Religiosity, the role of teen parents and the exposure of pornography media to adolescent sexual behavior in East Lampung region high school

Abstract

Indonesian adolescents are currently experiencing increased vulnerability to various health risk threats, especially those related to sexual and reproductive health, including increased threats from HIV/AIDS. Unhealthy sexual behavior among adolescents, especially unmarried adolescents, is increasing. This study aims to determine various factors that influence adolescent sexual behavior and the need for services, in order to provide policy direction for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health services.

This research is an explanatory research with cross-sectional design, which is equipped with quantitative and qualitative method approaches. This research data collection using survey methods (interviews and questionnaires/self-administered). Social Learning Theory is used as a framework for this research analysis. The subjects of this study were teenagers aged between 15 and 18 years who attended high school in East Lampung who had or were dating with a sample of 174 students. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The statistical analysis used in this study is the Chi square (χ²) statistic with a level of confidence α = 0.05.

The results showed there was a relationship between religiosity, the role of parents, exposure to pornography with premarital sexual behavior in adolescents in East Lampung.

Suggestions are recommended to schools In order for school principals to be more active in extracurricular activities in their schools, in the form of organizations, sports and arts activities, so that the energy possessed by high school adolescents can be optimally channeled into positive activities and minimize youths to carry out negative activities including those that lead to activities that trigger sexual behavior.

Introduction

The largest age group of adolescents in East Lampung Indonesia is in the age group of 15–19 years which is equal to 31.13% of the entire population aged 10–24 years. According to BKR BKKBN (2012:1),¹ the large number of adolescents can be an asset of the nation as well as a problem if there is no proper coaching. Plus, the uncontrolled flow of information will also have positive and negative impacts on adolescents.

In adolescence there are physical changes marked by the appearance of signs of primary and secondary sex and psychiatric changes including changes in emotions to be sensitive and behavior wanting to try new things.² This behavior if driven by sexual stimulation can bring adolescents to behaviors that adversely affect adolescents themselves. Premarital sex is an example of behavior wanting to try new things that can lead to transmission of STDs and HIV-AIDS, pregnancy outside marriage and unsafe abortion.²

Data from the National Commission for Children said that from the number of premarital pregnancies increased, and more than 93.7% of junior and senior high school students in Indonesia had kissed, petting, oral sex.³ Most of junior high school teenagers were not virgins, 21.2% of high school teenagers had abortions, and almost them had watched pornographic films.

Premarital sexual behavior can have implications for other things, such as HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, and abortion. Data from the BKKBN, based on research in Yogyakarta, found that around 37% students had premarital pregnancies, the estimated number of abortion cases in Indonesia per year reached 2.4 million, and 800,000 of them occurred among adolescents. Implications of sexual behavior during courtship (premarital) in adolescents have long lasting effects. Teenagers who most bear the greatest risk are young women. Because if it results in pregnancy, the choice faced is whether the pregnancy is continued or not. If it continues, there will be a risk of values and social norms that have been violated, and skewed views and public rejection in general as issued by the school even though the UAN will be held in a week. If you choose not to continue the pregnancy, or to have an abortion, there will be a risk to the reproductive health of the girls themselves. Mediana³ (2010, in the seminar) revealed that early pregnancy is very influential on the health of the uterus of women, because biologically the uterus is prepared to be active after adolescence is over. This will be dangerous if after pregnancy occurs at an early age is continued with an abortion. In addition to short-term effects (death due to bleeding during an abortion), the long-term effect is damage to the uterus, which will affect the fetus in the next pregnancy. This will certainly affect the quality of health during pregnancy and also the health of the baby later. It is clear that these actions are very risky behavior, both physically (damage to body organs), as well as the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Premarital sexual behavior of adolescents has an impact on the risk of health problems such as HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancy which has an impact on abortion. The results of the study of Ma et al.⁴ in China show that early sexual behavior has a higher risk for unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases or HIV/AIDS. Results of research in Yogyakarta of 1160 students, about 37% experienced pregnancy before marriage. It is estimated that the number of teenage abortions in Indonesia per year reaches 800 thousand and adolescents with HIV/AIDS as much as 54% of 15,210 sufferers.⁵

Adolescent sexual behavior is increasing or progressive. Usually begins necking (kissing to the chest area) then followed by petting, then continued to have sex or even in some cases, oral sex increases in adolescents. Adolescence is a time to find out their sexual identity. The difference between sexual rules between men and women can cause problems and confusion for teenagers in finding their sexual identity. The formation of identity reaches its culmination in late adolescence and will continue throughout the life span of humans. Adolescents are expected to have found sexual orientation or direction of sexual attraction both heterosexually and homosexually.⁶

During adolescence the formation of new norms can cause problems if the norms are contrary to society. Great curiosity and the search for freedom that occurs in adolescence needs to get guidance and supervision (Mönks et al., 2006).⁷ The development of time, the current of globalization and the rapid advancement of technology have an influence on the lives of adolescents, so this has an impact on the formation of new attitudes toward sexual behavior in adolescents.

