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Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Bibliotecaria, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efectividad de los sistemas de retorno de sangre en pacientes de cuidados intensivos: una revisión de alcance" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2161 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 741687 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anaemia is a common condition in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), with up to 66% anaemia existing prior to admission, 90% on the third day of stay and 97% on the eighth day.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The cause of anaemia in critically ill patients is multifactorial (nutritional deficiencies, erythropoietin deficiency, haemolysis and coagulation disorders, among others), and is worsened by repeated blood samples taken for diagnostic purposes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Patient Blood Management (PBM) programmes have been developed to minimise incorrect procedures in clinical practice. These are based on three pillars: improving the clinical management of anaemia, minimising iatrogenic blood loss and optimising patients' physiological tolerance to anaemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> Inappropriate use of blood products is associated with increased respiratory distress, cardiac overload, iatrogenic infections and haemolysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Between 33 and 75% of critically ill patients receive transfusions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding iatrogenic blood loss, Salisbury et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> concluded that for every 50 ml of blood drawn, the risk of hospital-acquired anaemia (HAA) increased by 18%. Some studies link the presence of catheters as a risk factor for HAA, as they facilitate the collection of blood for analysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Juarez-Vela et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> identified the volume of blood drawn daily for testing as an independent factor for developing HAA (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.03–3.82). Strategies to reduce blood loss associated with phlebotomy include the use of smaller or paediatric tubes; testing only when necessary and not routinely; the implementation of blood return systems, and the use of point-of-care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> For this reason, nursing research in critical care has for years recommended discarding the minimum possible volume of blood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–13</span></a> and/or not disposing of the volume discarded, using blood return systems (BRS). This is a device that stores the waste volume (blood with serum resulting from flushing the catheter prior to obtaining the sample to be analysed) in a reservoir placed on the circuit of the catheter. The advantage of this device is that it enables the total return of the volume of waste while maintaining a closed system. The first BRS was developed in 1987 and was commercialised for use in arterial, central venous and pulmonary artery catheters in 1989.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Currently, the systematic review by Whitehead et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> has identified the use of BRSs as one of the methods with moderate evidence of reducing arterial catheter blood loss by up to 25%. Also, a recent meta-analysis - which was not included in the review as it was published after the second search in September 2022 - but whose abstract<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> had been published, estimated that the use of a BRS, when compared to an open system, reduced the proportion of patients receiving transfusion (RR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.46−0.92), as well as intraluminal fluid colonisation (RR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07−0.58).</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the potential benefits of BRS use in the critically ill patient, our research topic was to identify and analyse knowledge gaps and shortfalls regarding the effectiveness of blood return systems for the prevention of anaemia and complications which arise from their use in arterial catheters, central venous and/or pulmonary catheters (catheter infection and obstruction, altered blood pressure reading) in critically ill adult (>18 years) or paediatric patients admitted to medical, surgical, polyvalent, cardiology or neurology ICUs.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies evaluating closed blood sampling systems (CBSS) or blood return systems (BRSs) published in databases, registries such as PROSPERO and ClinicalTrials.com, grey literature, contact with experts and additional search of references cited and citations of articles selected for inclusion. No web scanning was deemed necessary. No time limits or linguistic or other restrictions were imposed on any of the searches.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies evaluating various strategies to reduce blood loss related to blood collection other than closed blood return loops (e.g., use of paediatric tubes or protocols to reduce anaemia associated with phlebotomy).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Search strategies</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A preliminary search was conducted in July 2021 to locate published or ongoing systematic reviews, as well as to identify potentially relevant articles and identify terms and descriptors for the definitive search. The databases consulted were PROSPERO (<a href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/</a>), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley, 1995-), PubMed (1945-), Embase (Elsevier, 1947-), JBI EBP Database (Ovid) and ClinicalTrials.gov. The search was designed using the following tools: Yale MeSH Analyzer,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> PubReMiner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and Polyglot Search Translator.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final and thorough literature search was conducted in September 2021, and then again in September 2022, to identify potentially relevant documents, including several major health sciences databases such as PubMed (1946-), Embase (Elsevier, 1947-), CINAHL (EBSCO, 1937-), CENTRAL (Wiley, 1996-) and JBI EBP Database (Ovid). The search strategies were drafted by an experienced librarian [CCA] and reviewed by another information specialist [JMM] before running the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) checklist.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The search strategy for each database is detailed in the supplementary material (Appendix B Annex A, Table S1).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The search in electronic databases was supplemented by searching DART-Europe for access to theses, OpenGrey and Google Scholar, and contacting experts. In addition, a supplementary search (citationchasing) was run on the reference lists of papers on studies selected for inclusion in this review. The purpose was to identify additional relevant studies, followed by a systematic citation search (reference checking), compiling all studies citing the articles selected for inclusion using SCOPUS (Elsevier, 1970-).