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Niveles de inseguridad alimentaria y características asociadas en mujeres gestantes de Colombia en el 2015
Food insecurity levels and associated characteristics in pregnant women in Colombia in 2015
J. Martínez-Torresa,
Autor para correspondencia
epidjavier@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, O.A. Gutierrez-Lesmesb, H. Rangel Naviac, J. Córdoba-Castrod, J.I. Anaya-Baldovinod, D.M. Celis-Parrad
a Grupo El Cuidar, Programa de Enfermería, Facultad de Salud, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
b Escuela de Salud Pública, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
c Grupo Comunicación Humana, Programa de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
d Grupo DIDOH, Programa de Terapia Ocupacional, Facultad de Salud, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La inseguridad alimentaria &#40;IA&#41; se ha definido como la incapacidad que tienen las personas en los hogares para adquirir&#44; de manera socialmente aceptable&#44; alimentos inocuos&#44; nutricionalmente adecuados que satisfagan las necesidades fisiol&#243;gicas&#44; para disfrutar de una vida sana y activa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; En Colombia&#44; los reportes existentes sugieren que se ha experimentado un aumento de hogares con IA durante los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#46; As&#237;&#44; en el a&#241;o 2005&#44; se estim&#243; que el 41&#44;5&#37; de los hogares ten&#237;an alg&#250;n grado de IA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; en el a&#241;o 2010&#44; se estim&#243; un 42&#44;9&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Finalmente&#44; para el a&#241;o 2015&#44; en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situaci&#243;n Nutricional del 2015&#44; se reportaron cifras superiores&#44; con un 54&#44;2&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El per&#237;odo de gestaci&#243;n es una etapa crucial para el binomio madre-hijo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;11</span></a>&#46; Durante ese per&#237;odo las gestantes tienen varios cambios fisiol&#243;gicos&#44; conductuales y psicosociales&#44; los cuales podr&#237;an verse afectados por tener un acceso limitado a los alimentos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Algunos estudios han mostrado que la IA tiene relaci&#243;n con diferentes alteraciones durante el per&#237;odo de gestaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a>&#44; resultados de neonatales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a> y algunas alteraciones en el per&#237;odo posparto&#44; como depresi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Durante la gestaci&#243;n se ha descrito una asociaci&#243;n con la diabetes gestacional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> y aumento de peso gestacional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; anemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#44; depresi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; entre otras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Con respecto a resultados neonatales&#44; se ha encontrado relaci&#243;n con parto pret&#233;rmino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; bajo peso al nacer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; problemas cardiacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> o auditivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> en el neonato&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En Suram&#233;rica&#44; espec&#237;ficamente en Colombia&#44; pocos han sido los estudios que han evaluado la IA en mujeres gestantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; La realizaci&#243;n de trabajos que eval&#250;en las posibles caracter&#237;sticas que se asocian con la IA en gestantes toma importancia&#44; ya que por medio de ellos se pueden tomar decisiones que eviten complicaciones en la gestante o en el neonato a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;11</span></a>&#46; Por lo anterior&#44; este trabajo pretende&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;</span>&#41; Describir los niveles de IA en mujeres gestantes en Colombia&#59; adicionalmente&#44; este trabajo pretende&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ii&#46;</span>&#41; Estimar la magnitud de la asociaci&#243;n entre la IA y las caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; antropom&#233;tricas y nutricionales en mujeres gestantes de Colombia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Metodolog&#237;a</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tipo de estudio&#44; poblaci&#243;n y muestra</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal anal&#237;tico&#59; se trata de un an&#225;lisis secundario a la Encuesta Nacional de la Situaci&#243;n Nutricional del a&#241;o 2015 &#40;Ensin-2015&#41; de Colombia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La poblaci&#243;n estaba compuesta por la poblaci&#243;n civil no institucionalizada&#44; que fuese residente habitual de los diferentes hogares en todo el territorio nacional&#46; Para el marco muestral se utiliz&#243; como referencia el Censo de Poblaci&#243;n y Vivienda del a&#241;o 2005&#44; realizado por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad&#237;stica de Colombia &#40;DANE&#41;&#46; Se us&#243; un dise&#241;o muestral probabil&#237;stico&#44; por conglomerados&#44; estratificado y poliet&#225;pico&#46; Para el presente reporte se utiliz&#243; la informaci&#243;n recolectada en todas las mujeres gestantes evaluadas en los hogares&#46; El total fue de 1393 mujeres gestantes de entre 12 y 48 a&#241;os de edad&#46; Para mayores detalles relacionados con el dise&#241;o muestral se sugiere revisar el anexo 11 de la Ensin-2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Procedimientos</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Inseguridad alimentaria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los niveles de IA se obtuvieron con la aplicaci&#243;n de la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribe&#241;a de Seguridad Alimentaria &#40;ELCSA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Las preguntas de la ELCSA aplicada tuvieron una temporalidad de los &#250;ltimos 30 d&#237;as&#46; Para determinar los niveles de IA se utiliz&#243; la metodolog&#237;a establecida por el Manual de Uso y Aplicaci&#243;n de la Organizaci&#243;n de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentaci&#243;n y la Agricultura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se tom&#243; la siguiente informaci&#243;n&#58; edad &#40;13 a 17 a&#241;os&#44; 18 a 29 a&#241;os&#44; y 30 a 48 a&#241;os&#41;&#59; trimestre de embarazo &#40;primer trimestre&#44; segundo trimestre&#44; tercer trimestre&#44; no sabe&#41;&#59; &#225;rea de residencia &#40;urbana&#44; rural&#41;&#59; regi&#243;n geogr&#225;fica&#58; &#40;Atl&#225;ntica&#44; Oriental&#44; Central&#44; Pac&#237;fica&#44; Bogot&#225; y Orinoquia y Amazonia&#41;&#59; etnia&#58; &#40;ind&#237;gena&#44; negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente&#44; y sin pertenencia &#233;tnica&#41;&#59; el nivel socioecon&#243;mico de cada hogar fue estimado a trav&#233;s del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#237;ndice de riqueza</span> de Filmer y Pritcher<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; esta variable se categoriz&#243; el cuartil&#59; los cuartiles m&#225;s bajos son considerados los m&#225;s vulnerables de la sociedad&#44; adicionalmente en los hogares se estimaron los niveles de satisfacci&#243;n de las necesidades habitacionales de la poblaci&#243;n por medio de dos indicadores generados por el DANE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#58; d&#233;ficit cualitativo y d&#233;ficit cuantitativo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clasificaci&#243;n del estado nutricional &#40;bajo peso para la edad gestacional&#44; adecuado para la edad gestacional&#44; sobrepeso para la edad gestacional&#41;&#46; Para la clasificaci&#243;n se us&#243; el modelo propuesto por Atalah et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Vitaminas y minerales</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; se evaluaron las deficiencias de ferritina&#44; vitamina D y vitamina B12&#46; La medici&#243;n de la ferritina &#40;deficiencia &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L y sin deficiencia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&#41;&#44; vitamina D &#40;deficiencia &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;mL y sin deficiencia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;mL&#41; y vitamina B12 &#40;deficiencia &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>199&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#44; sin deficiencia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41; fueron estimadas por quimioluminiscencia en el equipo ADVIA Centaur XP de Siemens&#44; el procedimiento para la toma de las muestras y los puntos de corte estimados para el d&#233;ficit de cada uno de los micronutrientes se especifican en el informe de la Ensin-2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inicialmente&#44; se procedi&#243; a la consolidaci&#243;n de diferentes m&#243;dulos de la base de datos de la Ensin 2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#59; para esto se usaron las &#171;Llaves Hogar&#187; y las &#171;Llaves Persona&#187; seg&#250;n fuera el caso&#46; Posteriormente a la organizaci&#243;n de la base de datos&#44; se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis exploratorio de los datos&#46; De manera seguida&#44; se hizo una descripci&#243;n de la distribuci&#243;n de los niveles de IA por cada una de las caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; antropom&#233;tricas y nutricionales&#59; dicha descripci&#243;n se llev&#243; a cabo por medio de frecuencias absolutas&#44; frecuencias porcentuales&#46; Para estimar la asociaci&#243;n entre la IA y las variables de inter&#233;s se utilizaron diferentes modelos lineales generalizados&#46; Inicialmente se plante&#243;&#44; basados en la naturaleza ordinal de la variable desenlace&#44; un modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica ordinal&#46; No obstante&#44; no cumpl&#237;a los supuestos para llevarse a cabo&#59; debido a esto se decidi&#243; dicotomizar la variable &#40;gestante con alg&#250;n grado de IA y gestante sin IA&#41;&#59; para estimar las razones de prevalencia se decidi&#243; desarrollar una regresi&#243;n de Poisson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En el presente reporte se presenta un modelo bivariable&#44; un modelo ajustado por variables econ&#243;micas&#44; y el tercero ajustado por variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#46; Todos los procedimientos estad&#237;sticos realizados en el presente an&#225;lisis fueron ajustados por el factor de expansi&#243;n de los hogares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Este procedimiento es necesario debido a que por el tipo de muestreo la probabilidad de inclusi&#243;n de los hogares no es igual&#44; por