The results of an analysis of the history of exposure to pornography in adolescents show that almost all adolescents (95%) have been exposed to pornography. Adolescents who engage in premarital sexual behavior are more likely to be found in adolescents who are exposed to pornography, which is 60.6% compared to adolescents who are not exposed to pornography media where only 1.6% exhibit premarital sexual behavior.⁸

The study conducted by Kim et al.⁹ stated that factors related to the time of first sexual intercourse in students in Busan, Korea were gender, parental attitudes, access to pornography, smoking and alcohol. While the results of studies in Europe by Krauss et al.¹⁰ states that in addition to gender, the level of education of parents and region (village/city) also influences the premarital sexual initiation of adolescents.

The World Health Organization explains that adolescence is a time for sexual exploration and expression. For many teens sexual relations begin in adolescence, or outside of marriage. The consequences of unprotected sex in adolescents are unwanted pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. When teenagers become pregnant, especially early in adolescence, they are at risk of complications both during pregnancy and at the time of delivery. In addition, the risk of mortality and morbidity is higher in babies born to teenage mothers, compared to older women. Sexual initiation in adolescents changes from year to year and occurs even earlier. The study of Finer and Philbin¹¹ in the United States shows that 30% of adolescents less than 15 years of age have had premarital sex and have used condoms as a method of contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy the first time they have sex.

Increased sexual behavior that occurs in adolescents needs to get serious handling from all parties. Free sex in adolescents does not occur suddenly. This happens because of factors that encourage behavior including knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and values in adolescents. Study results Farid et al.¹² showed determinants of premarital sexual initiation factors in adolescents were a history of sexual abuse, adolescent attitudes toward premarital sex, alcohol and drug use and exposure to pornography in adolescents. This fact makes the consideration of researchers to conduct further research on religiosity, the role of parents, and exposure to pornography with premarital sexual behavior in adolescents in East Lampung Regency in 2016.

Method

This research is an analytical study, a survey or research that tries to explore how and why health phenomena occur. cross-sectional is a study to study the dynamics of the correlation between risk factors and effects, by way of approach, observation or data collection at a time (point time approach). That is, each research subject was only observed once and measurements were made on the character status or subject variables at the time of the examination.¹³ The relationship between variables of religiosity, the role of parents and exposure to pornography with adolescent sex behavior.

The study was conducted in high schools located in 4 districts of East Lampung region, namely MAN 1 Lampung Timur located in Batanghari sub-district, SMA PGRI Pekalongan, located in Pekalongan sub-district, Roudhatul Falakh Vocational School located in Sukadana Sub-district, and SMAN 1 Purbolinggo located in Sub-District of Pekalongan Purbolinggo. The time for the research to be carried out for 3 months will be conducted from July to September 2016.

Result

Univariate analyzis research results

Religiosity

Based on Table 1, it can be seen that in general the religiosity of adolescents who are good respondents is indicated by the number of correct answers given by respondents in statements about adolescent relativity that can be answered correctly by more than 75% of respondents in each statement. The smallest percentage of correct answers of 80.46% in the statement about dating which is permitted according to religion is done between men and women on the basis of mutual liking. Furthermore, statements regarding the permissibility to hold hands with the same sex or with the opposite sex according to religion were answered correctly by 80.5%. While in the statement hugging and kissing the lips of his own girlfriend did not violate the norms and religion, 89.1% of respondents answered correctly.

Table 1.

Percentage of religiosity.

No.	Statement	n	Percentage (%)
1.	Carrying out God's commands and avoiding all the prohibitions is an obligation that must be done by humans	174	100
2.	Carrying out worship is one way to increase piety to God Almighty	173	99.43
3.	According to religion, dating can be done between men and women on the basis of mutual love	134	80.46
4.	Hand holding with the same sex or with the opposite sex may be done	140	80.5
5.	According to religion, dating can be done between men and women on the basis of mutual love.	157	90.23
6.	A person who is obedient to worship God will not do things that are forbidden by religion agama.	161	92.53
7.	Hugging and kissing your girlfriend's lips does not violate norms and religion.	155	89.1
8.	Having sex with a loved one may be done as long as with your own boyfriend.	163	93.68
9.	Religion prohibits premarital sex because of sin.	165	94.8
10.	People who engage in premarital sex violate norms and religion.	163	93.68

The role of parents in preventing teenage sexual behavior

Based on Table 2, it can be seen that in general the role of parents in preventing adolescent sexual behavior is good, but the role of parents to give attention to the behavior of their teenagers outside the home is not done by 29.3% of respondents, 51.15% of adolescents have experienced conflicts with parents, 78.2% of teens have seen their parents fight and only 77% always communicate with parents when facing problems.