</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final search results were exported to Zotero and duplicates were deleted.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Type of resources</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included primary research and papers summarising evidence from primary research studies that met the inclusion criteria for the exploratory review. This included quantitative and qualitative studies of any design, mixed methods studies and systematic reviews using quantitative or qualitative review methodologies. Clinical guidelines were also included. Surveys, opinion articles, conference proceedings, integrative or narrative reviews, letters, books and editorials were excluded.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Study selection</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to the study selection process, two independent reviewers conducted a pilot test with 15 articles in each of the two phases of the screening process, considering a consensus criterion of over 75% agreement, with the two reviewers obtaining 86% agreement. To increase consistency between them, the results were discussed and the screening was modified before proceeding with the selection of potentially relevant publications by reviewing titles and abstracts and, in a second phase, compared with the full text of all publications identified by the searches. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The selection process was run using Rayyan.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Data retrieval</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two independent reviewers retrieved data from each study using a standardised form following a pre-pilot study. Researchers were contacted if data was incomplete. The following data was extracted for each study: design and sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, variables, type of blood return system, results and conclusions.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Analysis and presentation of results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data extracted from the full text articles were presented in tabular format according to the scoping review guidelines. A summary of the main findings of the review was drafted in narrative format, describing the relationship of the results to the review questions and objectives.</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Results</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Inclusion of studies</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 489 abstracts were analysed, of which 148 were assessed for eligibility, with 18 articles finally included in the review (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Study characteristics</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 18 articles included in the review, 11 were clinical trials,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23–33</span></a> two were quasi-experimental,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34,35</span></a> one was prospective observational,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> two were systematic reviews,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,37</span></a> one was a scoping review,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> and one was a clinical guideline.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Thirteen of the 14 original studies were single-centre studies (92.8%) and 9 (64.3%) recruited the intended study sample.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the original articles, 12/14 (85.7%) evaluated the use of a blood return system in the arterial catheter;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–26,29–36</span></a> only one in central venous and arterial catheter<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> and one did not specify.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> Twelve articles (85.7%) analysed the use of a commercial blood return system,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24–29,31–35</span></a> and only two articles covered systems created <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span> (adding three-step keys). 23,30 Three studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,25,35</span></a> assessed changes in haemoglobin level, comparing open versus closed circuit; two analysed blood loss;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,28</span></a> two looked at the need for transfusion;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,34</span></a> five at catheter infection or colonisation;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,29–32</span></a> and three at other complications associated with the use of a closed, versus open, blood return system. Of these three, one looked at catheter obstruction, thrombosis, presence of pseudoaneurysm or air embolism and two assessed altered blood pressure readings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33,36</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Only one article that evaluated the use of BRS in the paediatric population (reference 29) was located and this assessed BRS only in terms of the risk of infection.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Summary of results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies of clinical trial design have concluded that the use of a BRS decreases blood loss from retrievals for analysis, and this has also been supported by systematic and scoping reviews<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,37,38</span></a> and the clinical guideline.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> However, only one study associated the use of a BRS with increased haemoglobin (Hb) stability during the ICU stay.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Mukhopadhyay et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> reported that the need for transfusion of blood products may decrease with the use of a BRS, if associated with a restrictive transfusion protocol. As for catheter infection, Peruzzi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> concluded that this does not increase. Moreover, Tang et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Oto et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and Raurell-Torredà et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> reported reductions in infection, with the latter referring to the use of a BRS for hourly blood glucose monitoring.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a BRS is not associated with the occurrence of adverse events related to the arterial catheter, such as thrombosis, catheter obstruction, pseudoaneurysm formation in the radial artery, or air embolism, when used for hourly blood glucose monitoring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Nor has it been observed to cause alteration in the mean arterial blood pressure reading.