Propiedades psicométricas de la escala geriátrica de depresión (GDS): análisis procedente de cuatro investigaciones | Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología

Información del artículo

Resumen

Objetivos

Este estudio ha pretendido hallar características psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la escala GDS que ayude y complemente la interpretación de la puntuación total de la misma.

Métodos

Los 516 ancianos participantes (media de edad de 75 años) proceden de 4 investigaciones, de 27 residencias (51,7%) y de la comunidad (48,3%); el 41,7% eran varones y el 58,3% mujeres, sin deterioro cognitivo. Se empleó un método correlacional en un diseño transversal. Los sujetos fueron equiparables en cuanto a la edad, la clase social y el deterioro cognitivo.

Resultados

Los resultados señalaron unos buenos indicadores de la GDS en consistencia interna (0,8) y fiabilidad test-retest (0,8; p < 0,01). El análisis factorial exploratorio puso de manifiesto una estructura de 6 componentes (en total un 44,3% de la varianza explicada): a) estado de ánimo depresivo y ansioso; b) bienestar y optimismo; c) preocupaciones y pesimismo; d) funcionamiento cognitivo; e) pérdida de interés y anhedonía y f) actividad social.

Conclusiones

La escala GDS proporciona una información válida y fiable acerca de la sintomatología depresiva en la vejez. Mientras la puntuación total se relaciona con los componentes cognitivos de la depresión, se observan dos factores sólidos: uno anímico y otro ligado al bienestar subjetivo. Ello permite delimitar de forma más precisa la sintomatología depresiva de los ancianos con la escala GDS. Algunos resultados sugieren la reducción de la longitud del instrumento.

Palabras clave:

Escala geriátrica de depresión

GDS

Depresión

Envejecimiento

Análisis factorial

Fiabilidad

Validez

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric characteristics and factorial structure of the GDS scale, which would help and complement interpretation of the overall GDS score.

Methods

The 516 elderly participants were from four investigations. The mean age was 75 years and participants were from 27 nursing homes (51.7%) and from the community (48.3%); 41.7% were men and 58.3% were women. None showed cognitive impairment. A correlational method within a cross-sectional design was used. The subjects were similar in age, social class, and cognitive impairment.

Results

The GDS showed good internal consistency (0.8) and test-retest reliability (0.8, p < 0.01). The exploratory factorial analysis revealed a 6-component structure (44.3% of explained variance): a) depressive and anxious mood state; b) well-being and optimism; c) worries and pessimism; d) cognitive functioning; e) loss of interest and anhedonia, and f) social activity.

Conclusions

The GDS provides valid and reliable information on depressive symptomatology in the elderly. While the overall score is related to depressive cognitive components, two solid factors can be observed: one of them is a mood component and the other is linked more to subjective well-being. This allows more accurate delimitation of depressive symptomatology in the elderly using the GDS scale. Some outcomes suggest the advisability of reducing the length of the instrument.

Key words:

Geriatric depression scale

GDS

Depression

Aging

Factor analysis

Reliability

Validity

El Texto completo está disponible en PDF

Bibliografía

[1.]

T.L. Brink, J.A. Yesavage, O. Lum, P.H. Heersema, M. Adey, T.L. Rose.

Screening tests for geriatric depression.

Clin Gerontologist, 1 (1982), pp. 37-43

[2.]

J.A. Yesavage, T.L. Brink, T.L. Rose, O. Lum, V. Huang, M. Adey, et al.

Development and validation of Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A preliminary report.

J Psychiatr Res, 17 (1983), pp. 37-49

Medline

[3.]

J.A. Yesavage, T.L. Brink, L.R. Terrence, M. Adey.

The Geriatric Depression Rating Scale: comparison with other self-report and psychiatric rating scales.

Assessment in geriatric psychopharmacology, pp. 153-167

[4.]

M. Izal, I. Montorio.

Adaptation of the Geriatric Depression Scale in Spain: a preliminary study.

Clin Gerontologist, 13 (1993), pp. 83-91

[5.]

M. Izal, I. Montorio.

Adaptación en nuestro medio de la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS) en distintos subgrupos: residentes en la comunidad y asistentes a hospitales de día.

Rev Gerontol, 6 (1996), pp. 329-337

[6.]

A. Lobo, T. Ventura, C. Marco.

Psychiatric morbidity among residents in a home for the elderly in Spain: prevalence of disorder and validity of screening.

Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 5 (1990), pp. 83-91

[7.]

J.A. Ramos Brieva, M.L. Montejo Iglesias, R. Lafuente López, C. Ponce de León Hernández, A. Moreno Sarmiento.

Validación de la Escala-Criba Geriátrica para la Depresión.

Actas Luso-Españolas de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines, 19 (1991), pp. 174-177

Medline

[8.]

M.I. Fernández-San Martín, C. Andrade, J. Molina, P.E. Muñoz, B. Carretero, M. Rodríguez, et al.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in primary care.

Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 17 (2002), pp. 279-287

[9.]

P.A. Parmelee, M.P. Lawton, I.R. Katz.

Psychometric properties of the Geriatric Depression Scale among the institutionalized aged. Psychological assessment.

J Consulting Clin Psychol, 1 (1989), pp. 331-338

[10.]

J.I. Sheikh, J.A. Yesavage, J.O. Brooks, L. Friedman, P. Gratzinger, R.D. Hill, et al.

Proposed factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale.

Int Psychogeriatrics, 3 (1991), pp. 23-28

[11.]

M. Salamero, T. Marcos.

Factor study of the Geriatric Depression Scale.

Acta Psychiatr Scand, 86 (1992), pp. 283-286

Medline

[12.]

I.L. Abraham, A.B. Wofford, P.A. Lichtenberg, S. Holroyd.

Factor structure of Geriatric Depression Scale in a cohort of depressed nursing home residents.

Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 9 (1994), pp. 611-617

[13.]

J.F. Rodríguez-Testal.

El estado afectivo de las personas mayores de 60 años institucionalizadas de la provincia de Sevilla: la Influencia del motivo de ingreso en la residencia [tesis doctoral no publicada].

Universidad de Sevilla, (1999),

[14.]

Rodríguez-Testal JF. Influencia del motivo de ingreso sobre el estado de ánimo de los internos en residencias para mayores [en preparación].

[15.]

C. Gago Herrera, J.F. Rodríguez-Testal.

Afrontamiento del estrés institucional en la vejez.

Geriátrika, 18 (2002), pp. 179-196

[16.]

A.A. Hollingshead.

Five factor index of social position [unpublished manuscript].

[17.]

E. Pfeiffer.

A Short portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients.

J Am Geriatr Soc, 23 (1975), pp. 433-441

Medline

[18.]

R. Fernández Ballesteros, M. Izal, I. Montorio, J.L. González, P. Díaz Veiga.

Evaluación e intervención psicológica en la vejez.

[19.]

S.J. Kongstvedt, W. Sime.

Diagnosis of depression in early and late-onset geriatric depression: an evaluation of commonly used self-assessment measures.

Behav Health Aging, 2 (1992), pp. 133-148

[20.]

W.W. Zung.

A Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Arch Gen Psychiatry, 12 (1965), pp. 63-70

Medline

[21.]

E.M.A. Bleiker, V.D. Ploeg, J. Mook, W.C. Kleijn.

Anxiety, anger, and depression in elderly women.

Psychological Reports, 72 (1993), pp. 567-574

http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.567 | Medline

[22.]

J. Buz Delgado.

Mini-GDS 8: una nueva versión breve para ancianos institucionalizados. Revista Iberoamericana de Geriatría y Gerontología.

Geriátrika, 12 (1996), pp. 41-45

[23.]

S.L. Kivelä, E. Lehtomäki, J. Kivekäs.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression in elderly finnish home nursing patients and home help clients.

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 32 (1986), pp. 3-13

Medline

[24.]

I. Montorio Cerrato.

La persona mayor. Guía aplicada de evaluación psicológica.

[25.]

M.A. Franco Martín, J.A. Monforte Porto, J.A. García Mellado.

Instrumentos de evaluación y exploración complementaria.

Psiquiatría geriátrica, pp. 123-169

[26.]

M.P. Lawton.

The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A Revision.

Journal of Gerontology, 30 (1975), pp. 85-89

Medline

[27.]

I. Montorio Cerrato.

Evaluación psicológica de la vejez: instrumentación desde un enfoque multidimensional [tesis doctoral no publicada].

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (1990),

[28.]

D. Watson, A. Tellegen.

Toward a consensual structure of mood.

Psychological Bull, 98 (1985), pp. 219-235

[29.]

L.A. Clark, D. Watson.

Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.

J Abnormal Psychol, 100 (1991), pp. 316-336

[30.]

J. Cohen.

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.

[31.]

J.F. Rodríguez-Testal, M.P. Rodríguez Mateos, J.L. León Fuentes.

Depresión, estrés y vejez.

[32.]

C.F. Hybels, D.G. Blazer, C.F. Pieper.

Toward a threshold for subthreshold depression: an analysis of correlates of depression by severity of symptoms using data from an elderly community sample.

Gerontologist, 41 (2001), pp. 357-365

Medline

[33.]

D.P.J. Osborn, A.E. Fletcher, L. Smeeth, S. Stirling, M. Nunes, E. Breeze, et al.

Geriatric depression scale scores in a representative sample of 14545 people aged 75 and over in the United Kingdom: results from the MRC Trial of assessment and management of older people in the community.

Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 17 (2002), pp. 375-382

[34.]

J. Zarb.

Correlates of depression in cognitively impaired hospitalized elderly referred for neuropsychological assessment.

J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 18 (1996), pp. 713-723

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688639608408294 | Medline

[35.]

J.I. Sheikh, J.A. Yesavage.

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version.

Clin Gerontologist, 5 (1986), pp. 165-173

[36.]

O.P. Almeida, S.A. Almeida.

Short versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a study of their validity for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV.

Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 14 (1999), pp. 858-865

[37.]

I.A. Pomeroy, C.R. Clark, I. Philp.

The effectiveness of very short scales for depression screening in elderly medical patients.

Int J Geriatric Psychiatry, 16 (2001), pp. 321-326

[38.]

J.F. Rodríguez-Testal, M. Valdés Díaz.

Análisis de la sintomatología depresiva y el bienestar subjetivo por medio de series temporales breves.

Geriátrika, 18 (2002), pp. 149-160

[39.]

H. Uncapher, D.A. Sandberg.

Using the Geriatric Depression Scale to detect suicidal ideation in inpatient older adults.

J Clin Geropsychol, 4 (1998), pp. 349-358

[40.]

A.C. Mui, D. Burnette, L.M. Chen.

Cross-cultural assessment of geriatric depression: a review of the CES-D and the GDS.

J Mental Health Aging, 7 (2001), pp. 137-164

Indexada en:

Síguenos:

Suscribirse:

Indexada en:

Síguenos:

Suscribirse:

Suscríbase a la newsletter