Table 2.

The role of parents in preventing teenage sexual behavior.

No.	Statement	n	Percentage (%)
1.	Your live with your parents home	134	77
2.	You always communicate with your parents when faced with problem	135	77.6
3.	You have seen or heard your parents fighting	136	78.2
4.	Your parents ever divorced or they are divorcing now	10	5.75
5.	Your parents never prohibit you to do premarital sex	53	30.46
6.	You will ask your parents about premarital sex	22	12.6
7.	Your parents always give attention and control your development association	158	90.8
8.	Your parents not give yo attention to what you do outside the home	51	29.3
9	your parents always have time together with you	144	82.76
10.	You have conflicts (fight) with your parents	89	51.15

Exposure to pornography

Based on Table 3 it can be seen that exposure to pornography has been accepted by the majority (66.7%) of respondents.

Table 3.

Description of respondents’ exposure to sexual behavior triggers.

No.	Exposure to respondents	Exposure of pornography		Not exposure of pornography
		n	%	n	%
1	Pornography	116	66.7	58	33.3

Bivariate analysis

Bivariate analysis was carried out to see the relationship between determinants of adolescent sexual behavior and adolescent sexual behavior. Bivariate analysis was calculated using the Chi square test with data processing performed using a computer statistical program with the following data picture:

Results of the analysis of the relationship of religiosity with adolescent sexual behavior

The results of bivariate analysis research on religiosity with adolescent sexual behavior can be seen as follows.

Based on Table 4, the results show that of 58 teenagers who have a low level of religiosity, as many as 55.2% (32 people) engage in risky sexual behavior, this percentage is higher when compared to risky sexual behavior carried out by teenagers with a high level of religiosity namely 31%.

Table 4.

Distribution of religiosity and adolescent sexual behavior in the East Lampung region.

Religiosity	Sexual behavior is not at risk		Risk of sexual behavior		Amount		p-Value	POR
	n	%	n	%	n	%
High religiosity	80	69	36	31	116	100	0.04	2.74 (1.4–5.2)
Low religiosity	26	44.8	32	55.2	58	100
Amount	106	60.9	68	39.1	174	100

Statistical test results to find out the relationship between religiosity with adolescent sexual behavior using the Chi square test obtained p-value of 0.04 where p ≤ α (0.05), which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted meaning there is a relationship between adolescent religiosity and sexual behavior in teenager in East Lampung. The results of the analysis also obtained a Prevalence Odd Ratio (POR) of 2.74, meaning that teens who have low religiosity have a greater chance of 2.74 times doing risky sexual behavior than those who have high religiosity.

Based on Table 5, the results show that of 88 teenagers who come from families whose parents have less role in preventing premarital sexual behavior in adolescents, 51.1% (45 people) engage in risky sexual behavior, this percentage is higher when compared to sexual behavior risk carried out by adolescents who come from families where parents have a good role in preventing premarital sexual behavior in adolescents is 26.7%.

Table 5.

Distribution of the relationship between the roles of parents and adolescent sexual behavior in the East Lampung region.

The roles of parents to adolescent sexual behavior	Sexual behavior is not at risk		Sexual behavior is not at risk		Amount		p-Value	POR
	n	%	n	%	n	%
The role of parent was good	63	73.3	23	26.7	86	100	0.02	2.87 (1.5–5.41)
Lack of parental role	43	48.9	45	51.1	88	100
Amount	106	60.9	68	39.1	174	100

Statistical test results to determine the relationship between the role of parents in preventing premarital sexual behavior in adolescents, with adolescent sexual behavior using the chi-square test obtained p-value of 0.02 where p ≤ α (0.05), which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted meaning that there is a relationship between the role of parents in preventing premarital sexual behavior in adolescents, and sexual behavior in adolescents in East Lampung. The analysis also shows that the Prevalence Odd Ratio (POR) of 2.87 means that adolescents who have parents who have less role in preventing premarital sexual behavior have a 2.87 times greater chance of engaging in risky sexual behavior than those who have parents who play a good role in prevent premarital sexual behavior.

