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Identificación de factores de riesgo genéticos asociados a la enfermedad vascular cerebral de tipo isquémico en jóvenes mexicanos
Identification of genetic risk factors associated with ischaemic stroke in young Mexican patients
M.C. Jiménez-Gonzáleza,1, D. Santiago-Germánb,1, E.F. Castillo-Henkela, J.A. Alvarado-Morenoc, J. Hernández-Juárezc, A. Leaños-Mirandad, A. Majluf-Cruzc, I. Isordia-Salasc,
Autor para correspondencia
irmaiso.2016@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
b Servicio de Urgencias, H.G.R. No 1. Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
c Unidad de Investigación Médica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, H.G.R. No 1. Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
d Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, UMAE HGO 4. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
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disminuyendo la afinidad de la plasmina a su sustrato<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; El polimorfismo Thr325IIe en el gen que codifica a TAFI&#44; localizado en el cromosoma 13q14&#46;11&#44; resulta en la sustituci&#243;n de treonina &#40;Thr&#41; por isoleucina &#40;Ile&#41; en la posici&#243;n 325&#44; confiri&#233;ndole una vida media m&#225;s larga y un incremento de hasta el 60&#37; en su actividad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46; El polimorfismo Ala147Thr en el gen de TAFI se ha asociado a un incremento en sus niveles&#44; que explica hasta el 61&#44;6&#37; de su variabilidad plasm&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; El inhibidor del activador del plasmin&#243;geno tisular tipo-1 &#40;PAI-1&#41; disminuye la fibrin&#243;lisis al inhibir la conversi&#243;n de plasmin&#243;geno en plasmina&#44; e inhibir la migraci&#243;n y proliferaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas entre el n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico de la placa de ateroma y la luz arterial&#44; predisponiendo la rotura de la placa al disminuir la s&#237;ntesis de col&#225;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; La inserci&#243;n de una guanina &#40;5G&#41; en la posici&#243;n 675 corriente arriba del sitio de inicio de la transcripci&#243;n del gen que codifica al PAI-1&#44; localizado en el cromosoma 7q22&#46;1&#44; se asocia con un incremento en su expresi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; El receptor plaquetario m&#225;s abundante&#44; la glucoprote&#237;na plaquetaria &#40;GP&#41; IIb&#47;IIIa&#44; es un heterod&#237;mero dependiente de calcio que al activarse sufre un cambio estructural que le permite enlazarse a ligandos que contienen la secuencia de amino&#225;cidos&#58; arginina-glicina-&#225;cido asp&#225;rtico-serina&#44; como el factor de Von Willebrand&#44; fibrin&#243;geno y otros receptores IIb&#47;IIIa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; La sustituci&#243;n de timidina &#40;T&#41; por citosina &#40;C&#41; en la posici&#243;n 1565 en el ex&#243;n 2 del gen que codifica a la subunidad IIIa&#44; localizado en el brazo largo del cromosoma 17&#44; induce la sustituci&#243;n de leucina por prolina en la posici&#243;n 33&#44; que se cree mejora la agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; La enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintasa endotelial &#40;eNOS&#41; cataliza la s&#237;ntesis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico a partir de L-arginina&#59; el &#243;xido n&#237;trico regula el tono vascular y previene la enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica al inhibir la activaci&#243;n leucocitaria&#44; plaquetaria y proliferaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; El cambio de una G por T en la posici&#243;n 894 en el ex&#243;n 7 del gen que codifica a la enzima eNOS&#44; localizado en el cromosoma 7q35-36&#44; se traduce en la sustituci&#243;n de glutamina &#40;Glu&#41; por aspargina &#40;Asp&#41; en la posici&#243;n 298&#44; induciendo disfunci&#243;n endotelial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; El polimorfismo C677T en el gen que codifica a la enzima 5&#44;10 metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa &#40;5&#44;10 MTHFR&#41;&#44; localizado en el cromosoma 1p36&#46;3&#44; resulta en la sustituci&#243;n de valina &#40;Val&#41; por alanina &#40;Ala&#41;&#44; y es responsable de una reducci&#243;n en la actividad de la enzima<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar la asociaci&#243;n e interacci&#243;n entre los polimorfismos&#58; Thr325Ile y Ala147Thr en el gen que codifica a TAFI&#44; 4G&#47;5G en el gen que codifica a PAI-1&#44; PLA1&#47;A2 en el gen que codifica la subunidad IIIa de la GP&#44; Glu298Asp en el gen que codifica a eNOS y C677T en el gen que codifica a la 5&#44;10 MTHFR&#44; con la presencia de EVC de tipo isqu&#233;mico en pacientes j&#243;venes mexicanos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio de casos y controles en pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de EVC isqu&#233;mico idiop&#225;tico &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os de edad&#44; ingresados de manera consecutiva de 2006 a 2014&#46; Previo consentimiento informado los pacientes fueron referidos a la Unidad de Investigaci&#243;n M&#233;dica en Trombosis&#44; Hemostasia y Aterog&#233;nesis del Hospital General Regional n&#46;&#176; 1 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social &#40;IMSS&#41;&#46; Se obtuvieron las variables&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41;&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial sist&#233;mica &#40;HAS&#41;&#44; dislipidemia&#44; tabaquismo&#44; y antecedente heredofamiliar de enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica &#40;AHFEAT&#41;&#46; Los polimorfismos&#58; Thr325Ile&#44; Ala147Thr&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; PLA1&#47;A2&#44; Glu298Asp y C677T fueron determinados en todos los participantes&#46; Este proyecto fue revisado y aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social&#44; conforme a las directrices de la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki de la Asociaci&#243;n M&#233;dica Mundial y la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud&#44; modificada en Tokio&#44; Jap&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de EVC isqu&#233;mico confirmado por tomograf&#237;a axial computarizada fueron previamente protocolizados mediante la realizaci&#243;n de los siguientes estudios&#58; ultrasonido Doppler carot&#237;deo y vertebral&#44; ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico o transesof&#225;gico&#44; angiograf&#237;a&#44; resonancia magn&#233;tica cardiaca&#44; electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones y monitorizaci&#243;n del ritmo cardiaco automatizado por al menos 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas&#44; para descartar aquellos pacientes con factores de riesgo para EVC cardioemb&#243;lico como&#58; fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&#44; trombo intraventricular&#44; infarto agudo de miocardio&#44; pr&#243;tesis valvular&#44; cardiomiopat&#237;a&#44; endocarditis&#44; mixoma auricular&#44; persistencia del foramen oval&#44; aneurisma del septum auricular&#44; estenosis de la arteria carot&#237;dea &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#44; disecci&#243;n de la arteria vertebrobasilar y arteritis&#46; Se determinaron las concentraciones de antitrombina&#44; prote&#237;na C y prote&#237;na S &#40;Diagnostica Stago&#41;&#44; anticoagulante l&#250;pico &#40;DVV test&#44; DVV confirm&#174;&#59; American Diagnostic&#44; EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41;&#44; resistencia a la prote&#237;na C activada modificada &#40;rango normal &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&#44; Coatest&#43;APC Resistance V-S&#59; Chromogenix&#44; Suecia&#41; y anticuerpos anticardiolipinas &#40;valor normal &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#59; Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur&#44; Francia&#41; en todos los participantes a los 6 meses posteriores al ictus&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico de EVC isqu&#233;mico se realiz&#243; de acuerdo con los criterios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; El grupo control se integr&#243; por sujetos voluntarios aparentemente sanos&#44; que acudieron al banco de sangre de manera consecutiva como potenciales donadores&#44; sin antecedente de enfermedad &#40;DM&#44; HAS&#44; EVC o enfermedad tromb&#243;tica&#41;&#44; con par&#225;metros bioqu&#237;micos en rangos normales y que aceptaron participar en el estudio&#44; pareados por edad y g&#233;nero con el grupo de casos&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Identificaci&#243;n de polimorfismos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los polimorfismos Thr325Ile y Thr147Ala del gen del <span class="elsevierStyleBold">TAFI</span> se amplificaron bajo las siguientes condiciones t&#233;rmicas&#58; desnaturalizaci&#243;n a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; alineaci&#243;n a 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos y extensi&#243;n a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos por 30 ciclos&#46; Mediante la enzima de restricci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SpeI</span> se obtuvo una banda de 245<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo Thr y 364<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo Ile del polimorfismo Thr325Ile&#46; Con la enzima <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BbvI</span> se obtuvieron bandas de 124 y 304<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo Ala y 428<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo Thr del polimorfismo Thr147Ala&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el polimorfismo 4G&#47;5G del PAI-1 se aplic&#243; una desnaturalizaci&#243;n inicial a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutos&#44; seguida de 30 ciclos de desnaturalizaci&#243;n a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; alineaci&#243;n a 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos y extensi&#243;n a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; y una extensi&#243;n final a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por un minuto&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la enzima <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bsl I</span> y se obtuvo una banda de 99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo 5G y 98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el 4G&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el polimorfismo PLA1&#47;A2 en el gen de la subunidad IIIa de la GP&#58; una desnaturalizaci&#243;n inicial a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutos&#44; seguida de 35 ciclos de desnaturalizaci&#243;n a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por un minuto&#44; alineaci&#243;n a 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos y extensi&#243;n a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; y una extensi&#243;n final a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutos&#46; Se emple&#243; la enzima <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MspI</span> y se obtuvo una banda de 221<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo PLA1 y 177<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para PLA2&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El polimorfismo Glu298Asp del gen de eNOS requiri&#243; una desnaturalizaci&#243;n a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; alineaci&#243;n a 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; y extensi&#243;n a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; por 30 ciclos&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la enzima <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mbo I</span> y se obtuvo 2 fragmentos de 119 y 87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo Asp298 y 206 pb para el