array:23 [ "pii" => "S1130140617301183" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2017.07.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-04-01" "aid" => "468" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2018;35:73-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1449 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 43 "HTML" => 942 "PDF" => 464 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S113014061830007X" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2017.09.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-04-01" "aid" => "469" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2018;35:78-82" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2304 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 39 "HTML" => 1608 "PDF" => 657 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "Frecuencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> en conductos radiculares de dientes con infección endodóntica primaria y persistente" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "78" "paginaFinal" => "82" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Frequency of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> in root canals of teeth with primary and persistent endodontic infections" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1020 "Ancho" => 2733 "Tamanyo" => 294666 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imágenes 10× al microscopio estereoscópico de colonias de levaduras de una muestra sembrada en agar CDC (A,B). Las colonias fueron resembradas en CHROMagar (C), y las especies identificadas fueron <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span> (D), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> (E), y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (F); se muestra una tinción de Gram (G) y una prueba de tubo germinal (H).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Angel Bernal-Treviño, Ana María González-Amaro, Verónica Méndez González, Amaury Pozos-Guillen" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Angel" "apellidos" => "Bernal-Treviño" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana María" "apellidos" => "González-Amaro" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Verónica" "apellidos" => "Méndez González" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Amaury" "apellidos" => "Pozos-Guillen" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S113014061830007X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003500000002/v2_201809080414/S113014061830007X/v2_201809080414/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S1130140617301158" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2017.07.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-04-01" "aid" => "465" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2018;35:68-72" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 971 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 36 "HTML" => 672 "PDF" => 263 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "A study on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> biofilm growth characteristics and its susceptibility to aureobasidin A" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "68" "paginaFinal" => "72" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio de las características de biopelículas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> y su sensibilidad a la aureobasidina A" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3449 "Ancho" => 2221 "Tamanyo" => 1089254 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FESEM images of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> biofilm cultures upon exposure to AbA for 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. (A) Untreated biofilm culture (1000×); (B) biofilm culture treated with 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml AbA (1000×); (C) biofilm culture treated with 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml AbA (1000×); (D) untreated biofilm culture (15,000×); (E) biofilm culture treated with 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml AbA (15,000×).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Komathy Munusamy, Jamuna Vadivelu, Sun Tee Tay" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Komathy" "apellidos" => "Munusamy" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jamuna" "apellidos" => "Vadivelu" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sun Tee" "apellidos" => "Tay" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140617301158?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003500000002/v2_201809080414/S1130140617301158/v2_201809080414/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Molecular identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species from urinary infections in Honduras" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "73" "paginaFinal" => "77" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Bryan Ortiz, Erika Pérez-Alemán, Carmen Galo, Gustavo Fontecha" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Bryan" "apellidos" => "Ortiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Erika" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Alemán" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carmen" "apellidos" => "Galo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Gustavo" "apellidos" => "Fontecha" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gustavo.fontecha@unah.edu.hn" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Microbiology School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Ciudad Universitaria, Building J1, 4th Fl. Tegucigalpa, Honduras" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Microbiology Research Institute, UNAH, Ciudad Universitaria, Building J1, 2nd Fl. Tegucigalpa, Honduras" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Identificación molecular de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> de infecciones urinarias en Honduras" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 332 "Ancho" => 2167 "Tamanyo" => 41002 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal region showing the amplification target and the amplified sequence length.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species are the most commonly isolated fungi in urine cultures, especially among hospitalized patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> urinary infections are a growing health problem for immunosuppressed and debilitated patients, or those receiving long-term antibiotic therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Although the clinical relevance of yeasts in urine is not clearly established, many authors agree that counts greater than 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>–10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CFU/ml suggest primary or disseminated infection,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> rather than simple contamination or colonization.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common etiological agent of candiduria is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>; however urinary tract infections caused by other species of the genus have increased significantly in recent years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,19</span></a> Some of the most common species causing candiduria are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida kefyr.</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,25</span></a> This fact raises special concern because of the low susceptibility to antifungal drugs showed by some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species, which may lead to difficulties or failures in the treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The identification of yeast species causing candiduria and the evaluation of their susceptibility to antifungal drugs are a major problem for clinical laboratories in low-income countries due to financial constraints. Some of these laboratories are restricted, due to the lack of resources, to only report the number of CFU/ml in urine; VITEK<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 2 YST ID card, API Candida, API 20C, API ID32C, or CHROMagar Candida Medium are expensive methods when there is a lack of resources. For this reason, in Honduras, the information regarding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species causing urinary infections in public hospitals is scarce. Implementing a less costly but reliable technique for the identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species could help to fill this knowledge gap. Several alternative strategies have been proposed,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,29</span></a> however most of them require expensive equipment and a higher level of technical expertise. This study aimed to determine the frequency of species causing candiduria in hospitalized patients attending a public hospital in Honduras through a very simple molecular approach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> in order to assess the frequency of infections and the possibility of its further implementation as a routine test.