ende&#44; se hace necesario realizar un ajuste por el inverso de la probabilidad de inclusi&#243;n &#40;factor b&#225;sico de expansi&#243;n&#41;&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; el factor b&#225;sico de expansi&#243;n est&#225; ajustado por el factor de correcci&#243;n por no respuesta de hogares&#44; lo cual garantiza estimaciones insesgadas inclusive con informaci&#243;n no obtenida en algunos hogares&#46; Mayor informaci&#243;n relacionada con el dise&#241;o muestral se muestra en el anexo 11 de la Ensin-2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis fueron ejecutados en Stata versi&#243;n 16&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Declaraci&#243;n de sesgos</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Selecci&#243;n</span>&#46; Para disminuir el sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; todos los an&#225;lisis fueron ajustados por el factor de expansi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; utilizando el factor de expansi&#243;n del hogar&#46; Ello podr&#237;a generar una sobreestimaci&#243;n de la representatividad de mujeres gestantes que vivan en el mismo hogar&#46; A pesar de esa limitaci&#243;n&#44; se decidi&#243; tomarla debido a que era la expansi&#243;n de la variable de principal inter&#233;s&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clasificaci&#243;n&#46;</span> Los autores declaramos posibles sesgos de clasificaci&#243;n en la evaluaci&#243;n de algunas variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; debido a que ellos se hicieron por autorreporte&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; se pudo incurrir en un posible sesgo en la evaluaci&#243;n del estado nutricional ya que se us&#243; un modelo desarrollado por Atalah et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; el cual no tiene validaci&#243;n en el contexto cl&#237;nico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Consideraciones &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La Ensin-2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> fue realizada de acuerdo con las directrices descritas en la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki&#46; Se proporcion&#243; una descripci&#243;n completa de la naturaleza y el prop&#243;sito del estudio y sus riesgos experimentales a todos los participantes&#46; El Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de Profamilia otorg&#243; aprobaci&#243;n &#233;tica antes de la recolecci&#243;n de datos&#46; Se obtuvo permiso para el uso de la base de datos&#44; a trav&#233;s de la oficina de la Subdirecci&#243;n de Monitoreo y Evaluaci&#243;n del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar&#44; para usar la informaci&#243;n con fines de investigaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La muestra estuvo constituida por 1393 gestantes&#44; cuyas edades oscilaban entre 12 y 48 a&#241;os&#44; con edad promedio de 25&#44;6 a&#241;os y DE 6&#44;6 &#40;IC95&#37; 24&#44;9-26&#44;3&#41;&#46; El 60&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 55&#44;6-64&#44;7&#37;&#41; de las gestantes resid&#237;an en hogares con alg&#250;n grado de IA&#44; la cual se distribuy&#243; en IA severa&#58; 9&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 7&#44;4-11&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#59; IA moderada&#58; 17&#44;6&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 13&#44;5-22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; e IA leve de 33&#44;2&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 28&#44;9-37&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Con respecto a la prevalencia en las diferentes variables de inter&#233;s se encontr&#243; que&#58; aquellas gestantes de entre 13 y 17 a&#241;os&#44; un 71&#44;5&#37; ten&#237;an alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; las que est&#225;n en el primer trimestre de embarazo&#44; un 63&#44;5&#37; ten&#237;an alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; las residentes de la zona rural&#44; un 65&#44;5&#37; presentaban alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; las que declararon ser negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente&#44; un 74&#44;3&#37; ten&#237;an alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; aquellas que pertenecen al cuartil 1 de nivel econ&#243;mico&#44; un 73&#44;4&#37; presentaban alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; aquellas con bajo peso para la edad gestacional&#44; un 67&#44;9&#37; contaban con alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; aquellas con d&#233;ficit de ferritina&#44; un 63&#44;6&#37; ten&#237;an alg&#250;n grado de IA&#46; Los dem&#225;s datos de las prevalencias de la IA se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los modelos de regresi&#243;n&#44; una vez realizado el ajuste&#44; se encontr&#243; que las gestantes que declararon ser negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente &#40;RP 1&#44;22 IC95&#37; 1&#44;01-1&#44;47&#41;&#44; aquellas que pertenecen al cuartil 1 de riqueza &#40;RP 2&#44;23 IC95&#37; 1&#44;41-3&#44;68&#41;&#44; cuartil 2 de riqueza &#40;RP 1&#44;88 IC95&#37; 1&#44;16-3&#44;06&#41;&#44; cuartil 3 de riqueza &#40;RP 1&#44;88 IC95&#37; 1&#44;13-3&#44;14&#41; y&#44; finalmente&#44; aquellas que residen en la regi&#243;n Atl&#225;ntica &#40;RP 1&#44;34&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;08-1&#44;67&#41; mostraron asociaci&#243;n con habitar hogares con alg&#250;n grado de IA&#59; las dem&#225;s variables no mostraron asociaci&#243;n &#40;ver <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En t&#233;rminos de salud p&#250;blica&#44; en nuestro trabajo se encontr&#243; que el 60&#44;2&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 55&#44;6-64&#44;7&#37;&#41; de las gestantes residen en hogares con alg&#250;n grado de IA&#46; Cabe resaltar que el 9&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 7&#44;4-11&#44;9&#37;&#41; de las gestantes residen en hogares con un nivel severo de IA&#46; Este resultado es superior a la prevalencia de hogares colombianos con IA&#44; la cual es del 54&#44;2&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diferentes estudios en todo el mundo han mostrado diversos valores&#59; por ejemplo&#44; en Ir&#225;n&#44; dos estudios reportaron cifras diferentes&#59; el primero&#44; publicado en el a&#241;o 2018&#44; report&#243; que el 67&#44;5&#37; de las gestantes resid&#237;an en lugares con alg&#250;n grado de IA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; mientras que otro&#44; publicado en el a&#241;o 2017&#44; mostr&#243; una prevalencia del 30&#44;9&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Las cifras reportadas en pa&#237;ses desarrollados son menores que las de la presente investigaci&#243;n&#59; por ejemplo&#44; en Brasil&#44; durante el a&#241;o 2020&#44; se report&#243; un 34&#44;8&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En Canad&#225;&#44; durante el a&#241;o 2012&#44; fue del 25&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#59; y en el a&#241;o 2019 fue del 12&#44;8&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; En Estados Unidos&#44; se report&#243; durante el a&#241;o 2006 un 25&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#59; en el a&#241;o 2010&#44; un 24&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; y en el a&#241;o 2019&#44; un estudio de cohortes mostr&#243; cifras del 11&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; La variabilidad entre las cifras de IA en gestantes colombianas y otros pa&#237;ses podr&#237;a fundamentarse en factores pol&#237;tico-sociales que influyen en la capacidad de accesibilidad a los alimentos&#46; De igual manera&#44; es importante mencionar que existe una variabilidad de instrumentos que eval&#250;an la IA&#44; los cuales podr&#237;an influir en la estimaci&#243;n de la magnitud del fen&#243;meno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un resultado de inter&#233;s fue que aproximadamente el 75&#37; de las gestantes adolescentes residen en hogares con IA&#46; Tales resultados son inferiores a dos reportes en gestantes adolescentes&#44; los cuales fueron desarrollados en Colombia en los a&#241;os 2010 y 2013&#59; en ellos se reportaron que el 63&#44;3&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> y el 65&#44;4&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> de las mujeres viv&#237;an en hogares con alg&#250;n grado de IA&#46; Aunque en los modelos de regresi&#243;n no se mostr&#243; ninguna asociaci&#243;n&#44; esa cifra es de especial inter&#233;s debido a que se ha descrito que el embarazo en adolescentes trae consigo una serie de complicaciones sociales para ellas&#44; que&#44; sumadas a la IA&#44; pueden aportar al desarrollo de complicaciones durante la gestaci&#243;n o en el desarrollo fetal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Estudios que han evaluado la edad muestran que las gestantes que tienen IA tienden a ser m&#225;s j&#243;venes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;25</span></a>&#46; En contraste&#44; en Brasil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> y en Estados Unidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a> se report&#243; que las adolescentes no tienen mayor riesgo de residir en hogares con IA&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El trimestre de embarazo no mostr&#243; relaci&#243;n con la IA&#46; Ese resultado tambi&#233;n fue reportado por Park y Eicher-Miller<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> y Gamba et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> en gestantes americanas&#46; Por otro lado&#44; en relaci&#243;n con las diferentes regiones geogr&#225;ficas&#44; solamente se encontr&#243; asociaci&#243;n con la residencia en la regi&#243;n Atl&#225;ntica &#40;RP 1&#44;34&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;08-1&#44;67&#41;&#46; Aunque no se encontraron estudios con los cuales contrastar el comportamiento de la IA seg&#250;n la zona geogr&#225;fica&#44; se hace evidente la gran variabilidad entre pa&#237;ses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;11&#44;20&#8211;25</span></a>&#46; Uno de los pocos estudios que exploraron dicha relaci&#243;n evalu&#243; la relaci&#243;n entre dos diferentes zonas de una ciudad canadiense&#59; en &#233;l se expuso que exist&#237;an diferencias&#59; sin embargo&#44; es importante aclarar que los autores atribuyen las diferencias encontradas a las desigualdades socioecon&#243;micas subyacentes de los dos lugares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los hallazgos del presente trabajo se resalta la robusta relaci&#243;n que tiene el nivel socioecon&#243;mico&#59; en todos los modelos de regresi&#243;n se encontr&#243; que a menor nivel socioecon&#243;mico&#44; mayor es la magnitud de asociaci&#243;n con la IA&#46; Esos resultados concuerdan con los reportados en Brasil&#44; en el a&#241;o 2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#59; en Canad&#225;&#44; en el a&#241;o 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#59; en Estados Unidos&#44; en el a&#241;o 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> y 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; indistintamente del indicador econ&#243;mico que se use&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diferentes autores han descrito que en las mujeres ocurre una paradoja de la obesidad en hogares con IA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Nuestros resultados muestran que no existe asociaci&#243;n entre la IA y la composici&#243;n corporal&#44; el cual es un resultado similar al reportado en una muestra de adolescentes gestantes de Colombia en el a&#241;o 2013<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Estudios que han evaluado esa relaci&#243;n muestran que las mujeres que tienen obesidad antes del per&#237;odo de la gestaci&#243;n presentan aproximadamente un 200&#37; m&#225;s de probabilidad de residir en hogares con IA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Generalmente&#44; los estudios que han explorado la relaci&#243;n entre la composici&#243;n corporal y la IA&#44; durante el per&#237;odo de gestaci&#243;n&#44; han mostrado que las gestantes residentes en hogares con IA tienen mayores elevaciones de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;30</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio no se hall&#243; asociaci&#243;n con la deficiencia de ning&#250;n micronutriente&#46; En contraste&#44; un estudio reporte del a&#241;o 2014&#44; en Estados Unidos&#44; mostr&#243; que las gestantes que resid&#237;an en hogares con IA&#44; a pesar de que ten&#237;an una ingesta similar de hierro en la dieta&#44; mostraban diferencias en el consumo de suplementos diet&#233;ticos que aportasen hierro y&#44; por ende&#44; las gestantes con IA ten&#237;an valores inferiores de ferritina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#59; lastimosamente&#44; no se hallaron m&#225;s estudios que evaluaran la relaci&#243;n entre el d&#233;ficit de micronutrientes y la IA&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Fortalezas y limitaciones</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las fortalezas del presente reporte se destaca que es el primer estudio que estima la prevalencia de los diferentes niveles de IA en una muestra representativa de gestantes colombianas&#59; a su vez&#44; es de los primeros estudios en Latinoam&#233;rica que estima la relaci&#243;n entre la IA y las variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas y nutricionales&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el presente trabajo de investigaci&#243;n cuenta con limitaciones&#59; entre ellas&#44; la naturaleza del estudio &#40;dise&#241;o transversal&#41;&#44; que no permite asumir mecanismos causales&#46; Es necesario reportar que&#44; a pesar de realizar el ajuste por el factor de expansi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; este podr&#237;a sobreestimar la representatividad si m&#225;s de una mujer gestante residiera en un hogar&#59; ello debido a que se us&#243; el factor de expansi&#243;n de los hogares&#46; A pesar de las limitaciones&#44; la informaci&#243;n que se presenta podr&#237;a ser &#250;til para la generaci&#243;n de estrategias de intervenci&#243;n colectivas en la salud p&#250;blica&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se identific&#243; una alta proporci&#243;n de gestantes residentes en hogares con IA en la muestra estudiada&#46; El nivel socioecon&#243;mico mostr&#243; una robusta y gradual relaci&#243;n con la presencia de alg&#250;n grado de IA en gestantes&#44; resultado que concuerda con estudios a nivel internacional&#59; las mujeres negras&#47;mulatas&#47;afrodescendientes mostraron una fuerte relaci&#243;n con residir en hogares con alg&#250;n grado de IA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Consideraciones &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La Ensin-2015 fue realizada de acuerdo con las directrices descritas en la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki&#46; El Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de Profamilia otorg&#243; aprobaci&#243;n &#233;tica antes de la recolecci&#243;n de datos&#46; Se obtuvo permiso para el uso de la base de datos&#44; a trav&#233;s de la oficina de la Subdirecci&#243;n de Monitoreo y Evaluaci&#243;n del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar&#44; para usar la informaci&#243;n con fines de investigaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio primario de este an&#225;lisis fue desarrollado por el Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar &#40;ICBF&#41; y a Profamilia&#44; espec&#237;ficamente a la oficina de Subdirecci&#243;n de Monitoreo y Evaluaci&#243;n del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar&#44; quien entreg&#243; la base de datos&#44; con fines de investigaci&#243;n o aplicaci&#243;n en procesos de ense&#241;anza&#46; Ninguna de las entidades antes mencionadas tuvo influencia en el an&#225;lisis o interpretaci&#243;n de los datos&#59; en la preparaci&#243;n&#44; revisi&#243;n o aprobaci&#243;n del manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores informan que no existen conflictos de intereses&#44; econ&#243;micos o de otra &#237;ndole&#46; Los autores son los &#250;nicos responsables del contenido y de la redacci&#243;n de este art&#237;culo&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaramos que no tenemos conflicto de intereses de ninguna &#237;ndole&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La inseguridad alimentaria es la incapacidad que tienen los hogares para adquirir alimentos inocuos&#44; nutricionalmente adecuados que satisfagan