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Nonetheless, there is a risk of overestimation of systolic blood pressure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BRSs are effective in decreasing iatrogenic blood loss, although we agree with recent reviews<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,15,37,38</span></a> that no clinical trials have been published to evaluate their effectiveness after 2014.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All reviews cited agreed that the BRS is effective in reducing blood loss, in line with our results. According to the Retter clinical practice guideline<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,15,37,38</span></a> published in 2013, the use of the BRS should be considered as a good option to reduce blood loss as a result of blood tests (grade 1C recommendation). Despite this, different surveys that have audited the use of BRS reported low usage rates. Of 212 ICUs surveyed by O'Hare et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> in 2001, only 4.2% used BRS. Harber et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> in 2006 reported 16% usage rates among the 84 Australian and New Zealand ICUs analysed. More recently, in 2017, Bielby et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> after analysing the strategies implemented in 78 ICUs in Australia, reported rates of 24.35% BRS use.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the maintenance of haemoglobin levels and thus the need for transfusion, the findings were mixed. The systematic reviews by Siegal et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Whitehead et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and the scoping review by François et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> found that there is a lack of evidence to determine the impact of BRS on haemoglobin (Hb) reduction or transfusion requirements. In contrast, according to the summary review by Keogh et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> BRS does produce a reduction in the number of units of blood components transfused (RR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.47−0.94). According to our results, only one study supported the use of BRS to decrease Hb loss, with no change in the need for transfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The remainder found no significant differences.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the experimental studies that evaluated the effectiveness of BRS for the prevention of anaemia and/or transfusion requirements (5/7, 71.4%) had patients with active bleeding as exclusion criteria, these patients being precisely the ones who could benefit the most from saving blood as a result of BRS according to Page et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to the other systematic reviews, our scoping review analysed adverse events related to the use of a BRS in arterial catheterisation (since 85.7% of the studies included analysed BRS in arterial catheterisation only). Solely the review by Keogh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> examined this complication and agreed with our results that the use of BRS decreases the risk of infection.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the clinical trials included in the current review assessed whether the use of BRS affects the permeability of the arterial catheter, however possible changes in blood pressure monitoring were analysed. Melamed et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> observed that the addition of an BRS modifies the natural frequency of the circuit, without altering the mean arterial pressure, however Woda et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> reported that there is a risk of overestimation of systolic blood pressure.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only one article tested the use of the BRS for hourly blood glucose monitoring in patients treated with intensive insulin therapy, concluding that its use for 48 h did not alter the permeability of the arterial catheter, nor did it cause thrombosis, the formation of pseudo aneurysm, or air embolism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> An in vitro study, not included in the review, demonstrated that BRS may be an additional safety measure for patients in need of blood glucose monitoring, as this would avoid contamination of the test sample with serum glucose from the arterial circuit by ensuring an adequate flush volume.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> On the other hand, another more recent study, also simulated in the laboratory, provided the opposite of Brennan et al’s evidence,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> albeit the flush volumes were different.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude, we have not found any article analysing the cost-effectiveness of BRS. According to Page et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> adding a BRS to the arterial catheter, which lasts 72 h, costs approximately 15 Є. Given that the cost of a transfusion unit in Europe is 150 Є, the investment in an BRS would be lower, particularly in view of the possible benefits of non-transfusion (reduction in mortality, length of stay, etc.), and especially when transfusion ratios in critical patients are high: between 33% and 75% according to data from 2017.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Limitations</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitations of the review lie in the scarcity of recent experimental studies with high methodological quality, as well as studies evaluating the effectiveness of BRS in venous catheters of different calibres.</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conclusions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of devices such as closed blood return systems in patients admitted to intensive care units is recommended to reduce blood loss related to the collection of blood samples for diagnostic purposes. There is no consensus so far as to its ability to improve haemoglobin stability and reduce the need for transfusions. Finally, some studies support the use of these systems, given the low occurrence of adverse events such as catheter-related infections, although they may overestimate systolic blood pressure values.</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Financing</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to databases to search for evidence was through the Virtual Library of the Madrid Regional Health Service (Consejería de Sanidad of the Comunidad de Madrid). No funding was obtained for the review.