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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación
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Metaanálisis de los efectos del suero salino en la mortalidad en cuidados intensivos
Meta-analysis of the effects of normal saline on mortality in intensive care
A. González-Castroa,
Autor para correspondencia
e409@humv.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, M. Ortiz-Lasaa, J.C. Rodriguez-Borregana, P. Escudero-Achaa, E. Chicotea, B. Suberviolaa, C. Blancoa, Y. Peñascoa, A. Jiménez Alfonsoa, J. Llorcab, T. Dierssen-Sotob
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
b Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, España
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Por otro lado&#44; la utilizaci&#243;n de soluciones cristaloides equilibradas o balanceadas&#44; que se asemejan m&#225;s a la composici&#243;n electrol&#237;tica del plasma&#44; presenta potenciales beneficios debido en parte al menor contenido de cloro en su formulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No obstante&#44; los resultados de aquellos estudios que buscaron diferencias cl&#237;nicas entre el empleo de SS y los balanceados no son homog&#233;neos&#46; Algunos muestran que&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con sueros de alto contenido en cloro&#44; las soluciones balanceadas reduc&#237;an el riesgo de fracaso renal agudo&#44; el uso de terapias de reemplazo renal&#44; coagulopat&#237;a y el uso de la transfusi&#243;n de sangre&#44; mientras que otros no han mostrado beneficio alguno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del presente metaan&#225;lisis es evaluar el efecto que sobre la mortalidad tiene el SS comparado con las soluciones balanceadas en el &#225;mbito de las UCI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha realizado un metaan&#225;lisis de ensayos cl&#237;nicos controlados&#44; aleatorizados y estudios prospectivos secuenciales en el tiempo&#44; que evaluaron la mortalidad del SS en enfermos ingresados en UCI&#46; Se incluyeron estudios realizados en adultos &#40;edad igual o superior a los 18 a&#241;os&#41; ingresados en UCI&#46; La intervenci&#243;n a estudio fue la administraci&#243;n de fluidos de mantenimiento o reanimaci&#243;n de tipo cristaloide &#40;balanceado o no balanceado&#41;&#46; El desenlace primario estimado fue la mortalidad por cualquier causa en UCI u hospitalaria&#46; Los puntos de corte m&#225;s frecuentes fueron la mortalidad al d&#237;a 28 o a los 60 d&#237;as&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica se realiz&#243; en las siguientes bases de datos&#58; Medline&#44; Embase&#44; biblioteca Cochrane&#44; ISI Proceedings y Web of Science&#44; y se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores MeSH&#58; &#171;saline&#187;&#44; &#171;normal saline&#187;&#44; &#171;isotonic saline&#187;&#44; &#171;balanced crystalloids&#187;&#44; &#171;balanced solutions&#187; y &#171;adult&#187;&#44; unidos por el operador &#171;AND&#187;&#46; Los l&#237;mites aplicados fueron&#58; &#171;Adult-all&#187;&#44; &#171;Human&#187; y &#171;Clinical Trial-all&#187;&#46; Se ampli&#243; la b&#250;squeda con t&#233;rminos relacionados&#44; bas&#225;ndose en la bibliograf&#237;a inicialmente revisada &#40;&#171;low-chloride solutions&#187;&#44; &#171;high-chloride solutions&#187;&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; Inicialmente se seleccionaron todos los art&#237;culos que cumpl&#237;an criterios de inclusi&#243;n hasta diciembre de 2017&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La b&#250;squeda fue desarrollada por 2 investigadores de forma independiente&#44; sin limitaci&#243;n de idioma&#46; Las discrepancias surgidas fueron solventadas por un tercer investigador&#46; Finalmente se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda complementaria a partir de la bibliograf&#237;a de las fuentes anteriores&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fueron considerados criterios de exclusi&#243;n&#58; estudios irrelevantes &#40;sin informaci&#243;n sobre la fluidoterapia utilizada&#41;&#59; estudios de revisi&#243;n&#44; tales como comentarios o editoriales&#59; y estudios que no aportasen resultados de mortalidad o no estuviesen realizados en el &#225;mbito de una UCI&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Extracci&#243;n de los datos</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La extracci&#243;n de los datos se llev&#243; a cabo de forma independiente por 2 investigadores &#40;AGC&#44; MOL&#41;&#59; en caso de discordancia entre ambos esta se resolver&#237;a mediante consenso dentro del grupo&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos de cada art&#237;culo fueron calculados de forma estandarizada&#46; Se incluy&#243; el valor de la odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; de cada ensayo con intervalos de confianza al 95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valoramos el riesgo de sesgo para cada ensayo utilizando la herramienta para riesgo de sesgo Cochrane<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">An&#225;lisis de los datos</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El c&#225;lculo de la OR y su IC 95&#37; se realiz&#243; ponderando por el inverso de la varianza&#46; La heterogeneidad se calcul&#243; mediante la I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; utiliz&#225;ndose el modelo de efectos fijos para I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> menores del 25&#37; y el de efecto aleatorios para I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> por encima de dicho nivel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; La presencia de sesgo de publicaci&#243;n se detect&#243; aplicando el test de Egger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; considerando estad&#237;sticamente significativa una p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#44; y gr&#225;ficamente mediante funnel