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Inicio Revista Colombiana de Cardiología Consideraciones nutricionales en el paciente con falla cardíaca crónica
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Vol. 19. Núm. 6.
Páginas 312-319 (noviembre - diciembre 2012)
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Vol. 19. Núm. 6.
Páginas 312-319 (noviembre - diciembre 2012)
Open Access
Consideraciones nutricionales en el paciente con falla cardíaca crónica
Nutritional considerations in patients with chronic heart failure
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16417
Mario A. Hernández1,2,*, Aldo F. Patiño1,2
1 Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Bogotá, Colombia
2 Universidad El Bosque. Bogotá, Colombia
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La insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva es un síndrome caracterizado por reducción del gasto cardíaco, aumento de las presiones de llenado ventricular y activación neuroendocrina, que lleva a un proceso de fibrosis y apoptosis de la célula cardíaca. Afecta alrededor de 23 millones de personas en el mundo y confiere un pésimo pronóstico una vez se diagnostica. Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, la relación entre citocinas pro-inflamatorias, activación neuro-hormonal y alteraciones gastrointestinales conduce a un estado denominado caquexia cardíaca, determinado por pérdida acelerada de peso, fatiga, reducción de la fuerza muscular, anorexia y disminución de la calidad de vida; este proceso es capaz de deteriorar aún más el pronóstico vital de estos pacientes. En las últimas dos décadas, se han realizado avances en el tratamiento farmacológico y eléctrico de la falla cardíaca; sin embargo los estudios en el campo no farmacológico son pocos, en especial en el aspecto nutricional, y así mismo son escasas las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales acerca del tema. En estudios pequeños, una aproximación nutricional ha demostrado impactar de manera positiva la calidad de vida y tolerancia al ejercicio, si bien se requieren grandes estudios para determinar la viabilidad de este abordaje en pacientes con falla cardíaca.

Palabras clave:
insuficiencia cardiaca crónica
metabolismo
nutrición

Congestive heart failure is a syndrome characterized by reduced cardiac output, increased ventricular filling pressures and neuroendocrine activation, which leads to a process of cardiac cell fibrosis and apoptosis. It affects nearly 23 million people worldwide and once diagnosed has a poor prognosis. From a physiopathological point of view, the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurohormonal activation and gastrointestinal disturbances leads to a condition called cardiac cachexia, characterized by accelerated weight loss, fatigue, decreased muscle strength, anorexia and decreased quality of life. This process can further deteriorate life prognosis of these patients. In the past two decades many advances regarding the pharmacological and electrical treatment of heart failure have been made, but studies in the non-pharmacological field are few, especially in the nutritional aspect, and likewise, the recommendations of the international guidelines on the subject are scarce. In small studies, a nutritional approach has shown to positively impact the quality of life and exercise tolerance, although larger studies are needed to determine the feasibility of this approach in patients with heart failure.

Keywords:
chronic heart failure
metabolism
nutrition
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Copyright © 2012. Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular
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