</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2151562" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1826224" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2151561" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1826225" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Inclusion criteria" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Exclusion criteria" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Search strategies" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Type of resources" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Study selection" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Data retrieval" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Analysis and presentation of results" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Inclusion of studies" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Study characteristics" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Summary of results" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Limitations" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Financing" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack746565" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-12-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-02-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1826224" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Anemia" 1 => "Intensive care unit" 2 => "Critical illness" 3 => "Phlebotomy" 4 => "Blood transfusion" 5 => "Blood specimen collection" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1826225" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Anemia" 1 => "Unidad de cuidados intensivos" 2 => "Enfermedad crítica" 3 => "Flebotomía" 4 => "Transfusión sanguínea" 5 => "Recolección de muestras de sangre" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anemia associated with blood extraction for diagnostic purposes is a highly prevalent entity in intensive care units (ICU) for adults. The evidence recommends its prevention through different strategies, among which we can find the use of closed blood sampling systems (CBSS). Different experimental studies support the use of these devices.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify knowledge gaps regarding the effectiveness of CBSS in ICU patients.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scoping review with search in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library and Joanna Briggs Institute databases, between September-2021 and September-2022. No time, language, or other limits were applied to ensure the recovery of all relevant studies. Gray literature sources: DART-Europe, OpenGrey and Google Scholar. Two researchers independently reviewed titles and abstracts and assessed full texts against the inclusion criteria. The following data was extracted for each study: design and sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, variables, type of CBSS, results and conclusions.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">18 articles were included in the final review, 11 clinical trials (RCTs) published between 1992 and 2014. Three systematic reviews were found, but they only analyzed the effect of CBSS in reducing blood loss, hemoglobin stabilization, and the need for transfusion. Five of the RCTs analyzed the risk of infection, one catheter complications, and two alterations in blood pressure readings.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of CBSS is recommended to reduce blood loss in ICUs. However, there are discrepancies about their ability to prevent anemia and/or the need for blood transfusion. Its use does not increase catheter-related infection rates or alter the measurement of mean arterial pressure.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducción</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La anemia asociada a la extracción sanguínea con fines diagnósticos es una entidad muy prevalente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de adultos. La evidencia recomienda su prevención mediante diferentes estrategias, entre las que se encuentra el uso de sistemas de retorno de sangre (SRS). Diferentes estudios experimentales avalan el uso de estos dispositivos.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificar lagunas de conocimiento en cuanto a la efectividad de los sistemas de retorno de sangre en pacientes de UCI.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Metodología</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Revisión de alcance con búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Biblioteca Cochrane y Joanna Briggs Institute, entre septiembre-2021 y septiembre-2022. No se aplicaron límites temporales, de idioma, o de otro tipo, para garantizar la recuperación de todos los estudios pertinentes. Fuentes de literatura gris: DART-Europe, OpenGrey y Google Académico. Dos investigadores revisaron de forma independiente los títulos y resúmenes y evaluaron los textos completos según los criterios de inclusión. Para cada estudio se extrajeron los siguientes datos: diseño y muestra, criterios inclusión y exclusión, variables, tipo de SRS, resultados y conclusiones.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 18 artículos en la revisión final, 11 ensayos clínicos (ECA) publicados entre 1992 y 2014. Las tres revisiones sistemáticas encontradas solo analizaban el efecto de los SRS en la disminución de la pérdida hemática, estabilización de la hemoglobina y necesidad de transfusión. Cinco de los ECA analizaban el riesgo de infección, uno complicaciones del catéter y dos alteraciones en la lectura de presión arterial.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El uso de los SRS es recomendado para la disminución de la pérdida hemática en las UCI. Sin embargo, existen discrepancias sobre su capacidad para prevenir la anemia y/o la necesidad de transfusión sanguínea. Su uso no incrementa las tasas de infección relacionada con catéter ni altera la medición de la presión arterial media.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are Supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0105" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2161 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 741687 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AC: Arterial catheter; BP: Blood pressure; CG: Control group; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; Hb: Haemoglobin; HTO: Haematocrit; IBP: Invasive blood pressure; ICR: Interquartile range; ICU: Intensive care unit; IG: Intervention group; LLST: Limited life support therapy; MV: Mechanical ventilation; Nf: Natural frequency, how fast the system oscillates when receiving a distortion; NIBP: Non-invasive blood pressure; NS: Not significant; RBC: Red blood cellS; RCT: Randomised clinical trial; SD: Standard Deviation; VAMP: Venous Arterial Blood Management Protection system; WV: Waste volume, blood with serum resulting from flushing the catheter prior to obtaining the sample to be analysed.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main author, year of publication and country \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aim \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Design and sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inclusion criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Exclusion criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Groups and comparison \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Blood return system \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Conclusions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mukhopadhyay A., 2011, Singapore<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To assess the change in Hb in patients with BRS with normal Hb on admission to ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Quasi- experimental, pre and post n = 128 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>18 years; expected stay >24 h; AC carrier; Hb ≥115 g/l on admission to ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active bleeding as diagnosis for admission to ICU; RBC Transfusion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Daily Hb up to day 10 in ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 CG (Regular open system) vs. 78 IG (with BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP, E. (Lifesciences, Irvine, USA) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Decrease in Hb was 3.4% g/l/day (IC 95% 5.91−3.8) in CG vs. 3.1% g/l/day (IC 95% 5.38−3.77) in G (p = NS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In patients with normal Hb on admission to ICU, the use of a BRS does not affect the ratio of decrease in Hb. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gleason E., 1992, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To determine the effect of WV return in total loss of blood \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult patients with AC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Signs of active bleeding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Volume of blood for each retrieval (waste and sample) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 CG (traditional open system with rejection of the WV) vs. 31 IG (BRS designed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Regular BP system in ICU with 2 integrated stopcocks. One stopcock was added with a syringe to retrieve WV. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean (SD) of 11.48 (6.05) ml per sample extracted from CG vs. 7.14 (4.5) ml in IG (p < 0.01) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS reduces blood losses associated with diagnostic tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Macisaac C.M., 2003, Australia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To assess the effectiveness of a BRS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AC Carrier \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age <18 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Changes in Hb value between admission and discharge from ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80 CG (open system) vs. 80 IG (with BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP Plus system (Baxter Healthcare, Toongabbie, NSW, Australia) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Change in Hb during stay in ICU: median [(IQR)] of −4 g/l [–67 a +40] in CG vs. −7 g/l [–84 to +21] in IG (p = 0,33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS does not reduce the levels of anaemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peruzzi W.T., 1993, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To determine the changes in Hb and frequency of transfusions with the use of a BRS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult patients with AC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Signs of active bleeding; patients with CKD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Daily level of Hb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 CG (open system) vs. 50 IG (BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP (Baxter Healthcare, Irvine, AC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The decrease in Hb (mean-SD) was 1 ± 2.3 g/dl in the CG vs. 1.4 ± 2.2 g/dl in the IG (p = NS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS does not affect the decrease in Hb during the stay in ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rezende E., 2010, Brasil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To compare the ratio of transfusions RBC count and changes in blood Hb/HCT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients with AC or central venous catheter; ≥24 h of MV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><18 years; terminal patients, with LLST, signs of haemorrhage, blood pathologies or Jehovah’s witnesses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Changes in the level of Hb/HTC during ICU; number of RBCs over 14 days’ stay \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 CG (with open system) vs. 62 IG (with BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP, E. (Lifesciences, Irvine, EE.UU.) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hb discharge CU (mean ± DE) of 26.5 ± 5.8 CG vs. 29.4 ± 6.0 in IG (p = 0.006); Mean-SD 2.52 ± 1.4 units RBCs in CG vs. 2.25 ± 1.2 units RBCs in IG (p = 0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS reduces blood losses but does not reduce transfusions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mukhopadhya A., 2010, Singapur<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Assess RBC count transfused patient/day during stay in ICU. Difference between Hb on admission/ discharge ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Quasi experimental, pre and post n = 250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>18 years; expected stay >24 h; AC carrier \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active gastrointestinal bleeding or other bleeding as diagnosis for admission to ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RBC count per patient and day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80 CG (open system) vs. 170 IG (with BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP, E. (Lifesciences, Irvine, EE.UU.) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.068 units CH/patient/day IG vs. 0.131 units CH/patient/day CG (p = 0.02). Decrease in Hb (mean ± SD) between admission/discharge of 1.44 ± 2.08 IG vs. 2.13 ± 2.32 CG (p = 0.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS along with restrictive transfusion practice reduces RBC administration. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Silver M.J., 1993, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To compare conventional arterial circuits with new BRS. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not indicated (medical ICU patients) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not indicated \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">WV; mixed WV and volume of blood in sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CG with open system vs. IG with BRS (crossed) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SafeDraw (Viggo -(SpectraMed Inc, Oxnard, California) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The mixed WV was greater in the CG (mean of 48.6 ml/day. IC 95%: 43.2−54.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS reduces losses of blood for analysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Retter A., 2013, Inglaterra<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To draft guidelines based on the evidence of how to handle anaemia and transfusion in critical patients. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical guide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Review of literature up to Dec. 2011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not appropriate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Use of BRS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not appropriate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not appropriate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not appropriate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of BRS would need to be assessed to reduce blood losses related to blood tests (IC grade). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peruzzi W.T., 1996, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To compare bacterial contamination with two BRS. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult patients with AC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients who do not have AC inserted on day one of study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Culture of the different connectors and reservoir syringes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 VAMP group vs. 20 SafeDraw group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP (Baxter Edwards, Irvine, AC)Vs. Safe Draw (Trademark (Ohmeda, Madison, WI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No significant differences in the colonisation of connectors and reservoirs between the two systems. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">When used correctly the BRS does not increase infection. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tang M., 2014, China<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To analyse the effect of two BRS on the incidence of catheter related bacteraemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Critical patients <12 years; expected stay in ICU ≥ 48 h and AC carriers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Exitus during hospitalisation, previous infection on admission to ICU or diagnosis of infection elsewhere \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Contamination of catheter tip, intraluminal fluid or blood cultures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">137 in CG with conventional arterial system (3-way stopcock) vs. 147 for IG (with BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CG GC manual blood return via 3- way stopcock and GI VAMP (E. LifeSciences) with reservoir. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Greater intraluminal fluid contamination in CG (12 [6–17] vs. 3 [0−6] IG, p = 0.02).No difference between bacteraemia and catheter tipped infection. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a commercial BRS reduces the incidence of intraluminal fluid contamination. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Siegal D.M., 2020, Canadá<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To identify risks and benefits of use of BRS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Systematic review \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT; observational studies, systematic examinations, meta-analyses that provide WV with use of BRS, as compared with regular systems or other, in adult critical patients. Examination: 5th Oct. 2017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Studies in neonatal or paediatric patients, clinical, narrative review \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Incidence of transfusion, mortality, stay in ICU and hospital. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 RCTs compared use of regular system with BRS in AC. 4 observational studies compared presence or absence of AC (1) and use of paediatric tubes (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not specified \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Experimental studies have demonstrated that the use of a BRS decreases diagnostic blood loss \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BRSs are effective and can reduce transfusions in adult patients, although there are biases, heterogeneity and lack of results related to possible harms to the patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Whitehead N.S., 2019, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Efficacy of interventions to reduce blood losses associated with phlebotomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Systematic review \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Studies that assess interventions to reduce blood losses associated with phlebotomy; comparisons between group with/without intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Letters, editorials, summaries, studies outside hospital or in emergency admission cubicle. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Does the intervention reduce WV, the decrease in the level of Hb, iatrogenic anaemia or transfusions? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">For the strategy of preventing the use of blood return systems, 8 studies were included. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not specified \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reduction in WV (24.660 [IC 95%: 12.051−37.269]Reduction in decrease in Hb (0.482 [IC 95%: –0.691−1.655]). Risk of need for transfusion (0.920 [IC 95% 0.596−1.421] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of BRS is recommended to eliminate the WV during phlebotomy. There is not sufficient evidence to determine the impact of these systems in the reduction of Hb in the ICU or the need for transfusion. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Raurell-Torredà M., 2014, España<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To compare two BRS for hourly AC control of glycaemia. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult patients with intravenous insulin therapy with AC inserted less than or equal to 5 days \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients with non-permeable AC or poor BP monitoring curve, Flotrac® system carriers or patients receiving LLST \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infection related to arterial catheter; colonisation, the BP distortion curve, catheter obstruction, presence of pseudo-aneurism, thrombosis or air embolism. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 in syringe group and manual flushing vs. 38 in connector group with flushing by continuous flow system \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IG 1: closed system with needlelessconnectors (MicroCLAVE Victus Inc.) and flushing by continuous flow system; IG 2: closed system with syringe and manual flushing. CG: conventional open system not used for hourly blood collection. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IG (1 and 2) without catheter related infection vs. CG 2 infections. Colonisation was greater in connector group vs. syringe group (22.2% vs. 12.2%. p = NS). Thrombosis in 3 patients IG (1 in syringe group. 2 in connector group). RR 0.47 (IC 95%: 0.02−6.52). No effect on other complications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Both BRSs are effective for hourly retrieval in the control of glycaemia. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oto J., 2012, Japón<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Compare the contamination of a blood return system with use of 3- way stopcock and connectors. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 211 (216 AC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult patients who require AC for a period equal to or over 24 h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not indicated \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Incidence of catheter-related infection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">106 IG patients (with BRS) and 105 conventional system patients (3- way stopcock with connector) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP (Baxter, Edwards Critical Care, Irvine, AC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of the VAMP was associated with a lower ratio of contamination (OR 0.16 [IC 95%: 0.03−0.83] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">El BRS is associated with lower risk of AC bacterial contamination than use of 3-way stopcock and connectors. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thorpe S., 2000, Inglaterra<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To determine the blood loss and contamination of BP system with the use of a BRS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Expected stay in ICU ≥ 7 days; adult AC carriers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Post-surgical patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infection of arterial catheter. RBCs given. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52 patients in CG (conventional system) vs. 50 in IG (BRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP (Baxter, Edwards Critical Care, Irvine, AC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In IG, the median (IQR) of 2 (019) RBCs transfused vs. 2 (0−34) in CG (p = NS). Catheters colonised (20 IG vs. 22 CG, p = NS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not possible to show that use of BRS reduces the need for transfusion and colonisation of the arterial system. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Melamed R., 2012, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To assess the characteristics of the dynamic response of arterial monitoring system with and without BRS and to determine the degree of agreement between IBP and NIBP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prospective observational study n = 49 (53 AC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult patients with AC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AC with incorrect insertion, impossible to observe NIBP in the arm with AC inserted, lack of oscillation in pressure curve. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure. Rapid flow test: natural frequency (Nf) and width of curve \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 arterial circuits with BRS included vs. 23 regular circuits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SafeSet Blood Sampling System (ICU Medical Inc.; San Clemente, California) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conventional circuits presented a higher Nf (Hz) (mean -SD) (15.73 ± 5.13 vs. 9.13 ± 2.58, p < 0.001). In systolic AP. difference between NIBP/IBP was less than 10 mmHg in 56.7% of the conventional circuits vs. 39.1% for circuits with blood return system (p = 0.2). For BP the mean was 73.3% vs. 73.9%. p = 0.96). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adding a BRS to arterial circuits alters the natural frequency of the circuits. Less variability between NIBP/IBP in mean BP readings. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Woda R.P., 1999, EE.UU.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To investigate the dynamic characteristics of arterial circuits with BRS, as compared with conventional arterial circuits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RCT n = 99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adult surgical patients admitted to the ICU, AC carriers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not indicated \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequency of resonance and damper factor of arterial circuit \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51 patients with conventional circuits vs. 48 patients with BRS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Safeset (Abott Clinical Care Systems, North Chicago, IL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No difference between groups as regards circuits’ damper factor, however there was a difference in frequency: 12.5 Hz in the IG vs. 16.7 Hz CG. In CG, 66% of optimal measures (damping / frequency) were in optimal range compared with 37% in the experimental group. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The use of a BRS reduces the frequency of resonance and can overestimate systolic pressure. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">François R., 2022, Canadá<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">To produce a summary of clinical interventions directed at reducing blood losses for diagnostic purposes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Scoping review \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Randomised and crossover clinical trials, case-controls and cohorts in neonatal, paediatric hospitalised and/or adult patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Palliative cases, outpatients, emergencies, umbilical cord analyses, abstracts, posters, editorials, letters and prior examinations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Volume of Hb blood loss during stay, incidence of anaemia, number of transfusions of blood components \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 VAMP studies vs. regular collection; 1 with VAMP Plus; 1 with SafeDraw. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAMP, E. & VAMP Plus (Lifesciences, Irvine, EE.UU.); SafeDraw (Viggo -SpectraMed Inc, Oxnard, California) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Less blood loss with VAMP, although the effect on Hb was heterogeneous. Only two studies showed fewer transfusions in the IG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BRSs are useful in adults but there is little evidence and/or studies with high risk of bias. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3545358.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data retrieval from the articles included.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 26354 ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 86492 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:45 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anemia, bleeding, and blood transfusion in the intensive care unit: causes, risks, costs, and new strategies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.T. 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Review article
Effectiveness of closed blood sampling systems in intensive care patients: a scoping review
Efectividad de los sistemas de retorno de sangre en pacientes de cuidados intensivos: una revisión de alcance
M. Raurell-Torredàa, S. Arias-Riverab, M.E. Rodríguez-Delgadoc,
, C. Campos-Asensiod, R.-J. Fernández-Castilloe,f
Autor para correspondencia
a Departament Infermeria Fonamental i Medicoquirúrgica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Enfermera Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
c Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
d Bibliotecaria, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
e Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
f Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain