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FRCV: factor de riesgo cardiovascular; MACE: eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.E. Puche, M. Iturregui-Guevara, R. Vázquez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.E." "apellidos" => "Puche" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Iturregui-Guevara" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Vázquez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1889183722000824?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18891837/0000004000000003/v1_202310090919/S1889183722000824/v1_202310090919/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Air pollution and stroke: It's time to act" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "109" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Avellaneda-Gómez, M. Gómez-Choco, P. Armario" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Avellaneda-Gómez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "carla.avellanedagomez@sanitatintegral.org" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Gómez-Choco" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Armario" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Neurology, Complex Hospitalari Universitari Moisès Broggi, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cardiovascular Risk Area, Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Universitari Moisès Broggi, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Polución atmosférica e ictus: es el momento de actuar" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in both high-income countries and worldwide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although age-standardised rates of stroke mortality have decreased worldwide in the past two decades,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> the absolute numbers of people who have a stroke every year, live with the consequences of stroke, and die from their stroke are increasing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,4,5</span></a> Furthermore, the most recently published projections for EU countries for the next 30 years estimate an increase in the total number of annual incident strokes of 3% (from 1.12 to 1.16 million), and an increase of 27% of individuals who will survive the disease (from 9.53 to 12.1 million).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This could be explained either by the demographic trend towards an ageing population<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and the downward trends in stroke-related deaths attributable to: (1) better primary prevention strategies (leading to a higher proportion of mild strokes); and (2) better care and treatment both in the acute and long-term stages after stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Consequently, a shift in stroke burden from mortality to morbidity is likely to be observed in the future.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even with advances in the acute and long-term management of stroke patients, stroke prevention is still considered the best approach to reduce the burden of the disease, with primary prevention being of particular interest considering that more than 76% of annual stroke cases are a first event.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than 90% of the stroke burden is attributable to modifiable and therefore preventable vascular risk factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> Most primary prevention strategies to date have focused on traditional and behavioural risk factors (e.g. hypertension, low physical activity) on stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,8,9</span></a> However, one should not lose sight of the big picture: stroke (like other non-communicable diseases) is the result of a series of chronic conditions that arise from the complex interaction between the characteristics (i.e. genetics, race, gender) and lifestyle of individuals and their natural, social and physical environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> With more than 75%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> of the population in Europe living in urban areas, it is important to consider how environmental hazards concentrated in urban environments, such as air pollution, are contributing to the stroke burden, and to incorporate them in primary prevention strategies.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have reported an association between both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants and stroke in either low, middle and high-income countries. As a result, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm (PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2.5</span>) (the most studied pollutant to date) has been identified as a leading risk factor for stroke, accounting for an estimated 20% of the stroke burden globally.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postulated mechanistic pathways linking air pollution to cerebrovascular disease include systemic inflammatory responses, systemic oxidative stress, predisposition to cardiac arrhythmias, vascular endothelial cell injury, and a prothrombotic state, acute arterial vasoconstriction, and atherosclerotic progression manifesting as increased risk of either IS or transient ischaemic attack.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Growing evidence supports the association of air pollution exposure and cardiometabolic disorders such as arterial hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus or obesity. In fact, some authors consider this cardiometabolic disorders as potential mediators of the associations between air pollutants and stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> In this issue of hypertension and vascular risk, Soldevila et al. present the results of a case-time study including data of 2888 hypertensive patients assessed between 2005 and 2014 in Primary Care Centres and Hypertension Units in the Barcelona metropolitan area. They included individuals (1) aged 18 years and older, (2) with untreated HT, (3) a first registered ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and a clinical BP measure during the study period, and (4) at least one air pollution station within a radius of <3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km from each participants health centre. The main finding of the study is the association of PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span> exposure at daytime and at 24-h lag-period before ABPM and diastolic BP (DBP) (and increase of 1.37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and 1.48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg in DBP for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h lag-period and daytime exposure to fixed 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> increments in PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span>, respectively). No association has been found between PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2.5</span>, NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and sulphur dioxide and ABPM or between air pollutants and clinical BP. This observation study adds new knowledge supporting the effects of short-term changes in air pollutants and hypertension. However, further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms linking air pollution exposure and hypertension and stroke incidence.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While most previous knowledge about the effects of air pollution on stroke incidence to date are based on populations outside Europe,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> a recent multi-country study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> reported a positive association in a pooled analysis including populations from several European countries. A study including the follow-up of 99,446 participants from 11 European cohorts (Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Italy) described an increase in stroke incidence of 19% (95% <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>I: 0.88, 1.62), for each 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> increase in PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2.5</span> concentrations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Similarly, in a large population-based cohort study in Catalonia (Spain) including the follow up of 3.5M participants,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> a higher risk of ischaemic stroke was described in relation to exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) (4% per 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> of NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> [95% CI: 1.03–1.06]), and black carbon (BC) (5% per 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> of BC [95% CI:1.00–1.10]), both NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and BC being considered good indicators of near-road traffic pollution. The authors of this studies highlighted that the increased incidence of stroke was still present for participants exposed to annual concentrations of air pollutants below those established by current European Union legislation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a result of this growing evidence, one of the main aims of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Stroke Organization</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ESO</span>)-Action Plan (2018–2030)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> is to reduce the burden of stroke related to air pollution exposure. However, a literature search of 2 national (Spain) and 4 international societies (the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Stroke Organization</span>, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Society of Cardiology</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">and the</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Stroke Association</span>) clinical practices guidelines on prevention of stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) up to 2019,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> showed that air pollution as risk factor is barely mentioned on CVD clinical practice guidelines on prevention, and none of stroke guidelines reviewed included air pollution as a risk factor.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We find these results thought-provoking: on the one hand, the omission of air pollution in clinical practice guidelines as one of the leading stroke risk factors to be addressed in primary prevention is not encouraging clinicians to participate (together with epidemiologists and administrations) in the promotion, design, and evaluation of specific population policies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> On the other hand, it also results in a lack of guidance to clinicians on how to assess the impact that air pollution may be having on their population. Furthermore, it is unclear whether there are specific recommendations that clinicians can offer to their patients.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increasing stroke burden globally suggests that currently high-risk and population-wide primary stroke prevention strategies are not sufficient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> To achieve this aim, further efforts should be done to incorporate air pollution into primary prevention strategies. We consider we have strong evidence of an association between air pollution and stroke to start working on developing individual stroke risk assessment tools incorporating the risk attributable to air pollution in a specific health area, and reaching a consensus with high-risk and population-wide recommendations to mitigate the impact of air pollution on the disease.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30452-X" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Neurol" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "26" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33340471" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of stroke in Europe and trends for the 21st century" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Y. 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Editorial
Air pollution and stroke: It's time to act
Polución atmosférica e ictus: es el momento de actuar
a Department of Neurology, Complex Hospitalari Universitari Moisès Broggi, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Barcelona, Spain
b Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Spain
c Cardiovascular Risk Area, Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Universitari Moisès Broggi, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Barcelona, Spain
d University of Barcelona, Spain