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Editorial
¿Es el momento de incorporar el paquete de medidas Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) a los Programas de Recuperación Intensificada para cirugía colorrectal?
Is it time to incorporate Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) bundles into Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols for colorectal surgery?
J. Ripollés-Melchora,b,c,
Autor para correspondencia
ripo542@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, A. Zorrilla-Vacad,e, J.V. Lorentef,c, R. Weissf,g,h
a Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
b Spanish Perioperative Audit and Research Network (REDGERM)
c Fluid Therapy and Hemodynamic Group of the Hemostasis, Transfusion Medicine and Fluid Therapy Section, Spanish Society of Anesthesia and Critical Care (SEDAR)
d Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, Estados Unidos
e Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Estados Unidos
f Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, Huelva, España
g Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Alemania
h Renal Protection Network, RAPNET
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La lesi&#243;n renal aguda &#40;LRA&#41; es un objetivo controvertido&#44; que se ha abordado a trav&#233;s de diferentes intervenciones&#44; incluidos los protocolos de fluidoterapia dirigida por objetivos &#40;GDFT&#41; y&#44; sin embargo&#44; estudios recientes destacan un aumento preocupante de las tasas de LRA tras la implantaci&#243;n de los programas de recuperaci&#243;n intensificada&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los programas ERAS pretenden responder a la siguiente pregunta&#58; &#191;La aplicaci&#243;n de un conjunto de medidas perioperatorias disminuye la duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria y la morbilidad postoperatoria en los pacientes que se someten a una intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica dentro de estos programas frente a un enfoque tradicional&#63; En lo que respecta a los pacientes sometidos a cirug&#237;a colorrectal&#44; la respuesta general es afirmativa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; aunque la respuesta correcta puede ser m&#225;s dif&#237;cil&#46; En primer lugar&#44; muchas de las intervenciones incluidas en una menci&#243;n son demasiado generales para abordar de forma exhaustiva los problemas postoperatorios espec&#237;ficos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Recientemente&#44; Hollis y Kennedy se&#241;alaron que los programas de ERAS podr&#237;an aumentar ciertas complicaciones postoperatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; incluida la LRA postoperatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Dependiendo de la definici&#243;n utilizada&#44; la incidencia de la LRA var&#237;a enormemente&#46; Con la introducci&#243;n del sistema de clasificaci&#243;n unificado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kidney Disease&#58; Improving Global Outcomes</span> &#40;KDIGO&#41;&#44; los estudios observacionales han demostrado que incluso peque&#241;os aumentos de la creatinina o disminuciones de la diuresis pueden repercutir significativamente en la morbilidad y la duraci&#243;n de la estancia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; mientras que la clasificaci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Risk&#44; Injury&#44; Failure&#44; Loss&#44; and End-Stage Renal Disease</span> &#40;RIFLE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> tiende a subestimar la incidencia de la LRA&#46; Varios estudios han arrojado resultados controvertidos en cuanto a la relaci&#243;n entre la ERAS y la LRA&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; Horres et al&#46; no encontraron una asociaci&#243;n entre los programas de LRA y ERAS utilizando la clasificaci&#243;n RIFLE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; pero estudios posteriores han indicado una asociaci&#243;n significativa&#44; especialmente cuando se utiliza la clasificaci&#243;n KDIGO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Tras agrupar estos estudios en un reciente metaan&#225;lisis realizado por Zorrilla-Vaca et al&#46;&#44; los autores demostraron que los programas ERAS tienden a presentar tasas significativamente m&#225;s altas de LRA postoperatoria&#44; lo que hace temer un posible aumento de la mortalidad a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Esto nos lleva a la pregunta de &#191;por qu&#233; una intervenci&#243;n destinada a mejorar los resultados &#40;ERAS&#41; empeora la funci&#243;n renal&#63;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No hay una respuesta corta ni f&#225;cil a esta pregunta&#46; En primer lugar&#44; la dogmatizaci&#243;n de los protocolos de ERAS ha dado lugar a la aplicaci&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de diversas intervenciones sin un enfoque claro de estratificaci&#243;n basada en el riesgo&#44; algunas de ellas sobrevaloradas&#44; y otras probadas fuera de los escenarios de