Metabolic characterization of structural lung changes in patients with findings suggestive of incidental COVID-19 pneumonia on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Pathophysiological insights from multimodal images obtained during the pandemic

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the metabolic uptake of different tomographic signs observed in patients with incidental structural findings suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia through ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT.

Materials and Methods

: We retrospectively analyzed 596 PET/CT studies performed from February 21, 2020 to April 17, 2020. After excluding 37 scans (non-¹⁸F-FDG PET tracers and brain studies), we analyzed the metabolic activity of several structural changes integrated in the CO-RADS score using the SUVmax of multimodal studies with ¹⁸F-FDG.

Results

Forty-three patients with ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT findings suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia were included (mean age: 68 ± 12.3 years, 22 male). SUVmax values were higher in patients with CO-RADS categories 5−6 than in those with lower CO-RADS categories (6.1 ± 3.0 vs. 3.6 ± 2.1, p = 0.004). In patients with CO-RADS 5−6, ground-glass opacities, bilaterality and consolidations exhibited higher SUVmax values (p-values of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Patchy distribution and crazy paving pattern were also associated with higher SUVmax (p-values of 0.002 and 0.01). After multivariate analysis, SUVmax was significantly associated with a positive structural diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia (odds ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval = 0.41−0.90; p = 0.02). The ROC curve of the regression model intended to confirm or rule out the structural diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia showed an AUC of 0.77 (standard error = 0.072, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

In those patients referred for standard oncologic and non-oncologic indications (43/559; 7.7%) during pandemic, imaging with ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool during incidental detection of COVID-19 pneumonia. Several CT findings characteristic of COVID-19 pneumonia, specifically those included in diagnostic CO-RADS scores (5−6), were associated with higher SUVmax values.