plot<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Como an&#225;lisis de sensibilidad&#44; para comprobar la influencia de los estudios individuales en el resultado global se repitieron los c&#225;lculos despu&#233;s de eliminar uno a uno todos los estudios incluidos&#46; Los an&#225;lisis se realizaron empleando el software STATA v&#46; 14&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con los criterios de b&#250;squeda establecidos&#44; despu&#233;s de eliminar los trabajos duplicados se identificaron 187 publicaciones&#44; de las cuales 71 ensayos fueron elegibles para su valoraci&#243;n m&#225;s detallada&#46; Tras revisar la metodolog&#237;a se excluyeron 63 art&#237;culos por no cumplir alguno de los criterios de inclusi&#243;n&#44; por lo que fueron incluidos 8 estudios para el an&#225;lisis de mortalidad &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La valoraci&#243;n del riesgo de sesgo para cada estudio se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos de los estudios seleccionados &#40;Wu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; Van Zyl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#41;&#44; aunque facilitan los datos de mortalidad&#44; no presentan contribuci&#243;n en los resultados finales del metaan&#225;lisis al no registrarse ninguna muerte en ninguna de las ramas&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los 8 art&#237;culos incluidos en el metaan&#225;lisis fueron los de Wu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; Van Zyl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; Yunos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; Young et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; Young et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; Semler et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; Verma et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> y Semler et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> resume las caracter&#237;sticas principales de los art&#237;culos seleccionados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al metaanalizar los resultados observamos un aumento del riesgo de muerte asociado a la administraci&#243;n de suero fisiol&#243;gico &#40;OR 1&#44;08&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;005-1&#44;17&#41; respecto al uso de cristaloides balanceados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el modelo de efectos fijos dada la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios incluidos &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#37;&#41;&#46; No se encontr&#243; evidencia estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;539&#41; en el test de Egger &#40;funnel plot en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">figura 3</a>&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de sensibilidad &#40;tabla suplementaria 1 disponible en la web&#41; ninguno de los estudios modific&#243; sustancialmente el resultado global al ser eliminado del metaan&#225;lisis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El metaan&#225;lisis de los resultados de desarrollo de insuficiencia renal no mostr&#243; asociaci&#243;n entre el uso de SS y el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal &#40;OR 1&#44;00&#59; IC 95&#37; 0&#44;99-1&#44;09&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Los resultados del funnel plot se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">figura 5</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente metaan&#225;lisis muestra un aumento significativo de la mortalidad en UCI asociado al empleo de SS en las UCI&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con la administraci&#243;n de cristaloides balanceados&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En esta misma l&#237;nea&#44; los resultados previos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; despu&#233;s de analizar la elecci&#243;n de los fluidos en las fases iniciales de la sepsis&#44; evidenciaban que cuando a la reanimaci&#243;n con soluci&#243;n salina se le adicionaba una soluci&#243;n balanceada&#44; la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de estos enfermos disminu&#237;a del 20&#44;2 al 17&#44;17&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; con el dato sobrea&#241;adido de no aumentar costes ni d&#237;as de ingreso hospitalario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; ya se hab&#237;a planteado la preocupaci&#243;n sobre si el uso de SS en la reanimaci&#243;n de pacientes cr&#237;ticos era una pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica adecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Desde un punto de vista fisiol&#243;gico&#44; el hecho de que los l&#237;quidos balanceados imiten la composici&#243;n homeost&#225;tica de los fluidos corporales en mayor medida que los fluidos no balanceados parece una justificaci&#243;n biol&#243;gica suficientemente consistente para entender una mortalidad m&#225;s baja con soluciones cristaloides equilibradas frente al SS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este contexto&#44; es un hecho contrastado y probado que las soluciones de reanimaci&#243;n con niveles supranormales de cloro en los enfermos cr&#237;ticos provocan hipercloremia y acidosis&#44; y aumentan las situaciones de fracaso de la funci&#243;n renal y la mortalidad de nuestros pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; nuestro trabajo no permite aclarar la relaci&#243;n entre el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal y el uso de SS&#46; Por otro lado&#44; otro dato probado es que la hipercloremia se ha relacionado con la mortalidad independientemente del volumen de reanimaci&#243;n empleado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atendiendo a las implicaciones cl&#237;nicas de estos efectos&#44; la British Consensus Guidelines on Intravenous Fluid Therapy for Adult Surgical Patients recomienda el uso de cristaloides equilibrados en lugar de soluci&#243;n salina isot&#243;nica en la mayor&#237;a de los entornos de forma rutinaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro trabajo presenta algunas limitaciones que deben ser consideradas&#46; La mayor limitaci&#243;n viene determinada por el inapropiado enmascaramiento realizado en la mitad de los estudios analizados&#46; De hecho&#44; un doble ciego&#44; considerado apropiado&#44; se ha aplicado &#250;nicamente en 3 estudios&#44; que no supera el 10&#37; del peso del metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;13&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n es importante se&#241;alar que una gran parte de los estudios realizados en cuidados intensivos presentan una considerable heterogeneidad respecto a los diagn&#243;sticos primarios de los enfermos y las enfermedades subyacentes de los mismos&#46; Un tratamiento puede ser beneficioso para un subgrupo de pacientes&#44; mientras que puede ser perjudicial para otro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de reconocer la necesidad de disponer de SS en las unidades de cr&#237;ticos&#44; no es menos cierto a la luz de nuestros resultados y de las &#250;ltimas publicaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> reportadas que deber&#237;a protocolizarse su uso y no infravalorar estos resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estamos hablando de que la medida a adoptar para aumentar la supervivencia de nuestros pacientes podr&#237;a consistir &#250;nicamente en la no utilizaci&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de un suero de reanimaci&#243;n y mantenimiento predeterminado&#46; La mayor ventaja de esta medida es su aplicabilidad por coste-beneficio&#46; Consideramos que est&#225; muy lejos de los grandes desembolsos econ&#243;micos que con frecuencia requiere la implantaci&#243;n de nuevas tecnolog&#237;as en nuestros enfermos &#40;sistemas de circulaci&#243;n extracorp&#243;rea&#44; m&#225;quinas de terapias de sustituci&#243;n org&#225;nica&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; con base en los resultados obtenidos&#44; la utilizaci&#243;n de SS en las UCI deber&#237;a realizarse con la precauci&#243;n debida&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; Alejandro Gonz&#225;lez-Castro reconoce como posible conflicto de intereses haber realizado trabajos de colaboraci&#243;n con la empresa Baxter&#46; El resto de los autores declara no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar&#44; mediante un metaan&#225;lisis&#44; el efecto del suero salino sobre la mortalidad en los pacientes de cuidados intensivos&#44; cuando se compara su uso con el de cristaloides balanceados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha realizado un metaan&#225;lisis de ensayos cl&#237;nicos controlados&#44; aleatorizados y estudios prospectivos secuenciales en el tiempo&#44; publicados&#44; que evaluaron la mortalidad del suero salino en enfermos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos&#46; Se llev&#243; a cabo una b&#250;squeda electr&#243;nica en Medline&#44; Embase&#44; biblioteca Cochrane&#44; ISI Proceedings y Web of Science y una b&#250;squeda manual sobre las referencias seleccionadas&#46; La extracci&#243;n de datos fue realizada de forma independiente por 2 investigadores&#46; Las discrepancias se resolvieron por consenso en el grupo de trabajo&#46; El c&#225;lculo de la OR y su intervalo de confianza se realiz&#243; ponderando por el inverso de la varianza&#46; La heterogeneidad se evalu&#243; mediante I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; El sesgo de publicaci&#243;n se valor&#243; mediante funnel plot y test de Egger&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 8 art&#237;culos para el metaan&#225;lisis de mortalidad&#44; que inclu&#237;an un total de 20&#46;684 pacientes&#46; Se objetiv&#243; una asociaci&#243;n entre el uso de suero salino y la mortalidad en los enfermos de cuidados intensivos &#40;OR 1&#44;0972&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58;1&#44;0049-1&#44;1979&#41; cuando se comparaba con el uso de cristaloides balanceados&#46; No se encontr&#243; evidencia de sesgo de publicaci&#243;n &#40;prueba de Egger p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5349&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de sensibilidad ninguno de los estudios modific&#243; sustancialmente el resultado global si se eliminaba del metaan&#225;lisis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Es posible que exista un aumento de la mortalidad asociada al empleo de suero salino en los pacientes ingresados en cuidados intensivos cuando se compara con el empleo de cristaloides balanceados&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivo"
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            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todo"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate&#44; by means of a meta-analysis&#44; the effect of normal saline on mortality in intensive care patients&#44; when compared with the use of balanced crystalloids&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and method</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Published controlled clinical trials&#44; randomised and sequential prospective studies in time&#44; evaluating the mortality when physiological saline was used in patients admitted to intensive care units&#46; Electronic search was performed in Medline&#44; Embase&#44; Cochrane Library&#44; ISI Proceedings&#44; and Web of Science&#44; as well as a manual search of selected references&#46; An independent evaluation was performed by 2 investigators&#46; Discrepancies were resolved by consensus in the working group&#46; Contingency tables were performed&#44; and the OR with confidence intervals of each study were obtained&#46; Heterogeneity was assessed by I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger test&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 8 articles were selected for the meta-analysis of mortality&#44; which included a total of 20&#44;684 patients&#46; A significant association was