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Population and culture method</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 73 yeast cultures from urine samples were analyzed. The samples were obtained from patients of all ages hospitalized in a national facility in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, between July and September 2016. Only urine samples revealing yeasts in the microscopic analysis were cultured by calibrated loop (0.001<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml) onto Sabouraud agar supplemented with 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml of gentamicin. Cultures were incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and read within 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. The number of cultivable yeasts was established by the CFU counts.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">DNA extraction</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A DNA extraction protocol using organic solvents was performed in the isolated yeast colonies. Briefly, an initial cell lysis step was carried out from one loop of an axenic culture suspended in 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of buffer composed of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM Tris, pH 8; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM EDTA, pH 8; and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM NaCl. This suspension was heated at 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and then stirred for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min in a micro-MiniBeadBeater<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> system (Bio Spec products Inc.) with 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm glass beads. Four hundred μl were recovered and one volume of phenol – chloroform (1:1) was added, mixed and centrifuged at 10,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm. The aqueous phase was transferred to a new vial and precipitated with one volume of ice cold isopropanol and 1/10 volume of sodium acetate (3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M, pH 5.2). Three washes in 70% ethanol were performed. The dried pellet was resuspended in 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of nuclease-free water. The DNA concentration was calculated with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), diluted to a final concentration of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/μl and stored to −20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C until further use.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">PCR-RFLP for yeast species identification</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PCR reactions were performed according to Mirhendi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,28</span></a> with modifications. Briefly, amplifications were carried out under the following conditions in a 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl volume: 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of PCR Master Mix (Promega Corp. Madison, WI, USA), 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μM ITS1 and ITS4 primers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>): 5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3/5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′, and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of DNA (40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/μl). Reactions were carried out with an initial denaturation step at 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, 37 cycles of 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, and 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, with a final extension at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Amplicons were visualized in 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide. Ten microliters of PCR products were digested for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C with 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of buffer, 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/μl acetylated BSA, and 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of the restriction enzyme MspI (10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/μl) (Promega Corp.). The restriction fragment pattern was analyzed on 2% agarose gel in 0.5X Tris-Acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer and visualized in a BioDoc-It Imaging System (UVP, LLC; Upland, CA).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In silico</span> analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to confirm the restriction patterns of previously reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,28</span></a> as well as of other uncommon species, homologous sequences corresponding to the fungal ITS1-ITS2 region were imported from the BLAST tool of NCBI (<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi">https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a>) into the Geneious<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 7.1.5 software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand). Sequences were trimmed to include a partial fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer 1, the 5.8 S ribosomal RNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer 2, and a partial sequence of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Primers ITS1 and ITS4 flanked all sequences. The enzyme MspI was applied in the analysis to demonstrate putative cutting sites and restriction patterns for most of the available species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Sequencing of PCR products</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To confirm the identity of the amplified products, seven gene fragments were selected according to molecular weight, and an ulterior sequencing was carried out on both strands with their respective ITS primers following standard protocols at Macrogen Corp. facilities (<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://www.macrogenusa.com/">https://www.macrogenusa.com</a>). Sequences were trimmed at both 5′ and 3′ ends with the Geneious<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 7.1.5 software and queried against international databases contained in NCBI. The higher similarity index was recorded.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Urine culture and yeast counts</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two (98.6%) urine cultures showed more than 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> CFUs, and one culture (1.36%) revealed less than 100 CFUs. Five cultures (6.84%) showed mixed candiduria and four of them (5.48%) reported two different yeast species, while the fifth culture (1.36%) revealed more than two yeast species. In none of the cases the same combination of species was reported.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Yeast species identified through PCR-RFLP</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 73 yeast colonies were analyzed and putatively identified through a PCR-RFLP approach using the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 ribosomal region. No phenotypic method for species identification was carried out. PCR products ranging from 512 to 950<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp were obtained. The PCR-RFLP using MspI as restriction enzyme identified the following isolates: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans/dubliniensis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida lusitaniae</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span>. The two most common species were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dubliniensis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span>, with 30% and 28.8% of the isolates respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In silico</span> analysis of common and uncommon yeast species</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis of sequences from 21 yeast species revealed fifteen different restriction groups. Ten species show a unique RFLP pattern (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida blackwelliae</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida buenavistaensis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida maltosa</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida oxycetoniae</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida guilliermondii</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span>). The remaining 11 species shared a common restriction profile with a second or third individual as follows: Group 1 composed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. dubliniensis</span>; Group 10 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida corydali</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. maltosa</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida metapsilosis</span>); Group 9 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida orthopsilosis</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida pseudojiufengensis</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida viswanathii</span>); Group 5 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. lusitaniae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida pseudointermedia</span>), and Group 8 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida pseudoflosculorum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida auris</span>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To demonstrate the reliability of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis, more than one accession number for five species were included: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 accession numbers), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clavispora lusitaniae</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. auris</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2). PCR product sizes before and after restriction were similar between the same species, except for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida maltosa</span>, which showed a PCR product with two different sizes for the two analyzed accession numbers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). This could be due to an erroneous identification of this particular accession or to a real polymorphism within the species.