las necesidades fisiol&#243;gicas de una vida sana y activa&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria y factores asociados en mujeres gestantes de Colombia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Metodolog&#237;a</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal-anal&#237;tico&#59; es un an&#225;lisis secundario de la Encuesta de Situaci&#243;n Nutricional de Colombia del a&#241;o 2015&#46; Se evaluaron 1393 gestantes de entre 12 y 48 a&#241;os&#44; mediante la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribe&#241;a de Seguridad Alimentaria&#46; Se examinaron caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; antropom&#233;tricas y micronutrientes&#46; Se realiz&#243; la descripci&#243;n de la distribuci&#243;n de la inseguridad alimentaria por cada una de las variables seleccionadas&#44; a trav&#233;s de frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales&#46; Para estimar la asociaci&#243;n entre las diferentes caracter&#237;sticas de inter&#233;s y la inseguridad alimentaria se utilizaron modelos de regresi&#243;n de Poisson multivariados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 60&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 55&#44;6-64&#44;7&#37;&#41; de las gestantes resid&#237;an en hogares con alg&#250;n grado de inseguridad alimentaria&#59; severa&#58; 9&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 7&#44;4-11&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#59; moderado&#58; 17&#44;6&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 13&#44;5-22&#44;8&#37;&#41; y leve del 33&#44;2&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 28&#44;9-37&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Se encontr&#243; que las gestantes en la categor&#237;a negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente &#40;RP 1&#44;22 IC95&#37; 1&#44;01-1&#44;47&#41;&#44; pertenecer al cuartil 1 de riqueza &#40;RP 2&#44;23 IC95&#37; 1&#44;41-3&#44;68&#41; y residir en la regi&#243;n Atl&#225;ntica &#40;RP 1&#44;34&#59; IC95&#37;&#59; 1&#44;08-1&#44;67&#41; se asociaba con alg&#250;n grado de inseguridad alimentaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se identific&#243; una alta proporci&#243;n de gestantes residentes de hogares con alg&#250;n grado de inseguridad alimentaria&#46; Las gestantes de los bajos niveles socioecon&#243;micos y aquellas pertenecientes a la etnia negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente mostraron ser las principales caracter&#237;sticas asociadas con residir en hogares con alg&#250;n grado de inseguridad alimentaria&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Food insecurity is the inability of households to acquire safe&#44; nutritionally adequate food that meets physiological needs for leading a healthy and active life&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the levels of food insecurity and associated factors in pregnant women in Colombia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methodology</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional-analytical study&#59; is a secondary analysis of the 2015 Nutritional Situation Survey of Colombia&#46; 1393 pregnant women between 12 and 48 years old were examined&#46; Food insecurity was assessed using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale&#46; Sociodemographic&#44; anthropometric and micronutrient characteristics were evaluated&#46; The description of food insecurity distribution was made for each of the selected variables&#44; through absolute and percentage frequencies&#46; To estimate the association between the different variables and food insecurity&#44; we used multivariate Poisson regression models&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">60&#46;4&#37; &#40;CI95&#37; 55&#46;6&#37;&#8211;64&#44;7&#37;&#41; of pregnant women resided in homes with some degree of food insecurity&#59; severe&#58; 9&#46;4&#37; &#40;CI95&#37; 7&#46;4&#37;&#8211;11&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; moderate&#58; 17&#46;6&#37; &#40;CI95&#37; 13&#46;5&#37;&#8211;22&#46;8&#37;&#41; and light&#58; 33&#46;2&#37; &#40;CI95&#37; 28&#46;9&#37;&#8211;37&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#59; we found that Black&#47;Mulatto&#47;Afro-descendant pregnant women &#40;PR 1&#46;22 CI95&#37; 1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;47&#41;&#44; belong to quartile 1 of wealth &#40;PR 2&#46;23 CI95&#37; 1&#46;41&#8211;3&#46;68&#41;&#44; and residing in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">regi&#243;n Atl&#225;ntica</span> &#40;PR 1&#46;34 CI95&#37; 1&#46;08&#8211;1&#46;67&#41;&#44; was associated with some food insecurity level&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A high proportion of pregnant women living in households with some food insecurity level&#46; The pregnant women of low socioeconomic levels and those belonging to the black&#47;mulatto&#47;Afro-descendant ethnic group showed to be the main characteristics associated with residing in households with some degree of food insecurity&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">n&#58; frecuencia absoluta&#59; &#37;&#58; porcentaje de IA en cada clase de cada variable&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No es correcto calcular los &#37;&#42; con las n&#59; todas las estimaciones son ajustadas por el factor de expansi&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13 a 17 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 a 29 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30 a 49 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trimestre