Glu298&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El polimorfismo C677T del gen de la 5&#44;10 MTHFR amerit&#243; una desnaturalizaci&#243;n a 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; alineaci&#243;n a 62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos y extensi&#243;n a 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#44; por 30 ciclos&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la enzima Hinf I y se obtuvo una banda 175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo T y 198<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pb para el alelo C&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables continuas se expresaron en media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46; Las variables categ&#243;ricas se expresaron en n&#250;mero de pacientes &#40;n&#41; y porcentajes &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; Las variables continuas fueron comparadas entre el grupo de casos y controles utilizando la prueba &#171;t&#187; de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Student</span>&#46; Las variables categ&#243;ricas fueron comparadas entre ambos grupos a trav&#233;s de la prueba Chi cuadrado&#46; Todas las variables fueron sometidas a pruebas de normalidad &#40;test Shapiro-Wilk&#41; para determinar la distribuci&#243;n de los datos&#46; La frecuencia al&#233;lica de cada polimorfismo fue evaluada en cada grupo utilizando la prueba Chi cuadrado conforme a las proporciones de acuerdo al equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis multivariado de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para calcular el riesgo independiente de presentar EVC isqu&#233;mica expresada con la raz&#243;n de momios&#44; incluyendo en el modelo como variables independientes las variables cl&#237;nicas y los polimorfismos que resultaron con significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica en el an&#225;lisis univariado&#46; Se consider&#243; como diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; Los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se efectuaron utilizando el programa estad&#237;stico SPSS versi&#243;n 20 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 251 pacientes de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os con diagn&#243;stico de EVC isqu&#233;mico&#44; en un periodo de 8 a&#241;os&#44; de 2006 a 2014&#46; Se excluyeron 33 pacientes por presentar&#58; deficiencia de prote&#237;na S &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41;&#44; deficiencia de prote&#237;na C &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#44; anticuerpos anticardiolipinas &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; anticoagulante l&#250;pico &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&#44; resistencia adquirida a la prote&#237;na C activada &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&#44; deficiencia de antitrombina &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; y 14 pacientes por hemorragia cerebral&#46; La muestra analizada estuvo constituida por 204 pacientes j&#243;venes con EVC isqu&#233;mica de origen idiop&#225;tico y 204 controles pareados por edad y sexo&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestran las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y demogr&#225;ficas del grupo de casos y controles&#46; En el grupo de casos la edad promedio fue de 34&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;4 a&#241;os&#44; predominando el sexo femenino en el 58&#44;3&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>119&#41;&#44; con un IMC de 30&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales por orden de frecuencia fueron&#58; dislipidemia en 42&#44;6&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#41;&#44; tabaquismo en 25&#44;5&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#41;&#44; AHFEAT en 24&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41;&#44; HAS en 13&#44;2&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41; y DM2 en 8&#44;8&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;&#46; Se observ&#243; una mayor frecuencia de HAS &#40;13&#44;2&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 6&#44;7&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; tabaquismo &#40;25&#44;5&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 16&#44;9&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; y AHFEAT &#40;24&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 13&#44;7&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; en el grupo de casos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> controles&#46; No hubo diferencia estad&#237;stica para las variables edad&#44; sexo&#44; IMC&#44; dislipidemia y DM2 entre ambos grupos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> muestra la distribuci&#243;n genot&#237;pica de los polimorfismos Thr325Ile&#44; Ala147Thr&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; PLA1&#47;A2&#44; Glu298Asp y C677T en el grupo de casos y controles&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a> se muestra la frecuencia al&#233;lica de los polimorfismos Thr325Ile&#44; Ala147Thr&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; PLA1&#47;A2&#44; Glu298Asp y C677T en el grupo de casos y controles&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se identific&#243; como factor de riesgo independiente al alelo 298Asp &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; T &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; hipertensi&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; tabaquismo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y AHFEAT &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el presente estudio se analizaron 6 diferentes polimorfismos localizados en genes que codifican prote&#237;nas del sistema fibrinol&#237;tico&#44; y relacionados con la disfunci&#243;n endotelial e hiperagregabilidad plaquetaria&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha asociado el aumento en la concentraci&#243;n plasm&#225;tica de TAFI a un mayor riesgo y severidad