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to evaluate the capacity of the PCR-RFLP method to identify the isolated species, amplification products that showed a unique size were further sequenced. As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, all sequenced isolates were correctly identified at the species level, demonstrating a perfect coincidence between both methods.</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presence of yeasts in urine may have different interpretations: (a) they could be contaminants with no etiological relevance in urinary tract infections<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>; (b) they could be the local consequence of a disseminated infection or candidemia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> or (c) they could be actually the cause of a urinary infection, and in some cases even the focus of a systemic infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In this study, 72 urine cultures with more than 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> CFUs were included. Although the definition of candiduria remains unclear, several authors agree on yeast counts ranging from 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> to 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CFUs/ml as clinically relevant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,6,24</span></a> For this reason 72 out of 73 isolated microorganisms from urine samples were considered the primary cause of genitourinary infections rather than being only colonizing the mucosa. A mixed candiduria was found in five cultures (6.84%). This result is in agreement with several authors that report around 5% of urinary infections caused by more than one yeast species.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymorphisms in both length and sequence are the main reason why the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been currently accepted as the universal DNA barcode marker for fungi, including the Ascomycetes yeasts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Herein, the 73 yeast colonies were putatively identified as seven different yeast species through a restriction analysis of the ITS ribosomal region. The two most common isolated species in this study were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans/dubliniensis</span> (30%) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> (28.8%), followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. lusitaniae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (13.8% each), and to a lesser extent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span>. All those seven species have been described as pathogens in urinary tract infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> A comprehensive review sets forth 50–70% of all urine isolates are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>, followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis.</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A second review summarizes the most common <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species in patients with candiduria from six different studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> where three of them report <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> as first and second etiological agents respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,15,24</span></a> In contrast, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. lusitaniae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span> have been reported less frequently as cause of candiduria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RFLP analysis using the MspI enzyme on seven yeast species showed expected DNA profiles from ribosomal ITS fragments when compared with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). In addition, we included in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis sequences of less common yeast species causing human infections, for example the “–psilosis group”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span>, as well as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species commonly associated with plants or insects,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,21</span></a> unlikely to cause human infections. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. auris</span> sequences were also analyzed due to its importance as emerging yeast in invasive infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifteen different restriction groups were obtained from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> approach, identifying 10 out of 21 species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). The remaining 11 species could not be completely identified through this approach. This apparent low specificity of the method could be considered a disadvantage for the correct identification of yeast species. However, this limit can be easily overcome when a second restriction enzyme is applied to differentiate between those species with a similar MspI-profile. For example, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. dubliniensis</span> could be distinguished through an ulterior RFLP assay using the BlnI enzyme.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Enzymes commonly used in the laboratory can separate the species within the other 4 restriction groups described herein. HindIII or HhaI could separate the species in the restriction Group 10 (including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. corydali</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. maltosa</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. metapsilosis</span>); HaeIII differentiated the species in Group 9 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. orthopsilosis</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. pseudojiufengensis</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. viswanathii</span>); HhaI or HinfI separated the species in Group 5 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. lusitaniae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. pseudointermedia</span>), and species in Group 8 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. pseudoflosculorum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. auris</span>) are discriminated by AluI or TaqI. Confirmation through Sanger sequencing of seven isolates proved that a PCR-RFLP approach could be potentially useful for the identification of some of the most common yeast species causing candiduria, according to identifiable restriction profiles.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This method has also the advantage of being implementable in a hospital laboratory, and it is relatively inexpensive compared to commercial solutions based on phenotypic approaches, which are able to identify only the most common <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species. Early identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species is also important for timely drug therapy and controlling the spread of virulent or resistant strains in a sanitary facility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In addition, more informative molecular markers such as multilocus sequence typing have proven to be a powerful tool to find out whether a patient has a recurrence with the same strain or not,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> or to demonstrate concordance between candidemia and candiduria,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> which could not be evidenced by more conventional approaches.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, as far as we know, this is the first study to describe <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated from patients with candiduria in Honduras through a molecular approach, where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans/dubliniensis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> were the two most common species.