de embarazo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No sabe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primer trimestre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Segundo trimestre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tercer trimestre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#193;rea de residencia</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urbana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Regi&#243;n geogr&#225;fica</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Atl&#233;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Oriental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Orinoquia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bogot&#225;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;37&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Pac&#237;fico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ind&#237;gena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin pertenencia &#233;tnica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cuartil de riqueza</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#233;ficit cualitativo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Con d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#233;ficit cuantitativo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Con d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;39&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;19&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;11&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clasificaci&#243;n nutricional</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bajo peso para la edad gestacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;38&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;13&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;16&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adecuado peso para la edad gestacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">169 &#40;40&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">168 &#40;31&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;14&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69 &#40;13&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exceso de peso para la edad gestacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">181 &#40;39&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">148 &#40;31&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;24&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vitamina D</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">299 &#40;33&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">151 &#40;18&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;13&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134 &#40;46&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">138 &#40;34&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;14&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;4&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferritina</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">233 &#40;40&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">206 &#40;33&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">105 &#40;16&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;9&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">104 &#40;18&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;11&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vitamina B12</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">238 &#40;36&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">218 &#40;35&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">88 &#40;11&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IC95&#37;&#58; intervalo de confianza del 95&#37;&#59; RP&#58; raz&#243;n de prevalencias&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Modelo 1&#58; Ajustado por cuartil de edad&#44; trimestre de embarazo&#44; &#225;rea de residencia&#44; regi&#243;n geogr&#225;fica y etnia &#40;variables demogr&#225;ficas&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Modelo 2&#58; Ajustado por cuartil de riqueza&#44; d&#233;ficit cualitativo y d&#233;ficit cuantitativo &#40;variables econ&#243;micas&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores significativos se muestran en negrita&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo bivariable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RP &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RP &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RP &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13 a 17 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;24 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;09 &#40;0&#44;88-1&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;26 &#40;1&#44;01-1&#44;57&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 a 29 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;03 &#40;0&#44;84-1&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;97 &#40;0&#44;80-1&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;86-1&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30 a 49 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trimestre de embarazo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No sabe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;31 &#40;0&#44;99-1&#44;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;24 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;29 &#40;0&#44;97-1&#44;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primer trimestre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;19 