de EVC isqu&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a>&#46; Aunque los niveles plasm&#225;ticos de TAFI est&#225;n determinados al menos en un 25&#37; por diversos polimorfismos ubicados en el gen CPB2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; el efecto de los polimorfismos Thr325IIe y Ala147Thr en el incremento del riesgo cardiovascular no es concluyente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; En el presente estudio los polimorfismos Ala147Thr y Thr325IIe del gen de TAFI no se asociaron con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico &#40;genotipo p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;09 y frecuencia al&#233;lica p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#59; y genotipo p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;23 y frecuencia al&#233;lica p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#44; respectivamente&#41; en j&#243;venes de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os&#46; Resultados negativos tambi&#233;n fueron reportados por Ladenvall et al&#46; en sujetos &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70 a&#241;os de edad con EVC isqu&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; y por Akatsu et al&#46; en 253 pacientes con una edad promedio de 80 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; En contraste&#44; Kozian et al&#46;&#44; en una cohorte &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;300 individuos&#44; demostraron una asociaci&#243;n entre el genotipo homocigoto Ile del gen de TAFI con una mayor incidencia de EVC isqu&#233;mica prematura&#44; pero no para el polimorfismo Ala147Thr<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; La EVC isqu&#233;mica posee un espectro cl&#237;nico y etiol&#243;gico altamente heterog&#233;neo&#44; la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales y ambientales var&#237;a en distintas poblaciones&#44; as&#237; como el trasfondo gen&#233;tico entre distintos grupos &#233;tnicos&#46; La combinaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica entre factores de riesgo gen&#233;ticos y ambientales en las diferentes etapas de la vida probablemente determine el desarrollo y la edad de presentaci&#243;n de EVC isqu&#233;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; explicando en parte la inconsistencia de los resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El rol del PAI-1 en la fisiopatolog&#237;a de la EVC isqu&#233;mica es m&#225;s complejo en comparaci&#243;n con el de otras enfermedades tromb&#243;ticas&#44; como el infarto de miocardio&#46; Aunque el PAI-1 promueve la ateroesclerosis y es considerado el principal inhibidor de la fibrin&#243;lisis&#44; parad&#243;jicamente su expresi&#243;n por los astrocitos del par&#233;nquima cerebral es un factor protector contra la lesi&#243;n de la barrera hematoencef&#225;lica por tPA&#44; el edema cerebral y la transformaci&#243;n hemorr&#225;gica de la zona de infarto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a>&#46; Estudios recientes sugieren que el alelo 4G del gen del PAI-1 tiene un efecto neuroprotector para EVC isqu&#233;mica&#44; y de riesgo para infarto de miocardio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la distribuci&#243;n genot&#237;pica del polimorfismo 4G&#47;5G en distintas &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas alrededor del mundo es muy variable&#44; tanto en sujetos sanos como en pacientes con EVC isqu&#233;mica &#40;del 28&#37; al 90&#37; para el heterocigoto 4G&#47;5G&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; En nuestra muestra ni el genotipo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;40&#41; ni la frecuencia al&#233;lica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13&#41; con el alelo de riesgo 4G del gen que codifica a PAI-1 se asoci&#243; con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico en sujetos j&#243;venes mexicanos de edad<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os&#46; En contraste&#44; Ranellou et al&#46; reportaron una frecuencia mayor del genotipo heterocigoto 4G&#47;5G en sujetos griegos con EVC de edad<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50 a&#241;os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Hu et al&#46;&#44; en un metaan&#225;lisis que incluy&#243; 8&#46;336 casos y 14&#46;403 controles&#44; identific&#243; al homocigoto 4G&#47;4G como factor de riesgo para EVC isqu&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; nuestro grupo de investigaci&#243;n ha identificado un incremento en los niveles s&#233;ricos de PAI-1 en pacientes j&#243;venes con EVC isqu&#233;mico&#46; Se han observado niveles m&#225;s elevados de PAI-1 en sujetos con EVC isqu&#233;mico en fase aguda en comparaci&#243;n con sujetos convalecientes y en fase cr&#243;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En ratones con oclusi&#243;n transitoria la arteria cerebral media&#44; la inhibici&#243;n de TAFI y PAI-1 por anticuerpos monoclonales disminuy&#243; significativamente la formaci&#243;n de fibrina y el tama&#241;o del infarto cerebral en un 50&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; La evidencia sugiere que el PAI-1 tiene un efecto dual en la fisiopatolog&#237;a del EVC isqu&#233;mico&#44; interviniendo en el desarrollo y progresi&#243;n de la placa ateroescler&#243;tica&#44; pero tambi&#233;n como neuroprotector&#44; limitando la severidad de la lesi&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestra muestra el polimorfismo Leu33Pro en el gen que codifica a la subunidad IIIa de la GP no se asoci&#243; con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico &#40;genotipo p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;61 y frecuencia al&#233;lica p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;80&#41; en j&#243;venes de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os&#46; Resultados similares fueron reportados por Van Goor et al&#46;&#44; al no encontrar asociaci&#243;n entre el alelo PLA2 con la presencia de EVC criptog&#233;nico en 80 pacientes de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; demostr&#243; una interacci&#243;n entre el genotipo PLA1&#47;A2 y el antecedente de tabaquismo en un subgrupo de pacientes de 55 a 69 a&#241;os de edad con EVC lacunar &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio el antecedente de tabaquismo se present&#243; con mayor frecuencia en el grupo de casos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46; Se ha observado en pacientes con EVC isqu&#233;mico con el genotipo heterocigoto PLA1&#47;A2 un incremento en la agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria&#44; en la expresi&#243;n del receptor GP IIb&#47;IIIa y en su capacidad de uni&#243;n al fibrin&#243;geno&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con aquellos sujetos con el genotipo PLA1&#47;A1 en estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Esta variabilidad de los resultados entre diferentes estudios pudiera deberse a la interacci&#243;n entre diversos factores ambientales y gen&#233;ticos&#46; Se requieren m&#225;s estudios que eval&#250;en la interacci&#243;n entre el tabaquismo&#44; las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de fibrin&#243;geno y polimorfismos en genes que codifican receptores plaquetarios&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el presente estudio el polimorfismo Glu298Asp del gen de eNOS se asoci&#243; con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico en sujetos j&#243;venes mexicanos de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os &#40;genotipo p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 y frecuencia al&#233;lica p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; Kumar et al&#46;&#44; en un estudio de casos y controles&#44; identificaron el polimorfismo Glu298Asp como factor de riesgo para EVC isqu&#233;mica en sujetos del norte de la India &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;028&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; En un metaan&#225;lisis que incluy&#243; un total de 6&#46;733 casos y 7&#46;305 controles se observ&#243; una asociaci&#243;n significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; del polimorfismo Glu298Asp con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La homociste&#237;na es un amino&#225;cido formado durante el metabolismo de la metionina&#59; el incremento en sus concentraciones plasm&#225;ticas se ha asociado a disfunci&#243;n del metabolismo cerebral&#44; y es considerado un factor de riesgo independiente de EVC isqu&#233;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; En el presente estudio se asoci&#243; al genotipo homocigoto TT y heterocigoto CT del polimorfismo C677T en el gen de la 5&#44;10 MTHFR con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mica en sujetos j&#243;venes mexicanos de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Jiang et al&#46;&#44; en una cohorte de 39&#46;165 individuos&#44; identificaron 251 casos de EVC isqu&#233;mica en un periodo de 6&#44;2 a&#241;os&#59; aquellos sujetos con HAS y el genotipo TT presentaron un mayor riesgo de desarrollar EVC con una raz&#243;n de momios<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; En contraste&#44; Ranellou et al&#46; no observaron diferencia significativa en la frecuencia al&#233;lica del polimorfismo C677T en pacientes griegos de edad &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50 a&#241;os con EVC isqu&#233;mico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;78&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Un estudio previo realizado por nuestro grupo de investigaci&#243;n identific&#243; un incremento significativo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; en los niveles s&#233;ricos de homociste&#237;na posterior a una carga oral de metionina en un grupo de pacientes j&#243;venes con EVC isqu&#233;mica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> controles<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La inconsistencia de los resultados entre los diferentes estudios sugiere que los pacientes con EVC isqu&#233;mica poseen un genotipo cerebrovascular complejo&#59; se necesita de una cuidadosa estratificaci&#243;n etiol&#243;gica de los pacientes&#44; estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos en poblaciones m&#225;s grandes&#44; una detallada evaluaci&#243;n funcional de la variante gen&#233;tica&#44; y de la validaci&#243;n de los resultados en diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos para determinar el rol exacto de estos genes en el desarrollo de EVC isqu&#233;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con los factores de riesgo modificables pudimos identificar la hipertensi&#243;n&#44; el tabaquismo y la historia familiar de enfermedad arterial cerebral como factores de riesgo independiente para EVC isqu&#233;mica en este grupo de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunas fortalezas del estudio son&#58; 1&#41; los grupos de estudio fueron pareados por edad y sexo&#44; 2&#41; la edad se limit&#243; a &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os para minimizar el efecto del tiempo de exposici&#243;n a los factores de riesgo tradicionales&#59; y 3&#41; se analizaron 6 polimorfismos en 5 genes candidatos del sistema hemost&#225;tico en un mismo individuo&#46; Las limitantes del estudio fueron la falta de medici&#243;n de los niveles s&#233;ricos de TAFI&#44; &#243;xido n&#237;trico y pruebas de agregometr&#237;a&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos proponemos a los polimorfismos Glu298Asp y C677T de los genes que codifican a la enzima eNOS y 5&#44;10 MTHFR&#44; respectivamente&#44; como posibles factores de riesgo de EVC isqu&#233;mico&#46; Los resultados sugieren como mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico implicado la disfunci&#243;n endotelial&#46; Se requiere de m&#225;s estudios en el futuro que exploren los mecanismo tromb&#243;ticos del paciente con EVC idiop&#225;tico&#44; y esperar si nuestros resultados son consistentes en otras poblaciones&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El proyecto fue financiado por los apoyos econ&#243;micos del CONACyT Fondo Sectorial de investigaci&#243;n en Salud y Seguridad Social &#40;No&#46;261887&#41; &#40;FIS&#47;IMSS&#47;PROT&#47;PRIO&#47;13&#47;023&#41; &#40;FIS&#47;IMSS&#47;PROT&#47;G13&#47;1195&#41; &#40;FIS&#47;IMSS&#47;PROT&#47;G16&#47;1616&#41; del Fondo de Investigaci&#243;n en Salud IMSS y la Fundaci&#243;n IMSS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que no existe ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diversos polimorfismos en genes candidatos que codifican prote&#237;nas del sistema hemost&#225;tico se han propuesto como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de trombosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Casos y controles&#44; sobrevivientes de enfermedad vascular cerebral &#40;EVC&#41; isqu&#233;mica idiop&#225;tica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os de edad del servicio de neurolog&#237;a incluidos de manera consecutiva de 2006 a 2014&#46; Por PCR-RFLP se identificaron los polimorfismos&#58; Thr325Ile y Ala147Thr del gen de TAFI&#44; 4G&#47;5G del gen de PAI-1&#44; PLA1&#47;A2 del gen de la glucoprote&#237;na plaquetaria IIb&#47;IIIa&#44; Glu298Asp del gen de eNOS&#44; y C677T del gen de la 5&#44;10 MTHFR&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis multivariado de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para calcular el riesgo independiente de EVC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doscientos cuatro casos y 204 controles pareados por edad y sexo&#46; Se asoci&#243; al polimorfismo Glu298Asp &#40;genotipo p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 y frecuencia al&#233;lica p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; C677T &#40;genotipo p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; hipertensi&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; y tabaquismo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; con la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico&#44; no as&#237; para los polimorfismos Ala147Thr&#44; Thr325IIe&#44; 4G&#47;5G y PLA1&#47;A2&#46; Se identific&#243; como factor de riesgo independiente al alelo 298Asp &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; T &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; hipertensi&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; tabaquismo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y AHFEAT &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los polimorfismos Glu298Asp y C677T de los genes que codifican a la enzima eNOS y 5&#44;10 MTHFR&#44; tabaquismo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n y AHFEAT se asociaron a la presencia de EVC isqu&#233;mico en j&#243;venes mexicanos&#44; no as&#237; el Thr325Ile&#44; Ala147Thr&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; PLA1&#47;A2 en genes que codifican prote&#237;nas del sistema de fibrin&#243;lisis y receptores plaquetarios&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Numerous polymorphisms in candidate genes coding for haemostatic system proteins have been proposed as risk factors for thrombosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a case-control study of consecutive ischaemic stroke survivors aged &#8804;&#160;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#160;years&#44; treated at our neurology department from 2006 to 2014&#46; Polymerase chain reaction&#8211;restriction fragment length polymorphism identified the following polymorphisms&#58; Thr325Ile and Ala147Thr in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TAFI</span>&#44; 4G&#47;5G in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PAI-1</span>&#44; PLA1&#47;A2 in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">platelet glycoprotein IIb&#47;IIIa</span>&#44; Glu298Asp in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eNOS</span>&#44; and C677T in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#44;10-MTHFR</span>&#46; A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent risk of stroke&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">204 cases and 204 age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study&#46; Clinical and genetic variables associated with ischaemic stroke were hypertension &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41;&#44; tobacco use &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41;&#44; and the polymorphisms Glu298Asp &#40;genotype&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#44; allele frequency&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and C677T &#40;genotype&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#59; the Ala147Thr&#44; Thr325IIe&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; and PLA1&#47;A2 mutations were not associated with ischaemic stroke&#46; The 298Asp &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41; and T &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; alleles&#44; hypertension &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41;&#44; tobacco use &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; and family history of stroke &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;04&#41; were identified as independent risk factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The polymorphisms Glu298Asp and C677T&#44; affecting the eNOS and 5&#44;10-MTHFR enzymes&#44; respectively&#44; and smoking&#44; hypertension&#44; and family history of stroke were associated with ischaemic stroke in young Mexican patients&#59; this was not the case for the Thr325Ile&#44; Ala147Thr&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; and PLA1&#47;A2 polymorphisms of the genes coding for fibrinolytic proteins and platelet receptors&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">M&#46;C&#46;J&#46;G&#46; y D&#46;S&#46;G&#46; contribuyeron por igual en el estudio&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
      ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">eNOS&#58; enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintasa endotelial&#59; FvW&#58; Factor de Von Willebrand&#59; GP IIb&#47;IIIa&#58; glucoprote&#237;na plaquetaria IIb&#47;IIIa&#59; 5&#44;10 MTHFR&#58; 5&#44;10 metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa&#59; PAI-1&#58; inhibidor del activador de plasmin&#243;geno tisular tipo-1&#59; TAFI&#58; inhibidor de la fibrin&#243;lisis activado por trombina&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prote&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Funci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Polimorfismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismo propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TAFI</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disminuye la afinidad de la plasmina a la fibrina atenuando la fibrin&#243;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thr325IIe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vida media m&#225;s larga e incremento de su actividad hasta el 60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ala147Thr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Incremento en los niveles de TAFI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PAI-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disminuye la fibrin&#243;lisis al inhibir la conversi&#243;n de plasmin&#243;geno en plasmina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;675 4G&#47;5G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Incremento en la expresi&#243;n de PAI-1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GP IIbIIIa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Receptor plaquetario m&#225;s abundante&#44; que al activarse&#44; se enlaza al FvW&#44; fibrin&#243;geno y otros receptores IIb&#47;IIIa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLA1&#47;A2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Se cree mejora la agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">eNOS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sintetiza &#243;xido n&#237;trico a partir de L-arginina&#44; regulando el tono vascular e inhibiendo la activaci&#243;n leucocitaria&#44; plaquetaria y proliferaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glu298Asp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Induce disfunci&#243;n endotelial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MTHFR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sintetiza homociste&#237;na a partir de metionina&#44; su incremento se ha asociado a disfunci&#243;n del metabolismo cerebral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">C677T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduce la actividad de la enzima<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Genotipos propuestos como factores de riesgo de enfermedad vascular cerebral de tipo isqu&#233;mico idiop&#225;tico</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHF de EAT&#58; antecedente heredofamiliar de enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica&#59; DM2&#58; diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#59; HAS&#58; hipertensi&#243;n arterial sist&#233;mica&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; NS&#58; no significativa&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Casos n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controles n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad&#44; a&#241;os<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mujeres&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">119 &#40;58&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120 &#40;58&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IMC&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dislipidemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87 &#40;42&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">91 &#40;44&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HAS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DM2&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#40;5&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tabaquismo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;25&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;16&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHF de EAT&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;24&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;13&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">eNOS&#58; enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintasa endotelial&#59; GP IIb&#47;IIIa&#58; glucoprote&#237;na plaquetaria IIb&#47;IIIa&#59; 5&#44;10 MTHFR&#58; 5&#44;10 metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa&#59; PAI-1&#58; inhibidor del activador de plasmin&#243;geno tisular tipo-1&#59; TAFI&#58; inhibidor de la fibrin&#243;lisis activado por trombina&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Locus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controlesn<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ala&#47;Ala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">109 &#40;53&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95 &#40;46&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thr147Ala TAFI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thr&#47;Ala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;41&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">91 &#40;44&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thr&#47;Thr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;5&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Thr&#47;Thr&#43;Thr&#47;Ala <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> Ala&#47;Ala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46;109 &#40;46&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 53&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">109 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 95 &#40;53&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46;46&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thr&#47;Thr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">132 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 72 &#40;64&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 35&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">143 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 61 &#40;70&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 29&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4G&#47;4G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;675 4G&#47;5G PAI-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5G&#47;5G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4G&#47;4G&#43;4G&#47;5G vs&#46; 5G&#47;5G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">117 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 87 &#40;57&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span>42&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">103 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span>101 &#40;50&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 49&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">A1&#47;A1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">167 &#40;83&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PLA1&#47;A2 subunidad IIIa de la GP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">A1&#47;A2&#43;A2&#47;A2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> A1&#47;A1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 167 &#40;83&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 16&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 164 &#40;82 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glu&#47;Glu&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glu298Asp eNOS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glu&#47;Asp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">268 &#40;65&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">289 &#40;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PLA1&#47;A2 subunidad IIIa de la GP</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLA1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">366 &#40;91&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">364 &#40;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PLA2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;8&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glu298Asp eNOS</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glu&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">300 &#40;73&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">344 &#40;84&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">108 &#40;26&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;15&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">175 &#40;49&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">203 &#40;55&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">181 &#40;50&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">163 &#40;44&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frecuencia al&#233;lica de los polimorfismos Ala147Thr&#44; Thr325Ile&#44; 4G&#47;5G&#44; PLA1&#47;A2&#44; Glu298Asp y C677T en 204 pacientes de edad &#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45 a&#241;os con EVC de tipo isqu&#233;mico idiop&#225;tico y 204 controles</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HAS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tabaquismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis multivariado de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica considerando a la EVC isqu&#233;mica como variable dependiente</p>"
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    ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global burden of thrombosis&#58; Epidemiologic aspects"
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                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Wendelboe"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Circ Res"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "118"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1340"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1347"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27126645"
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              "identificador" => "bib0225"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nontraditional risk factors for ischemic stroke&#58; An update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "O&#46;Y&#46; Bang"
                            1 => "B&#46; Ovbiagele"
                            2 => "J&#46;S&#46; Kim"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010954"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Stroke"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3571"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3578"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26514189"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke&#58; The Helsinki young stroke registry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Putaala"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Metso"
                            2 => "T&#46;M&#46; Metso"
                            3 => "N&#46; Konkola"
                            4 => "Y&#46; Kraemer"
                            5 => "E&#46; Haapaniemi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529883"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Stroke"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1195"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1203"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246709"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0235"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Aetiological diagnosis of ischaemic stroke in young adults"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Ferro"
                            1 => "A&#46;R&#46; Massaro"
                            2 => "J&#46;L&#46; Mas"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70251-9"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "9"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02134853
Idioma original: Español
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