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Inicio Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática Industrial RIAI Una Revisión de Técnicas de Optimización Heurística para el Diseño de Traye...
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Vol. 14. Núm. 1.
Páginas 1-15 (enero - marzo 2017)
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2680
Vol. 14. Núm. 1.
Páginas 1-15 (enero - marzo 2017)
Open Access
Una Revisión de Técnicas de Optimización Heurística para el Diseño de Trayectorias Interplanetarias en Misiones Espaciales
Heuristic Optimization of Interplanetary Trajectories in Aerospace Missions
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F. Alonso Zotesa, M. Santos Peñasb,
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msantos@ucm.es

Autor para correspondencia.
a Flight Dynamics Software Consultant, Terma GmbH, Europaplatz 5, 64293, Darmstadt, Alemania
b Departamento de Arquitectura de Computadores y Automática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Profesor García Santesmases 9, 28040, Madrid, España
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En este trabajo se presenta la optimización heurística como una metodología que permite automatizar el diseño de las rutas interplanetarias con asistencias gravitacionales para conseguir una mayor rentabilidad, en términos científicos, de las exploraciones espaciales. Se trata de un problema de optimización multiobjetivo donde se busca un compromiso entre la minimización de la masa destinada a combustible y la maximización de la carga útil y científica de la misión aeroespacial. Las técnicas de optimización evolutiva han sido aplicadas con éxito a estos problemas de diseño de trayectorias complejas. Se incluye una revisión de algunas de las principales técnicas de optimización heurística que se han utilizado en el ámbito aeroespacial: GA (Genetic Algorithms), PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) y MOPSO (Multiobjective particle swarm optimization), en concreto para el diseño de misiones de exploración interplanetaria con asistencias gravitacionales, realizadas por numerosos autores. Finalmente se presenta a modo de ejemplo una aplicación concreta de optimización multiobjetivo mediante MOPSO para determinar una trayectoria interplanetaria desde la Tierra con asistencias al cinturón de Kuiper.

Palabras clave:
Optimización heurística
trayectorias interplanetarias
asistencias gravitacionales
aplicaciones aeroespaciales
GA
PSO
MOPSO
Abstract

In this paper, heuristic optimization of interplanetary trajectories is presented. These techniques have been applied over the last two decades to the successful design of space missions in order to increase the scientific results. The multi-objective optimization problem has been solved finding a trade-off between minimizing the fuel and maximizing the useful payload of the scientific mission. A review of the literature related to the application of some evolutive strategies such as Genetic Algorithms and Differential Evolution, and Particle Swarm Optimization methods, to aerospace applications is included, in particular for the design of interplanetary exploration missions with gravity assistances. A detailed example is included to show the application of multiobjetive optimization (MOPSO) to determine the interplanetary trajectory from the Earth to the Kuiper Belt with flybys in Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

Keywords:
Heuristic optimization
interplanetary trajectories
gravity assistance
fly-by
aerospace mission
GA
PSO
MOPSO
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