Información del artículo
La coartación de la aorta fue descrita clásicamente como una simple estrechez del istmo aórtico que podría ser “curada” por medio de cirugía. En la actualidad se sabe que es la manifestación clínica de una vasculopatía arterial más amplia, en donde la afección del arco aórtico puede ser variable. La corrección quirúrgica ha demostrado ser un tratamiento efectivo para el manejo de la coartación aórtica nativa y permanece como el de elección en neonatos. De otra parte, la angioplastia con balón es el tratamiento de elección en niños con recoartación, cuyos resultados en la reducción aguda del gradiente aórtico posterior al manejo de la coartación nativa, son similares a los obtenidos con cirugía. La implantación de prótesis endovasculares (stents) ha mostrado excelentes resultados a corto plazo tanto en niños mayores como en adultos con coartación nativa. En pacientes con coartación recurrente considerados de alto riesgo quirúrgico, la angioplastia con balón y la implantación de stent ofrecen una estrategia de manejo menos invasiva e igual de efectiva. Se prefiere el uso de stents sobre la angioplastia con balón en adultos y niños mayores con coartación recurrente, ya que el riesgo de recoartación y formación de aneurismas parece ser menor. No se cuenta con suficiente información acerca de los desenlaces a largo plazo posteriores al tratamiento percutáneo de la coartación aórtica. Este artículo revisa las controversias existentes en cuanto al manejo actual de esta condición.
Palabras clave:
aorta
coartación
tratamiento
angioplastia
cirugía
Keywords:
aorta
coartation
treatment
angioplasty
surgery
Coarctation of the aorta was once viewed as a simple discrete narrowing of the aortic isthmus that could be ‘cured’ by surgical intervention. It is now clear that this condition represents a wider vasculopathy that could affect the aortic arch in a highly variable manner. Surgery has proven to be an effective treatment for the management of native aortic coarctation, and remains the treatment of choice in neonates. Balloon angioplasty is the treatment of choice in children with re-coarctation, and currently available immediate results in native coarctation are similar with regards to gradient reduction as compared with surgery. Stent implantation has shown excellent short-term results in both children beyond infancy and in adults with native coarctation. In patients with recurrent coarctation who are at high surgical risk, balloon angioplasty and stent repair offer a less invasive and equally effective method. Stent repair is preferred over balloon angioplasty in adults and outgrown children with a recurrent coarctation, as the risk for re-coarctation and aneurysm formation seems to be lower. Data with regard to long-term outcome after percutaneous treatment strategies are scarce. This review outlines the controversies in the treatment of this disease.
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