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#44;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;17 &#40;0&#44;97-1&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;20 &#40;0&#44;99-1&#44;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Segundo trimestre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tercer trimestre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;06 &#40;0&#44;87-1&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;10 &#40;0&#44;92-1&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;89-1&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#193;rea de residencia</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urbana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;11 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;84 &#40;0&#44;75-0&#44;95&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;11 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#44;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Regi&#243;n geogr&#225;fica</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Atl&#225;ntico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;34 &#40;1&#44;10-1&#44;63&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;22 &#40;0&#44;99-1&#44;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;34 &#40;1&#44;08-1&#44;67&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Oriental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Orinoquia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;27 &#40;0&#44;97-1&#44;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;06 &#40;0&#44;80-1&#44;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;19 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bogot&#225;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;72-1&#44;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;14 &#40;0&#44;81-1&#44;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;71-1&#44;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;00 &#40;0&#44;80-1&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;97 &#40;0&#44;77-1&#44;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;99 &#40;0&#44;78-1&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#243;n Pac&#237;fico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;23 &#40;0&#44;97-1&#44;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;15 &#40;0&#44;89-1&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;15 &#40;0&#44;87-1&#44;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Etnia</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negra&#47;mulata&#47;afrodescendiente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;28 &#40;1&#44;08-1&#44;52&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;17 &#40;1&#44;01-1&#44;35&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;22 &#40;1&#44;01-1&#44;47&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ind&#237;gena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;17 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;99 &#40;0&#44;77-1&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;82-1&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin pertenencia &#233;tnica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cuartil de riqueza</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;71 &#40;1&#44;68-4&#44;37&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;62 &#40;1&#44;61-4&#44;27&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;39-3&#44;57&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;25 &#40;1&#44;38-3&#44;67&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;37-3&#44;65&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;88 &#40;1&#44;16-3&#44;06&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;21 &#40;1&#44;32-3&#44;72&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#44;22 &#40;1&#44;32-3&#44;72&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;88 &#40;1&#44;13-3&#44;14&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuartil 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#233;ficit cualitativo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Con d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#44;28 &#40;1&#44;11-1&#44;48&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;12 &#40;0&#44;95-1&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#233;ficit cuantitativo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Con d&#233;ficit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;01 &#40;0&#44;74-1&#44;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;94 &#40;0&#44;71-1&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;95 &#40;0&#44;73-1&#44;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clasificaci&#243;n nutricional</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bajo peso para la edad gestacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;14 &#40;0&#44;92-1&#44;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;10 &#40;0&#44;90-1&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;12 &#40;0&#44;90-1&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adecuado peso para la edad gestacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exceso de peso para la edad gestacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;02 &#40;0&#44;83-1&#44;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;02 &#40;0&#44;84-1&#44;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;86-1&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vitamina D</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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