investigaci&#243;n&#44; porque los programas ERAS no mejoran necesariamente los resultados en entornos del &#171;mundo real&#187; debido a la falta de cumplimiento suficiente de los protocolos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tanto la hipo- como la hipervolemia se asocian a mayores tasas de complicaciones postoperatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#44; por lo que las recomendaciones ERAS pueden conllevar el riesgo de desviar una estrategia de l&#237;quidos perioperatoria hacia uno de estos dos extremos opuestos cuando no se administran con cautela<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Las recomendaciones iniciales se construyeron sobre la base de una matriz que consideraba los factores de riesgo quir&#250;rgicos y del paciente&#46; El llamado &#171;equilibrio cero&#187; se recomienda para los pacientes con bajo riesgo de complicaciones postoperatorias&#44; mientras que la optimizaci&#243;n del volumen de fluido &#40;VS&#41; para los pacientes y&#47;o procedimientos de alto riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han comparado diferentes estrategias de fluidos en t&#233;rminos de resultados renales postoperatorios&#46; Brandstrup et al&#46; demostraron en un estudio de escasa potencia que la terapia de balance cero era comparable a la GDFT en funci&#243;n de los par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; En cambio&#44; un estudio reciente demostr&#243; que la LRA era significativamente mayor en el grupo de terapia de fluidos con balance cero en comparaci&#243;n con el grupo con GDFT &#40;21&#44;4&#37; frente a 13&#44;8&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;040&#41; tras cirug&#237;a de c&#225;ncer colorrectal en un entorno ERAS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; El estudio RELIEF demostr&#243; que un enfoque restrictivo aumenta la incidencia de LRA postoperatoria en comparaci&#243;n con una estrategia liberal de fluidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; por lo que algunos autores recomiendan un balance global positivo de 1-2 litros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Esta recomendaci&#243;n puede apoyar la generalizaci&#243;n err&#243;nea de estrategias liberales en lugar de una fluidoterapia individualizada&#46; Probablemente el mensaje para el cl&#237;nico deber&#237;a ser hacia el fomento de la realizaci&#243;n de una GDFT&#44; ya que un r&#233;gimen de fluidoterapia restrictivo&#44; que no deber&#237;a implicar un balance de l&#237;quidos negativo&#44; no es la soluci&#243;n para nuestros pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conviene aclarar que las recomendaciones sobre la administraci&#243;n perioperatoria de fluidos no deben tomarse como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#171;one size fits all&#187;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;24</span></a> y una mala interpretaci&#243;n de las mismas puede llevar a errores en la pr&#225;ctica diaria&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se ha demostrado que la GDFT disminuye las complicaciones en los pacientes de alto riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; existen resultados controvertidos dentro de la ERAS debido a muchas razones &#40;por ejemplo&#44; euvolemia preoperatoria&#44; reducci&#243;n de la respuesta inflamatoria&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; todos tienen en com&#250;n que los pacientes con hipotensi&#243;n y&#47;o bajo gasto card&#237;aco tienen un mayor riesgo de LRA postoperatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Hay evidencia s&#243;lida que demuestra que los pacientes con niveles adecuados de presi&#243;n arterial y gasto card&#237;aco tienen una menor incidencia de LRA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a>&#46; Los estudios sin diferencias entre los grupos control e intervenci&#243;n tampoco presentaron diferencias en la incidencia de LRA postoperatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Se cree que un bajo cumplimiento de los protocolos de ERAS est&#225; directamente relacionado con una menor adherencia de los algoritmos hemodin&#225;micos&#44; lo que conlleva una mayor variabilidad en la administraci&#243;n de fluidos intraoperatorios y un mayor riesgo de resultados adversos a nivel renal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Teniendo en cuenta la fisiopatolog&#237;a que conduce a la LRA postoperatoria&#44; parece l&#243;gico aplicar protocolos hemodin&#225;micos adaptados al paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; El estudio INPRESS subraya este aspecto y demuestra con &#233;xito que la individualizaci&#243;n es una soluci&#243;n razonable&#46; Los autores concluyeron que la incidencia de LRA postoperatoria se reduce significativamente &#40;riesgo relativo 0&#44;70&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;53 a 0&#44;92&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; cuando se utiliza una estrategia de tratamiento individualizada &#40;es decir&#44; mantener una presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica perioperatoria dentro de un intervalo del 10&#37; del valor basal&#44; junto con una optimizaci&#243;n del flujo y del volumen sist&#243;lico&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la disminuci&#243;n de la duraci&#243;n de la hipotensi&#243;n perioperatoria tambi&#233;n reduce la incidencia de IRA postoperatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Hatib et al&#46; desarrollaron un algoritmo que utiliza el aprendizaje autom&#225;tico para predecir la duraci&#243;n de la hipotensi&#243;n&#44; conocido como &#205;ndice de Predicci&#243;n de Hipotensi&#243;n &#40;HPI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; El estudio HYPE demostr&#243; recientemente que la utilizaci&#243;n de HPI&#44; junto con un algoritmo de optimizaci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica&#44; reduce la gravedad y la duraci&#243;n de la hipotensi&#243;n intraoperatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Este enfoque proactivo parece prevenir los per&#237;odos de hipotensi&#243;n que pueden conducir a la hipoperfusi&#243;n y a la LRA&#44; aunque se necesita m&#225;s evidencia para aclarar su impacto cl&#237;nico&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado que la mayor&#237;a de los protocolos del ERAS no contemplan las recomendaciones espec&#237;ficas para los pacientes de alto riesgo&#44; se suele subestimar la importancia de la LRA postoperatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#44; por lo que a&#250;n no est&#225; claro qu&#233; serie de medidas pueden ayudar a prevenir esta complicaci&#243;n&#46; En el contexto del ERAS&#44; hay dos opciones posibles&#58; &#40;1&#41; considerar a todos los pacientes como pacientes de alto riesgo de LRA&#44; y generalizar la aplicaci&#243;n de los paquetes para reducir la IRA&#44; o &#40;2&#41; aplicar los paquetes adecuados individualmente a los pacientes de alto riesgo de IRA&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio BigPAK pretend&#237;a comprobar el beneficio del paquete de medidas KDIGO &#40;es decir&#44; interrupci&#243;n de todos los agentes neurot&#243;xicos cuando sea posible&#44; optimizaci&#243;n de la volemia y hemodin&#225;mica&#44; consideraci&#243;n de la monitorizaci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica funcional&#44; monitorizaci&#243;n estrecha de la creatinina s&#233;rica y la diuresis&#44; evitar la hiperglucemia y considerar alternativas a los agentes de radiocontraste&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> en un subgrupo de pacientes con alto riesgo de LRA identificados por niveles elevados de dos nuevos biomarcadores de estr&#233;s &#40;&#91;TIMP-2&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#91;IGFBP7&#93;&#41; en el per&#237;odo postoperatorio temprano&#46; En el grupo de pacientes con estr&#233;s renal&#44; la incidencia de LRA se redujo significativamente &#91;27&#44;1&#37; de intervenci&#243;n frente al 48&#37; de control&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#93;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Bas&#225;ndose en estos resultados&#44; se puede dar un paso m&#225;s y preguntarse por qu&#233; debemos esperar al per&#237;odo postoperatorio&#44; si los pacientes con alto riesgo de LRA podr&#237;an identificarse f&#225;cilmente antes de la cirug&#237;a y las directrices KDIGO podr&#237;an aplicarse desde el principio&#46; Es l&#243;gico que se apliquen las medidas KDIGO a todos los pacientes con riesgo de LRA&#44; en lugar de esperar a que aparezca el da&#241;o renal o la lesi&#243;n renal&#44; ya que ambos se asocian a peores resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a las v&#237;as de ERAS&#44; los biomarcadores de estr&#233;s podr&#237;an utilizarse de varias formas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#44; ya sea para la identificaci&#243;n temprana de pacientes con alto riesgo de LRA o para guiar terapias de fluidos&#47;f&#225;rmacos inmediatamente despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a&#46; La evidencia favorece los paquetes KDIGO como elemento de seguridad en casos de niveles altos de biomarcadores&#46; Los pacientes con niveles bajos de biomarcadores en el postoperatorio inmediato podr&#237;an ser candidatos en los que las medidas perioperatorias complejas de los programas ERAS podr&#237;an implementarse de forma segura &#40;es decir&#44; administraci&#243;n de f&#225;rmacos no esteroideos&#44; fluidoterapia de &#171;equilibrio cero&#187;&#41; para facilitar el alta temprana<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los programas de recuperaci&#243;n intensificada se consideran la mejor pr&#225;ctica perioperatoria y deben aplicarse de forma integral para lograr mejores resultados en los pacientes&#59; sin embargo&#44; bas&#225;ndonos en las pruebas resumidas anteriormente y en las alarmantes tasas de LRA notificadas en los programas de ERAS&#44; animamos a aplicar los paquetes KDIGO junto con la GDFT en los pacientes con alto riesgo de LRA en entornos de ERAS&#46;</p></span>"
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