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1079498" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1024924" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1079497" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1024925" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Population and culture method" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "DNA extraction" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "PCR-RFLP for yeast species identification" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "In silico analysis" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Sequencing of PCR products" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Urine culture and yeast counts" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Yeast species identified through PCR-RFLP" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "In silico analysis of common and uncommon yeast species" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack365878" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-03-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-07-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1024924" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>" 2 => "PCR-RFLP" 3 => "Candiduria" 4 => "Honduras" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1024925" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>" 2 => "PCR-RFLP" 3 => "Candiduria" 4 => "Honduras" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Candiduria is a common infection among hospitalised patients. Although the clinical relevance of yeasts in urine is not clearly defined, fungal urinary tract infections have increased significantly in the last decades, becoming a growing public health problem. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> is the most commonly reported species in urinary infections, although other species of the genus are becoming particularly important, because some of them are linked with resistance to antifungal drugs.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species causing candiduria in a hospital in Honduras.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A simple and cost-effective PCR-RFLP approach was used, by amplifying a partial sequence of the ribosomal ITS1-ITS2 region and a subsequent digestion with the enzyme MspI.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During 2016, an analysis was performed on 73 urine samples from patients of different ages. Seven species were found. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans/dubliniensis</span> was the most frequent species (30%); <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> (28.8%) was the most isolated among the rest of the species. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida kefyr</span> was the least frequent species found (2.5%).</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study shows, for the first time in Honduras, the frequency of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated from urine using PCR-RFLP for their identification. This approach could be applied in future epidemiological studies at local and national level.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La candiduria es una infección común entre pacientes hospitalizados. Aunque la relevancia clínica de las levaduras en orina aun no está del todo esclarecida, el número de infecciones urinarias por hongos se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas, convirtiéndose en un creciente problema de salud pública. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> es la levadura más común en las infecciones urinarias, si bien otras especies del género están adquiriendo importancia debido a la resistencia a las drogas antifúngicas asociada a algunas especies.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio pretendió evaluar la frecuencia de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> responsables de candiduria en un hospital nacional de Honduras.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utilizó un análisis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> y PCR-RFLP de una región parcial de la secuencia ribosomal ITS1-ITS2, con posterior digestión mediante la enzima MspI.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron 73 muestras de orina de pacientes de diferentes edades durante el año 2016. Se encontraron siete especies diferentes. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans/dubliniensis</span> fue la especie más común (30%); <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> (28,8%) fue la más frecuente entre el resto de especies. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida kefyr</span> fue la especie menos encontrada (2,5%).</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio muestra la frecuencia de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> aisladas a partir de orina, e identificadas mediante la técnica PCR-RFLP por primera vez en Honduras. Este enfoque podría ser aplicado para futuros estudios epidemiológicos a nivel local y nacional.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 332 "Ancho" => 2167 "Tamanyo" => 41002 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal region showing the amplification target and the amplified sequence length.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1766 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 439361 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) PCR products from seven <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated from urine samples showing differential amplicon sizes. 1: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. lusitaniae</span>; 2: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>; 3: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span>; 4: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>; 5: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>; 6: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>; 7: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span>; (B, D) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In silico</span> analysis of restriction profiles using MspI for the same seven yeast species; (C) Restriction results revealing complete coincidence with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1714 "Ancho" => 3174 "Tamanyo" => 634344 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In silico</span> analysis showing the size of the ribosomal ITS1-ITS2 region from 21 yeast species and 28 NCBI accessions, and their restriction pattern after digestion with MspI.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yeast species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCR product in bp (ITS1-ITS4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Restriction pattern in bp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Blast results (NCBI accession number) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 (30%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">538 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">299/239 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (KU729070) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 (28.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">630/320 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> (KU729050) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clavispora lusitaniae</span> [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida lusitaniae</span>] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (13.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">348 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">266/118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. lusitaniae</span> (KJ451657) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (13.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">528 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">342/183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> (KY102474) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pichia kudriavzevii</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (6.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">512 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">263/249 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> (KU729050) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">520 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">520 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> (KY102320) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kluyveromyces marxianus</span> [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida kefyr</span>] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (2.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">721 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">721 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. kefyr</span> (CP015058) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1842969.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Yeast species identified through PCR-RFLP and sequencing. 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Original article
Molecular identification of Candida species from urinary infections in Honduras
Identificación molecular de especies de Candida de infecciones urinarias en Honduras