observed between the use of saline and mortality in intensive care patients &#40;OR 1&#46;0972&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;0049-1&#46;1979&#41;&#44; when compared to the use of balanced crystalloids&#46; No statistical evidence of publication bias &#40;Egger&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;5349&#41; was found&#46; In the sensitivity analysis&#44; none of the studies substantially modified the overall outcome if it was eliminated from the meta-analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There may be an increase in mortality associated with the use of saline in patients admitted to intensive care when comparing with the use of balanced crystalloids&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forest plot de la relaci&#243;n sueroterapia-insuficiencia renal&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rojo&#58; alto riesgo de sesgo&#46; Verde&#58; bajo riesgo de sesgo&#46; &#63;&#58; Riesgo de sesgo incierto&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Higgins et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Wu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yunos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Van Zyl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Young et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Young et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Verma et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Semler et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Semler et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Generaci&#243;n aleatoria de la secuencia &#40;sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201812250608096393"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201812250608096394"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201812250608096395"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201812250608096396"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201812250608096397"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201812250608096398"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Asignaci&#243;n oculta &#40;sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963910"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963911"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963912"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963913"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963914"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963915"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963916"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cegado de participantes y personal &#40;sesgo de ejecuci&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963918"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963919"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963920"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963921"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963922"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963923"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963924"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Evaluaci&#243;n ciega de resultados &#40;sesgo de detecci&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963925"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963926"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#63;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Datos incompletos de los resultados &#40;sesgo de retirada&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963928"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963929"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963930"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963931"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963932"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963933"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2018122506080963934"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pancreatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ingreso hospitalario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Van Zyl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ingreso hospitalario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yunos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;533&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">UC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ingreso hospitalario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">UC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Young et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;262&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ingreso hospitalario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Semler et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">974&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">UC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RL o PL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Verma et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ingreso hospitalario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00349356
Idioma original: Español
Datos actualizados diariamente
año/Mes Html Pdf Total
2024 Agosto 2 2 4
2024 Marzo 1 0 1
2024 Enero 1 0 1
2023 Octubre 2 3 5
2023 Marzo 3 0 3
2023 Enero 1 2 3
2022 Enero 3 4 7
2021 Diciembre 3 0 3
2021 Julio 1 0 1
2021 Mayo 1 0 1
2021 Abril 5 0 5
2021 Marzo 2 4 6
2020 Diciembre 1 0 1
2020 Noviembre 1 2 3
2020 Octubre 2 2 4
2020 Septiembre 1 2 3
2020 Agosto 1 2 3
2020 Abril 3 2 5
2020 Marzo 1 2 3
2020 Febrero 2 0 2
2020 Enero 1 0 1
2019 Diciembre 137 0 137
2019 Noviembre 18 2 20
2019 Octubre 5 5 10
2019 Septiembre 39 2 41
2019 Julio 2 0 2
2019 Junio 1 0 1
2019 Mayo 3 0 3
2019 Abril 11 8 19
2019 Marzo 11 8 19
2019 Febrero 29 24 53
2019 Enero 117 76 193
2018 Diciembre 17 12 29
2018 Noviembre 0 2 2
2018 Septiembre 0 1 1
2018 Agosto 0 4 4
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es en pt

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Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos