionally offered. The number states the proofs supporting the recommendation: I: one or more clinical trials, metanalysis or integrated analysis of clinical trials; II: one or more observational or case-series studies; III: expert opinion.

General management issues of HCV-infected DUDiet, lifestyle and toxic use

  • A diet and lifestyle aimed at achieving a normal metabolic profile and, when present, to reduce liver steatosis is recommended (AI).

  • DU with HCV infection should avoid alcohol drinking (AII).

  • DU with HCV infection should avoid using illicit psychoactive drugs (AIII).

Risk for households and relatives

  • It is recommended not to share pricking or sharp devices, such as razors or toothbrushes (AII).

Vaccinations against other agents

  • DU without exposure markers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus (AI).

  • After vaccination, all patients require follow-up to confirm the development of protective titers of anti-HBs (AI).

HCV screening in DU

  • HCV screening should be conducted in all DU with unknown HCV status (AII).

  • As in other populations, universal screening is likely to be required to reach HCV elimination in DU (AII).

  • Reflex diagnosis is recommended to identify DU with active HCV infection (AII).

  • In patients with HCV viremia, if enough sample is available, HCV genotyping may be directly performed (AII).

  • If feasible, direct HCV-RNA determination is recommended for PWID screening at ATC (AII).

Interactions between ATC and hospital units: linkage to care and adherenceCoordination between different health care levels

  • There should be coordinating physicians for HCV infection care both in hospital units and in ATC. They must have either face to face or telematic meetings and keep a direct communication line for information exchange and solving issues (AIII).

  • An electronic medical record and a patient register should be shared by ATC, primary care centers and specialized units (AIII).

Identification of HCV-infected DU

  • HCV diagnosis in DU, if possible, should be performed at the ATC (AIII).

Liver disease evaluation. Role of telemedicine

  • A coordination program in health care for HCV-infected DU is recommended (AII).

  • Peer support, if available, should be offered to attend outpatient clinic appointments (AII).

  • Telemedicine use should be promoted both for communication between health care providers and for the follow-up of patients for whom attending appointments in specialized units is difficult (BII).

  • In patients who are likely to be poorly adherent, a directly observed treatment in a health care institution that is able to do it, is recommended (AIII).

Drug therapy against HCV infection in DU

For more detailed information on HCV treatment recommendations, consensus documents developed by GEHEP/SEIMC can be accessed online https://seimc.org/grupos-de-estudio/gehep/produccion-cientifica/documentos-consenso

Indications of HCV treatment

  • All DU with active HCV infection should be given DAA therapy.

Recommended combinations in patients without previous DAA treatment

  • The DAA combinations recommended in patients without prior exposure to DAA are displayed in Table 11.

    Table 1.

    DAA combinations recommended in patients without previous DAA treatment.

    Genotype  No cirrhosisCompensated cirrhosis
      Drugs  Weeks  Drugs  Weeks 
    1aaEBR/GZR (AI)b  12  EBR/GZR (AI)a,c  12 
    GLE/PIB (AII)  GLE/PIB (AII)c  12 
    SOF/VEL (AI)  12  SOF/VEL (AI)  12 
    LDV/SOF (BII)d     
    1bEBR/GZR (AI)  12  EBR/GZR (AI)c  12 
    GLE/PIB (AII)  GLE/PIB (AII)c  12 
    SOF/VEL (AI)  12  SOF/VEL (AI)  12 
    LDV/SOF (BII)d     
    2GLE/PIB (AII)  GLE/PIB (AII)c  12 
    SOF/VEL (AI)  12  SOF/VEL (AI)  12 
    3GLE/PIB (AII)  12e  GLE/PIB (AII)c,f  12 
    SOF/VEL (AI)  12  SOF/VEL (AI)g  12 
    4EBR/GZR (AI)h  12  EBR/GZR (AI)c,i  12 
    GLE/PIB (AII)i  12  GLE/PIB (AII)c  12 
    SOF/VEL (AI)  12  SOF/VEL (AI)  12 
    5 y 6GLE/PIB (AII)  GLE/PIB (AII)c  12 
    SOF/VEL (AI)  12  SOF/VEL (AI)  12 

    Abbreviations: EBR/GZR: elbasvir/grazoprevir; GLE/PIB: glecaprevir/pibrentasvir; SOF/VEL: sofosbuvir/velpatasvir; LDV/SOF: ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.

    a

    When HCV genotype 1 subtype is unknown, patients should be treated as genotype 1a.