Based on Table 6, the results show that out of 116 adolescents who have been exposed to pornography, 52.6% (61 people) engage in risky sexual behavior, this percentage is higher than risky sexual behavior carried out by adolescents who have never been exposed to pornography, i.e. 12.1%.

Table 6.

Distribution of relationship between pornography exposure and adolescent sexual behavior in the East Lampung region.

Exposure to pornography	Sexual behavior is not at risk		Sexual behaviour's risk		Amount		p-Value	POR
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Never been exposed to pornography	51	87.9	7	12.1	58	100	0.00	8.1 (3.38–19.3)
Have been exposed to pornography	55	47.4	61	52.6	116	100
Amount	106	60.9	68	39.1	174	100

Statistical test results to determine the relationship between exposure to pornography on premarital sexual behavior in adolescents, with adolescent sexual behavior using the chi-square test obtained p-value of 0.00 where p ≤ α (0.05), which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted meaning there is the relationship between exposure to pornography, and sexual behavior in adolescents in East Lampung. The analysis also obtained a Prevalence Odd Ratio (POR) of 8.1, meaning that adolescents who have been exposed to pornography have a greater chance of 8.1 times engaging in risky sexual behavior compared to adolescents who have never been exposed to pornography.

Discussion

The results of research conducted in the eastern Lampung region on religiosity, the role of parents and exposure to pornography on adolescent sexual behavior are as described in the following discussion.

Relationship of religiosity with teenage sexual behavior

The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between religiosity and risky sexual behavior where the p value (0.04) and POR 2.74, meaning that adolescents with low religiosity were at risk of doing risky sexual behavior at 2.74 compared to adolescents with high religiosity.

Religiosity in human life has individual functions and social functions.¹⁴ The function of religiosity in an individual's life is as a value system that contains certain norms. These norms become a frame of reference in behaving and behaving to be in line with the religious beliefs they hold. As a motivation, religion has an element of obedience and holiness, so as to give stability, happiness, protection and satisfaction. While the function of religiosity in community life includes the functions of educative, savior, as conciliator, and social control. Through religion can guarantee the continuity of order in moral life and shared order.¹⁵ Based on this, by having faith in a religious teaching (in this case Islam), then practicing worship according to that belief, and practicing religious teachings properly and correctly, the function of religiosity as a norm reference can work well. In other words, actions that are contrary to religious values and norms will not be done/avoided by teenagers understanding religion becomes important, to limit behavior. Religiosity in human life has individual functions and social functions. The function of religiosity in an individual's life is as a value system that contains certain norms. These norms become a frame of reference in behaving and acting in line with beliefs.¹⁴

Relationship between the role of parents with adolescent sexual behavior

Based on the results of research conducted obtained p value (0.02) means that there is a relationship between the role of parents with risky sexual behavior where the POR value (2.87) means that adolescents with the role of parents who are less at risk of risky sexual behavior than adolescents who have a good relationship with parents.

This is in line with the theory which states that open communication between parents and adolescents who lack sexual problems can strengthen the emergence of sexual behavior deviations. Parental supervision is an important factor influencing adolescent sexual behavior. In adolescents who are supervised by their parents will delay and even avoid sexual relations while in teenagers without supervision parents will have sexual relations first at an earlier age. From the United States National Youth Health Study conducted by Esther Wilder of Lehman College in New York and Toni Terling Watt of Southwest Texas State University (2002)¹⁶ said more than 50% of adolescents whose parents were smokers, were found to have had sexual experiences since the age of 15 years. Teenagers whose parents engage in health hazardous behaviors, such as smoking, generally have very active sexual behavior, from a very young age. In addition to imitating their parents’ smoking behavior, these children also drink alcohol, have sex, use narcotics or whatever their peers use. In addition, they are also more easily involved in crime.

The results of research conducted by Prastana¹⁷ in 2005 and WHO analysis on various reproductive health literature from around the world which states that parenting is a risk factor for severe risk sexual behavior. Various interactions between teenagers and parents delay and even reduce sexual intercourse behavior in adolescents. Lack of supervision from parents will accelerate adolescents to have sex. According to Mesch¹⁸ adolescents who are supervised by their parents, adolescents with authoritarian parenting, adolescents who come from conservative families and hold strong traditions and adolescents have a close relationship with their parents will delay the age of first sexual intercourse.