    b

    If plasma HCV-RNA <800.000IU/mL or, in subjects with ≥800.000UI/ml, if there is no evidence of substitutions associated to resistance (RAS) to EBR.

    c

    Only for patients in Child–Pugh–Turcotte (CPT) class A.

    d

    For non-black, treatment-naïve subjects with HCV-RNA <6.000.000IU/mL. In HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, the information on the efficacy of this regimen is insufficient.

    e

    In patients with fibrosis F0–F2 and no RAS in NS3 and in NS5A, duration can be 8 weeks.

    f

    16 weeks for patients with prior interferon treatment.

    g

    RBV is recommended when there are RAS in NS5A or when this information is not available.

    h

    This combination is not recommended for patients with prior exposure to interferon.

    i

    The rate of sustained viral response with 8 weeks has been reported to be 93% versus 99% with 12 weeks (1). Because of this, 12 weeks is recommended, irrespective the presence of cirrhosis.

Recommended combinations in patients with prior failure to DAA

  • Patients with prior failure to DAA should be assessed in units with wide experience managing these cases (AIII).

  • In patients previously treated with DAA, salvage therapy based on a resistance study is always recommended (AII).

  • Recommended combinations in patients with prior failure to DAA when a resistance test is not available are shown in Table 2.

    Table 2.

    DAA combinations recommended in patients with previous failure to DAA therapy when a resistance test is not available.

    Genotype  No cirrhosisCompensated cirrhosis
      Drugs  Weeks  Drugs  Weeks 
    1SOF/VEL/VOX (AI)a  12  SOF/VEL/VOX (AI)a,b  12 
    GLE/PIB (BII)c  12     
    SOF/VEL (BII)d  12     
    2SOF/VEL/VOX (AII)  12  SOF/VEL/VOX (AII)b  12 
    SOF/VEL (AII)e  12  SOF/VEL (AII)  12 
    GLE/PIB (AIII)e  12     
    SOF/VEL/VOX (AI)  12  SOF/VEL/VOX (AI)b  12 
    4, 5 and 6  SOF/VEL/VOX (AII)  12  SOF/VEL/VOX (AII)b  12 

    Abbreviations: SOF/VEL/VOX: sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir; GLE/PIB: glecaprevir/pibrentasvir; SOF/VEL: sofosbuvir/velpatasvir;

    a

    Preferred pangenotypic combination, regardless of the previously used treatment, particularly after failure to a NS5A inhibitor.

    b

    Only for patients in Child–Pugh–Turcotte (CPT) class A.

    c

    After failure to pegylated interferon plus RBV plus NS3 inhibitor or SOF with or without NS3 inhibitors, both in genotype 1a and 1b.

    d

    Only in patients with previous failure to pegylated interferon plus RBV plus NS3 inhibitor (genotype 1a or 1b) or SOF with or without NS3 inhibitors (only genotype 1b).

    e

    In patients who failed to a combination that did not include NS5A inhibitors.

Recommended combinations in patients with decompensated cirrhosis

  • Patients with decompensated cirrhosis are better managed in units that have wide experience with these patients (AIII).

  • Sofosbuvir 400mg/velpatasvir 100mg+RBV 12 weeks is the combination recommended for DAA therapy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis with HCV genotype 1–4 (AI) and genotype 5–6 (AII) infections. If RBV cannot be used, sofosbuvir 400mg/velpatasvir 100mg should be given for 24 weeks (AI). In patients with prior failure to sofosbuvir+NS5A, sofosbuvir 400mg/velpatasvir 100mg+RBV for 24 weeks is recommended (CIII).

Drug–drug interactions between DAA and commonly used medicines or illicit drugs

A detailed exposure of all drug–drug interactions between DAA and other commonly used medicines or illicit drugs can be found in the full version of the consensus document. Also, the website of the University of Liverpool2 shows an updated compilation of these interactions.

  • Drug–drug interactions between DAA and the remaining medicines taken by the patient should be always checked before choosing the DAA combination to be used (AI).

  • Hospital pharmacists should be involved in surveillance and prevention of DAA interactions (AII).

  • Drug–drug interactions have to be particularly suspected in elderly patients, as well as in those with hepatic insufficiency and in those receiving polypharmacy (AI).

Harm reduction and prevention of HCV infectionHarm reduction

  • Opiate users, particularly those who are PWID, should engage in opiate substitution therapy programs (AI).

  • PWIDs should access needle-syringe exchange programs (AII). If such programs are not available, they should be instructed on syringe cleaning (AIII).

  • Inhaled drug users should be informed of the risks of sharing smoking or snorting devices, and advised against sharing them.

  • Men who have sex with men should be informed of the risks of group sex with drug use (AII). Systematic condom use and avoiding sex practices associated with bleeding should be recommended (AII). Unsterile substance intravenous injection must be avoided (AII).

HCV reinfection

  • The above recommendations on harm reduction are also applicable in patients with cleared HCV infection, either spontaneously or after therapy, provided that they continue to be engaged in risk behaviors (AII).

  • In patients with cleared HCV infection with ongoing risk factors, plasma HCV-RNA should be tested at least yearly (AII).

Funding

No private or public institution has provided financial support for the elaboration of the herein document.

Conflict of interest

  • Juan A. Pineda has received research grants from Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead, MSD y ViiV, talk honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead, MSD and ViiV, financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen and Gilead and has been an advisor of Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead and MSD.

  • Benjamín Climent has received research grants from Pfizer and talk honoraria from Lundbeck, Pfizer and Reckitt.

  • Federico García has received research grants from Gilead and Roche, talk honoraria from ViiV, Gilead, Abbvie, MSD, Janssen, Roche, Biomerieux, Hologic, Qiagen, financial support to attend educational activities from ViiV, Gilead, Abbvie, MSD, Janssen, Roche, Biomerieux, Hologic, Qiagen and has been an advisor of ViiV, Gilead, Abbvie, Roche, and Hologic.

  • Miguel García Deltoro has received research grants from Janssen, ViiV, Gilead and MSD, talk honoraria from Janssen, ViiV, Gilead, Abbvie, MSD, financial support to attend educational activities from MSD and Gilead, and has been an advisor of Janssen, ViiV and Gilead.

  • Rafael Granados has received talk honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead and MSD, financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen, Gilead, Abbvie and MSD, and has been an advisor of Abbvie and Janssen.

  • Fernanda Gómez has received research grants from Schering-Plough, talk honoraria from Reckitt-Benckiser, and financial support to attend educational activities from Reckitt-Benckiser/Indivior, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Janssen and Gilead.

  • Juan Macías has received research grants from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, MSD y ViiV, talk honoraria from Gilead and MSD, financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen and Gilead and has been an advisor of Abbvie, Gilead and MSD.

  • Álvaro Mena has received research grants from Gilead, talk honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead, MSD and ViiV, financial support to attend educational activities from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, MSD and ViiV, and has been an advisor of Janssen.

  • Nicolás Merchante has received talk honoraria from Gilead and MSD, financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen Cilag, MSD, Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare and has been an advisor of Gilead.

  • Enriqueta Ochoa has received research grants from Lundbeck, talk honoraria from Indivior, Lundbeck and Otsuka, financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen and Gilead and has been an advisor of Janssen-Cilag, Reckitt-Benckiser/Indivior, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier, Shire, Lilly and Gilead.

  • Carlos Roncero has received research grants from Gilead and Indivior, talk honoraria from Janssen-Cilag, Ferrer-Brainfarma, Pfizer, Indivior, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier, GSK, Rovi, Astra, Gilead, Sanofi, Exceltis and MSD, and has been an advisor of Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Gilead, MSD, Mundipharma, Indivior, Exceltis and Martindole.

  • Juan Jesús Ruiz has received talk honoraria from Janssen-Cilag, Reckitt-Benckiser/Indivior, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Gilead and MSD, and financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen-Cilag, Reckitt-Benckiser/Indivior, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Gilead, MSD and Servier.

  • Francisco Téllez has received financial support to attend educational activities from Gilead, Abbvie and Merck.

  • Luis Morano has received talk honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead and MSD, financial support to attend educational activities from Janssen and Gilead and has been an advisor of Abbvie, Janssen, Gilead and MSD.

References
[1]
M. Puoti, G.R. Foster, S. Wang, D.M. Mer, E. Gane, C. Moreno, et al.
High SVR rates with eight and twelve weeks of pangenotypic glecaprevir/pibrentasvir: integrated efficacy analysis of genotype 1–6 patients without cirrhosis.
The International Liver Congress,
[2]
University of Liverpool. HEP drug interactions. https://www.hep-druginteractions.org [accessed 26.06.18].

The entire version of the document can be found online at. https://seimc.org/contenidos/gruposdeestudio/gehep/dcientificos/documentos/gehep-dc-2018-Manejo_de_la_infeccion_por_VHC_en_UD_v1.pdf and as supplementary material in the journal official website (Appendix 1).

Copyright © 2018. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
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