Nursal¹⁹ research results in 2007 in Padang stated that democratic parenting was placed as parenting between permissive parenting and authoritarian parenting. For the interpretation, it is seen the tendency of the respondents in one of their parents’ parenting. Respondents with permissive parenting have 600.92 times the risk of sexual risk behavior compared to democratic & authoritarian (95% CI = 131.9–2736.8). Based on multivariate analysis parenting is the factor most related to sexual behavior after being controlled by other variables.

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the family factor is very decisive in the problem of sex education so that free sex can be avoided. The time of giving of sex education material begins when the child consciously starts sex. Even if a baby begins to be provided with sex education, so he can begin to give male characteristics and which are female characteristics. Can also be given when the child starts to ask his parents about how babies are born. The role of parents is very important to provide sex education at an early age.

Relationship between pornography exposure and adolescent sexual behavior in the East Lampung region

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between exposure to pornography with risky sexual behavior with p values (0.000) and POR (8.1) meaning that exposure to pornography increased the risk 8 times to engage in risky sexual behavior.

The fall of adolescents in free sex and drug bondage, one of which originated from their desire to try. Namely, after they are influenced by friends or other people, and because they are affected by information accessed from various sources.

As stated by Dr. Arthur Ferdinand and Dr. Jeanne Uktolsija, two resource persons in the Youth Health Development seminar, which was held PMI Temanggung Regency in collaboration with Prolife Jakarta health consultants and timber company PT Albasia Bumi Phala Temanggung, in the auditorium of 6 Temanggung Middle School, Saturday (7/2).

Free sex begins with the promiscuity of teenagers who are very free, it turns out crowded and tasty, then they play around and try. And fall into deeds that are prohibited by religion and social norms, said Arthur.

In the presentation that was accompanied by the screening of a number of films illustrating teenage promiscuity, Arthur revealed, adolescents tried to have free sex, especially because of the influence of information received or accessed from various sources. That information can be obtained from his friends or people who are more mature, but for now mainly from information technology and seeing adult films, he explained.

He revealed, now to get information about sex, including negative ones, is very easy to get by teenagers, especially through the internet. Likewise, it is not difficult for teenagers to see stories, photographs or adult films.

In the midst of reproductive hormones are growing in adolescence, if then influenced by negative thoughts and images, then channeling it to negative things. Therefore, it should be channeled into positive activities, such as sports, arts and culture, academics, and others, he said.

Electronic media can be a place to attract attention and increase awareness of various parties toward various developments in the current situation. The tendency of violations of adolescent sexual behavior is increasing because of the dissemination of information and stimulation of sophisticated technology (video cassettes, DVDs, cell phones, internet, etc.) to be unstoppable, imitating what is seen or heard from the mass media, especially because they in general have never fully understood sexual problems from their parents.²⁰

• 1.

  Based on the results of research and discussion on religiosity, the role of parents and exposure to pornography in the sexual behavior of adolescents SMA in East Lampung can be concluded as follows.

• 2.

  Most respondents (66.7%) have high religiosity, more teenage parents who have less role in preventing premarital sexual behavior (50.6%), most teenagers (66.7%) have been exposed to pornography.

• 3.

  Risk of sexual behavior such as kissing the lips, touching sensitive areas, attaching the genitals with the opposite sex until doing copulation is done by 39.1% of respondents.

• 4.

  Religiosity is related to premarital sexual behavior in high school teenagers in East Lampung.

• 5.

  Exposure to pornography is related to premarital sexual behavior in high school teenagers in East Lampung.

• 6.

  The role of parents is related to premarital sexual behavior in high school teens in East Lampung.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

Based on the results of research conducted in East Lampung in 2016 that there is a relationship between several determinant factors with adolescent sexual behavior in East Lampung, the suggestions that the author can give after conducting this research are as follows:

• 1.

  In order for school principals to be more active in extracurricular activities in their schools, in the form of organizations, sports and arts activities, so that the energy possessed by high school adolescents can be optimally channeled into positive activities and minimize youths to carry out negative activities including those that lead to activities that trigger sexual behavior premarital. In order for schools to pay more attention to the behavior of their students while in the school environment, especially in terms of media access and information so as not to lead to increased curiosity to engage in premarital sexual behavior. In addition, schools also need to increase the frequency of religious activities, so that they better understand the positive principles of their respective religious teachings so that they will form positive attitudes toward adolescents not to engage in premarital sexual behavior or stop sexual behavior that has been carried out before marriage.

• 2.

  So that the East Lampung regency education office can support every school in the East Lampung regency to be more active in organizing extracurricular and co-curricular activities for adolescents, both in terms of floating talent, organizational and spiritual activities by providing an evenly distributed budget for Public and Private schools there.